例3.试证明x≠0时, 1π arctanx arctan-= x 2 证明设f(x)=arctanx+arctan X x≠0时,f'(x)= 1+ 由推论1,x≠0时,f(x)=c(c为常数) 取x=1,f0)=+==c 442
8 例 3.试证明x 0时, 1 arctan arctan 2 x x + = 。 证明 设 1 f x x ( ) arctan arctan x = + x 0时, 2 2 2 1 1 1 ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 f x x x x = + − + + 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 x x =−= + + 由推论 1,x 0时, f x c ( ) = (c为常数) 取 x = 1, (1) 4 4 2 f c = + = =
二、L'Hospital(洛必达)法则 若当x→x,(或x→士0)时极 1imfx)=limg)=0或o,那么极限1im叫做不定 8(x) 式(未定式),分别记作9或2。还有00,,0,0°,0- 000 等五种类型不定式。 定理2-5若函数f(x)与g(x)满足下列条件: (1)当x→x(或x→∞)时,f(x)与g(x)都趋于0或0; (2)在U(x)(或x>N)内,f'(x),g'(x)都存在,且g'(x)≠0; (3)lim '(x存在或无穷大: g'(x) 则 lim f(x) lim f'(x) 8(x) g'(x)
9 二、L′Hospital(洛必达)法则 若 当 0 x x → ( 或 x → ) 时 极 限 lim ( ) lim ( ) 0 f x g x = = 或,那么极限 ( ) lim ( ) f x g x 叫做不定 式(未定式), 分别记作0 0 或 。还有 0 0 0 ,1 ,0 , , − 等五种类型不定式。 定理2-5 若函数 f x( )与g x( )满足下列条件: (1)当 0 x x → (或x → )时, f x( )与g x( )都趋于0或; (2)在 0 U x( )(或| | x N )内, f x ( ),g x ( )都存在,且g x ( ) 0 ; (3) ( ) lim ( ) f x g x 存在或无穷大; 则 ( ) ( ) lim lim ( ) ( ) f x f x g x g x =
使用L'Hospital法则时,若1m)仍为 (或 g'(x) 0 不定式,而极限mC四存在或无穷大, "(x) 则 lim f(x) =lim=lim f() 8(x) g'(x) g"(x) 一般情况,若 lim f(x)lim= (x) g'(x) g(n-D(x) 皆是 (或”) 0 不定式,而极限1inm(y 存在或无穷大, 00 g(x) 则mf)=1imf-lim-=lim 8x) 8'(x) g"(x) g(x) 10
10 使用LHospital法则时,若 ( ) lim ( ) f x g x 仍为0 0 (或 ) 不定式,而极限 ( ) lim ( ) f x g x 存在或无穷大, 则 ( ) ( ) lim lim ( ) ( ) f x f x g x g x = ( ) lim ( ) f x g x = 一般情况,若 ( 1) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) lim ,lim , ,lim ( ) ( ) ( ) n n f x f x f x g x g x g x − − 皆是 0 0 (或 )不定式,而极限 ( ) ( ) ( ) lim ( ) n n f x g x 存在或无穷大, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) lim lim lim lim ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) n n f x f x f x f x g x g x g x g x = = = = 则
例1.求lim x-sinx x→0 inx 解 x-sinx 1-cosx=lim- lim 比J =lim x→0 x-0 3x2 x→0 6x lim cosx 1 x-→0 6 6 x3-3x+2 例2.求lim 1x3-x2-X+1 解 x3-3x+2 3x2-3 6x 3 --x+1四3x2-2x-196x-22 =lim- =lim- 11
11 例1.求 3 0 sin lim x x x → x − 解 3 2 0 0 sin 1 cos lim lim x x 3 x x x → → x x − − = 0 sin lim x 6 x → x = 0 cos 1 lim x 6 6 x → = = 例2.求 3 3 2 1 3 2 lim x 1 x x → x x x − + − − + 解 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 3 3 6 3 lim lim lim x x x 1 3 2 1 6 2 2 x x x x → → → x x x x x x − + − = = = − − + − − −
Inx 例3.求lim (a>0) 术-→+0Xa 1 Inx 1 解 lim 气=maa-寸m -=0 x>xa 例4.求1imX” oe(n∈N,>0) x" lim nxm-1 *e在slim (n-1)x"-2 解 xrlim xto 12eir n! =…=lim +∞"ei 0 12
12 例3.求 ln lim ( 0) a x x a →+ x 解 1 1 ln 1 lim lim lim 0 a a a x x x x x x ax ax →+ →+ →+ − = = = 例4.求 lim n x x x e →+ (n N , 0) 解 1 2 2 ( 1) lim lim lim ! lim 0 n n n x x x x x x n x x x nx n n x e e e n e − − →+ →+ →+ →+ − = = = = =