Preface vii New End-of-Chapter Problems Figure legends direct students explicitly to the key features of a model. Biochemistry is best learned by practicing it and,to help students practice biochemistry,we have increased A great variety of types of molecular structures the number of end-of-chapter problems by 50%.In are represented,including clearer renderings of addition to many traditional problems that test bio- membrane proteins. chemical knowledge and the ability to use this knowl- For most molecular models,the PDB number at edge,we have three categories of problems to address the end of the figure legend gives the reader easy specific problem-solving skills access to the file used in generating the structure Mechanism problems ask students to suggest or from the Protein Data Bank Web site(www.pdb. elaborate a chemical mechanism. org).At this site,a variety of tools for visualizing Data interpretation problems ask questions about and analyzing the structure are available a set of data provided in tabulated or graphic form. Living figures for most molecular structures now These problems give students a sense of how appear on the Web site in Jmol to allow students scientific conclusions are reached to rotate three-dimensional molecules and view Chapter integration problems require students alternative renderings online. to use information from several chapters to reach a solution.These problems reinforce a student's awareness of the interconnectedness of the different AMP-PNP aspects of biochemistry. Brief solutions to these problems are presented at the end of the book;expanded solutions are available in the accompanying Student Companion. Visualizing Molecular Structure All molecular structures have been selected and ren- dered by Jeremy Berg and Gregory Gatto.To help stu- 15 dents read and understand these structures,we include the following tools: ·A molecular-model“primer'”explains the different Figure 28.12 Helicase asymmetry.Notice that only four of the types of protein models and examines their strengths subunits,those shown in blue and yellow,bind AMP-PNP.[Drawn from and weaknesses(see appendices to Chapters 1 and 2). 1EOK.pdb.]
Preface vii New End-of-Chapter Problems Biochemistry is best learned by practicing it and, to help students practice biochemistry, we have increased the number of end-of-chapter problems by 50%. In addition to many traditional problems that test biochemical knowledge and the ability to use this knowledge, we have three categories of problems to address specific problem-solving skills. • Mechanism problems ask students to suggest or elaborate a chemical mechanism. • Data interpretation problems ask questions about a set of data provided in tabulated or graphic form. These problems give students a sense of how scientific conclusions are reached. • Chapter integration problems require students to use information from several chapters to reach a solution. These problems reinforce a student’s awareness of the interconnectedness of the different aspects of biochemistry. Brief solutions to these problems are presented at the end of the book; expanded solutions are available in the accompanying Student Companion. Visualizing Molecular Structure All molecular structures have been selected and rendered by Jeremy Berg and Gregory Gatto. To help students read and understand these structures, we include the following tools: • A molecular-model “primer” explains the different types of protein models and examines their strengths and weaknesses (see appendices to Chapters 1 and 2). • Figure legends direct students explicitly to the key features of a model. • A great variety of types of molecular structures are represented, including clearer renderings of membrane proteins. • For most molecular models, the PDB number at the end of the figure legend gives the reader easy access to the file used in generating the structure from the Protein Data Bank Web site (www.pdb. org). At this site, a variety of tools for visualizing and analyzing the structure are available. • Living figures for most molecular structures now appear on the Web site in Jmol to allow students to rotate three-dimensional molecules and view alternative renderings online. Figure 28.12 Helicase asymmetry. Notice that only four of the subunits, those shown in blue and yellow, bind AMP-PNP. [Drawn from 1E0K.pdb.] 0° 0° 30° 30° 15° 15° AMP-PNP
Media and Supplements A full package of media resources and supplements provides instructors and students with innovative tools to support a variety of teaching and learning approaches. eBook http://ebooks.bfwpub.com/berg7e BIOCHEMP☏RTAL This online version of the textbook combines the con- http://courses.bfwpub.com/berg7e tents of the printed book,electronic study tools,and BiochemPortal is a dynamic,fully integrated learning a full complement of student media specifically cre- environment that brings together all of our teaching ated to support the text.Problems and resources from and learning resources in one place.It features easy- the printed textbook are incorporated throughout the to-use assessment tracking and grading tools that eBook,to ensure that students can easily review specific enable instructors to assign problems for practice,as concepts.The eBook enables students to: homework,quizzes,or tests.A personalized calendar, Access the complete book and its electronic study an announcement center,and communication tools tools from any internet-connected computer by