1. Aberrant Signal
1. Aberrant Signal
Types of cellular signals(1)Physical signalsLight, electronic, mechanic, UV, heat,volume or osmotic, etc(2)ChemicalsignalsHormones,neurotransmitters,GFs.cytokines; odor molecules; ATP, activeoxygen; drugs, toxins, etc
Types of cellular signals (1) Physical signals Light, electronic, mechanic, UV, heat, volume or osmotic, etc (2) Chemical signals Hormones, neurotransmitters, GFs, cytokines; odor molecules; ATP, active oxygen; drugs, toxins, etc
Modes for the function of endogenous signalsEndocrine Act on a far away organ via bloodcirculation, seen in most hormonesParacrine Act on a nearby target, seen in GFs, PG, NOAutocrineActonitself after secreted,seen in GFs.especiallyintumortissuesIntricrineAct on itself before secreted, seenin nuclearreceptorsSynaptic:Presynaptic to postsynaptic,seen in neurotransmitters
Modes for the function of endogenous signals Endocrine Act on a far away organ via blood circulation, seen in most hormones Paracrine Act on a nearby target, seen in GFs, PG, NO Autocrine Act on itself after secreted, seen in GFs, especially in tumor tissues Intricrine Act on itself before secreted, seen in nuclear receptors Synaptic: Presynaptic to postsynaptic, seen in neurotransmitters
Aberrant Signal (SignalExcess)ischemia, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseasesextracellular glutamate/aspartic acid tNMDARactivationtCa2+influx t[Ca2+li,activation of enzymes excitatoryintoxication
ischemia, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases extracellular glutamate/aspartic acid NMDAR activation Ca2+ influx [Ca2+]i , activation of enzymes excitatory intoxication Aberrant Signal (Signal Excess)
Aberrant Signal (SignalInsufficiency)Lesions in pancreatic β-cellDecreased insulin productionhyperglycemiaDiabetess (Type I)
Lesions in pancreatic -cell Decreased insulin production hyperglycemia Diabetes (Type I) Aberrant Signal (Signal Insufficiency)