复旦大学：《集成电路工程》教学资源（硕士士学位论文）宽带分数分频频率综合器中电荷泵和分频器电路设计.pdf

I 目录图目录························································································III 表目录·······················································································VII 摘要···························································································IX Abstract·····················································································XI 第一章绪论················································································1 1.1 研究背景··········································································1 1.2 论文的主要贡献·································································2 1.3 论文的研究内容和组织结构··················································2 第二章频率综合器概述·································································5 2.1 引言················································································5 2.2 频率综合器·······································································5 2.3 重要参数··········································································7 2.3.1 相位噪声·································································7 2.3.2 毛刺····································································· 10 2.3.3 锁定时间······························································· 12 2.4 设计流程········································································ 13 2.5 本章小结········································································ 14 第三章鉴频鉴相器分析与设计······················································ 15 3.1 引言·············································································· 15 3.2 PFD/CP········································································· 15 3.3 设计考虑········································································ 17 3.3.1 非理想效应···························································· 17 3.3.2 PFD/CP 的相位噪声 ················································ 19 3.3.3 非线性考虑···························································· 20 3.3.4 导通时间······························································· 22 3.4 鉴频鉴相器电路设计························································· 23 3.4.1 降低非线性技术······················································ 23 3.4.2 鉴频鉴相器电路······················································ 25 3.4.3 Lock Detector 电路·················································· 26 3.4.4 鉴频鉴相器版图······················································ 26 3.4.5 工作模式······························································· 27 3.5 本章小结········································································ 27 第四章全差分电荷泵分析与设计··················································· 29

II 4.1 引言·············································································· 29 4.2 全差分电荷泵·································································· 29 4.3 设计考虑········································································ 31 4.3.1 晶体管尺寸的选择··················································· 31 4.3.2 非理想因素及解决方案············································· 32 4.3.3 管子间 mismatch 的影响··········································· 33 4.3.4 电荷泵电流的影响··················································· 35 4.4 电荷泵电路设计······························································· 36 4.4.1 全差分电路···························································· 36 4.4.2 CMFB 电路···························································· 37 4.4.3 电荷泵版图···························································· 38 4.4.4 仿真结果······························································· 39 4.5 本章小结········································································ 41 第五章分频器分析与设计···························································· 43 5.1 引言·············································································· 43 5.2 分频器设计····································································· 43 5.2.1 4/5 预分频器·························································· 44 5.2.2 时序问题······························································· 46 5.2.3 4/5 预分频器电路设计·············································· 47 5.2.4 4/5 预分频器版图···················································· 49 5.2.5 仿真结果······························································· 49 5.3 正交分频器设计······························································· 51 5.3.1 I/Q 失配的影响 ······················································· 51 5.3.2 I/Q 分频器结构 ······················································· 53 5.3.3 二分频器电路························································· 54 5.3.4 I/Q 分频器版图 ······················································· 59 5.3.5 仿真结果······························································· 60 5.4 本章小结········································································ 60 第六章总结与展望····································································· 61 6.1 工作总结········································································ 61 6.2 未来展望········································································ 61 参考文献···················································································· 64 致谢·························································································· 68

III 图目录图 1-1 ∆Σ 分数分频频率综合器·························································1 图 2-1 整数分频频率综合器 ·····························································5 图 2-2 分数分频频率综合器 ·····························································6 图 2-3 ∆Σ 调制器对噪声的整形·························································7 图 2-4 相位噪声的影响 ···································································8 图 2-5 相位噪声 ············································································8 图 2-6 整数分频频率综合器的 s 域模型 ··············································8 图 2-7 整数分频频率综合器相位噪声模型 ···········································9 图 2-8 频率综合器各模块的噪声分布 ··············································· 10 图 2-9 输出频谱与波形的抖动 ························································ 11 图 2-10 输出频率的瞬态响应·························································· 12 图 2-11 PLL Design Kit ································································· 13 图 2-12 频率综合器设计流程·························································· 14 图 3-1 异或门型和触发器型鉴相器 ·················································· 15 图 3-2 电荷泵型鉴频鉴相器 PFD/CP················································ 16 图 3-3 PFD/CP 工作过程 ······························································ 17 图 3-4 PFD/CP 的死区效应 ··························································· 17 图 3-5 死区效应的消除方法 ··························································· 18 图 3-6 鉴频鉴相器上下开关的延时差异 ············································ 18 图 3-7 延迟平衡的差分输出鉴频鉴相器 ············································ 19 图 3-8 PFD/CP 的非线性 ······························································ 20 图 3-9 PFD/CP 输入输出的时序波形················································ 21 图 3-10 不同导通时间下的电流噪声仿真结果····································· 23 图 3-11 添加直流偏置电流源电路···················································· 24 图 3-12 PFD/CP 的线性化····························································· 24 图 3-13 PFD 具体电路·································································· 25 图 3-14 RESET 模块的具体电路····················································· 25 图 3-15 Lock Detector 电路 ··························································· 26 图 3-16 PFD 版图········································································ 26 图 4-1 全差分电荷泵的框架图 ························································ 29 图 4-2 三阶无源滤波器及其开环环路的波特图 ··································· 30 图 4-3 单端输出电荷泵及开关电容模型 ············································ 31 图 4-4 单端输出电荷泵及开关电容模型 ············································ 33

IV 图 4-5 晶体管阈值电压的随机不匹配 ··············································· 34 图 4-6 全差分电荷泵支路电流源的不匹配 ········································· 35 图 4-7 全差分电荷泵电路 ······························································ 37 图 4-8 共模反馈电路 ···································································· 37 图 4-10 CMFB 电路的瞬态特性 ······················································ 38 图 4-11 电荷泵版图······································································ 39 图 4-9 电荷泵直流匹配特性 ··························································· 39 图 4-12 电荷泵动态匹配性能·························································· 40 图 4-13 电荷泵 qp 特性································································· 40 图 4-14 电荷泵 qp 曲线斜率··························································· 41 图 5-1 ∆Σ 调制器控制的分数分频器················································· 43 图 5-2 同步 4/5 预分频器······························································· 44 图 5-3 4/5 预分频工作在 4 分频模式 ················································ 45 图 5-4 4/5 预分频工作在 5 分频模式 ················································ 45 图 5-5 4/5 预分频的状态图 ···························································· 45 图 5-6 4/5 预分频中的延时问题 ······················································ 46 图 5-7 4/5 预分频对 mod 信号的延时要求 ········································· 46 图 5-8 CML 结构的 D 触发器·························································· 47 图 5-9 集成与非门的 CML 锁存器结构 ············································· 47 图 5-10 4/5 预分频器的实际电路····················································· 48 图 5-11 差分转单端电路································································ 48 图 5-12 4/5 预分频器版图······························································ 49 图 5-13 5 分频仿真结果 ································································ 50 图 5-14 4 分频仿真结果 ································································ 50 图 5-15 4/5 预分频器的相位噪声····················································· 51 图 5-16 正交零中频混频································································ 52 图 5-17 I/Q 失配对解调后的数字信号的影响······································ 52 图 5-18 I/Q 分频器基本框架图························································ 53 图 5-19 改进的 I/Q 分频器框架图 ···················································· 53 图 5-21 缓冲器电路/开关电路························································· 54 图 5-22 CML 结构的二分频电路······················································ 55 图 5-23 分频器的灵敏度曲线·························································· 55 图 5-24 灵敏度仿真曲线································································ 57 图 5-25 I/Q 分频器正交匹配特性 Monto Carlo 仿真结果 ······················· 58 图 5-26 二分频器版图··································································· 58 图 5-27 I/Q 分频器版图································································· 59