晶体结构测定方法Dac月23
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 晶体结构测定方法 中国科学技术大学 2023 年 3 月 23 日 1 / 41
目录X射线衍射理论彩响衔射强度的因素X射实验方法附录Daa口+-2023年3月23日2/41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 目录 1 X 射线衍射理论 2 影响衍射强度的因素 3 X 射线实验方法 4 附录 中国科学技术大学 2023 年 3 月 23 日 2 / 41
背景介绍晶体中的原子间距在~1nm的量级,而可见光的波长范围是入=400一700nm,根据瑞利判$据(RayleighCriteria),分辨率极限是and = 0.61NA~1(1)NAkmmmmpm10110910-19 10-11 10-12104103102101101. 10210410510~8110-310-入[m]IRUVXrayndiomicrogamma1021[Hz]10161041010610710109101010111012101310141015101T101810191020GllzPHzEHxMHzTHz"EJev10-10 10-910-810~710510-410-310-210110110310510610-6102I0MevevkevneVeVmeV图-电磁波频谱宽×射线波长范围入=0.01一10nm,然而没有合适的透镜可以聚焦X射线!可以利用衍射现象获得晶体在倒易空间上的“照片!Daa3/412023年3月23日科车技术大
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 背景介绍 ❀ 晶体中的原子间距在 „ 1 nm 的量级,而可见光的波长范围是 λ = 400 ´ 700 nm,根据瑞利判 据(Rayleigh Criteria),分辨率极限是 d = 0.61 λ n NA ; NA „ 1 (1) radio micro IR UV X ray gamma λ [m] 104 103 102 101 1 10−1 10−2 10−3 10−4 10−5 10−6 10−7 10−8 10−9 10−10 10−11 10−12 km m mm µm nm pm f [Hz] 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 MHz GHz THz PHz EHz E [eV] 10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 10−3 10−2 10−1 1 101 102 103 104 105 106 neV µeV meV eV keV MeV 图 – 电磁波频谱 ❀ X 射线波长范围 λ = 0.01 ´ 10 nm,然而没有合适的透镜可以聚焦 X 射线! ☞ 可以利用衍射现象获得晶体在倒易空间上的“照片”! 中国科学技术大学 2023 年 3 月 23 日 3 / 41
X射线衍射(XRD)历史简介Estabishment of the JointCommittee on Powder DiffractionStandards (JCPDS), nowInternational CenterforDeffraction Data (ICDD)Rntgent discovers X-rayMax von Liaue diffractsP.P. Ewald developsdynamical theory of(Nobel prize in physics, 1901)X-Rays fron single crystalX-Ray diffraction(Nobel prize in physics, 1914)1912193519471953196918951917DNA structure solved byFirst commercial powWatson, Crick and Wilkinsder diffractometer(Nobel prize in Physiol0gy or Medichns, 1962)X-Ray powder diffractometerdeveloped by Le GalleyBraggs developed theory tocrystal structures from diffraction patter(shared Nobel prize in physics, 1915)Daa口2023年3月23日4/41大
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X 射线衍射(XRD)历史简介 1895 Röntgen discovers X-ray (Nobel prize in physics, 1901) 1912 Max von Laue diffracts X-Rays from single crystal (Nobel prize in physics, 1914) Braggs developed theory to determine crystal structures from diffraction pattern (shared Nobel prize in physics, 1915) 1917 P.P. Ewald develops dynamical theory of X-Ray diffraction 1935 X-Ray powder diffractometer developed by Le Galley 1947 First commercial powder diffractometer 1953 DNA structure solved by Watson, Crick and Wilkins (Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1962) 1969 Establishment of the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS), now International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD) 中国科学技术大学 2023 年 3 月 23 日 4 / 41
Solving the Structure of DNA: HistoryRosalindFranklinphysical chemistandx-raycrystallographer who first crystallized andphotographedB-DNAMauriceWilkins-collaboratorof FranklinWatson&Crick-chemistswhocombinedtheinformationfromPhoto51withmolecularmodeling to solve the structure of DNA in 1953RosalindFranklin