help instructors manage the course.In addition to using a standard Web browser; all the resources found on the Companion Web site, BiochemPortal includes several other features: Navigate quickly to any section or subsection of the book or any page number of the printed book; The interactive eBook integrates the complete text Add their own bookmarks,notes,and highlighting; with all relevant media resources. Access all the fully integrated media resources asso- Hundreds of self-graded practice problems ciated with the book; allow students to test their understanding of Review quizzes and personal notes to help prepare concepts explained in the text,with immediate feedback for exams;and Search the entire eBook instantly,including the The metabolic map helps students understand index and spoken glossary. the principles and applications of the core metabolic Instructors teaching from the eBook can assign either pathways.Students can work through guided the entire textbook or a custom version that includes tutorials with embedded assessment questions,or only the chapters that correspond to their syllabi.They explore the Metabolic Map on their own using the can choose to add notes to any page of the eBook and dragging and zooming functionality of the map. share these notes with their students.These notes may Jmol tutorials by Jeffrey Cohlberg,California State include text,Web links,animations,or photographs. University at Long Beach,teach students how to create models of proteins in Jmol based on data from the Protein Database.By working through the tutorial BiochemPortal and answering assessment questions at BIOCHEMP ORTAL Biochemistry vemeoN BERG·TYMOCZKO·STRYER the end of each exercise,students learn to use this important database and BiochemPortal(Berg 7e) fully realize the relationship between ●Course Info BiochemPortal QuickStart structure and function of enzymes. ·o略2 Animated techniques illustrate Assignments laboratory techniques described in ·ma出 ndk thoom chorhes前 the text. Gradebook Announcements Concept tutorials walk students through complex ideas in enzyme ⑦Communicate kinetics and metabolism. viii
viii eBook http://ebooks.bfwpub.com/berg7e This online version of the textbook combines the contents of the printed book, electronic study tools, and a full complement of student media specifically created to support the text. Problems and resources from the printed textbook are incorporated throughout the eBook, to ensure that students can easily review specific concepts. The eBook enables students to: • Access the complete book and its electronic study tools from any internet-connected computer by using a standard Web browser; • Navigate quickly to any section or subsection of the book or any page number of the printed book; • Add their own bookmarks, notes, and highlighting; • Access all the fully integrated media resources associated with the book; • Review quizzes and personal notes to help prepare for exams; and • Search the entire eBook instantly, including the index and spoken glossary. Instructors teaching from the eBook can assign either the entire textbook or a custom version that includes only the chapters that correspond to their syllabi. They can choose to add notes to any page of the eBook and share these notes with their students. These notes may include text, Web links, animations, or photographs. http://courses.bfwpub.com/berg7e BiochemPortal is a dynamic, fully integrated learning environment that brings together all of our teaching and learning resources in one place. It features easyto-use assessment tracking and grading tools that enable instructors to assign problems for practice, as homework, quizzes, or tests. A personalized calendar, an announcement center, and communication tools help instructors manage the course. In addition to all the resources found on the Companion Web site, BiochemPortal includes several other features: • The interactive eBook integrates the complete text with all relevant media resources. • Hundreds of self-graded practice problems allow students to test their understanding of concepts explained in the text, with immediate feedback. • The metabolic map helps students understand the principles and applications of the core metabolic pathways. Students can work through guided tutorials with embedded assessment questions, or explore the Metabolic Map on their own using the dragging and zooming functionality of the map. • Jmol tutorials by Jeffrey Cohlberg, California State University at Long Beach, teach students how to create models of proteins in Jmol based on data from the Protein Database. By working through the tutorial and answering assessment questions at the end of each exercise, students learn to use this important database and fully realize the relationship between structure and function of enzymes. • Animated techniques illustrate laboratory techniques described in the text. • Concept tutorials walk students through complex ideas in enzyme kinetics and metabolism. Media and Supplements A full package of media resources and supplements provides instructors and students with innovative tools to support a variety of teaching and learning approaches. BiochemPortal
Companion Web Site Instructor's Resource DVD www.whfreeman.com/berg7e [1-4292-8411-0] The CD includes all the instructor's resources from the For students Web site. Living figures allow students to explore protein structure in 3-D.Students can zoom and rotate the "live"structures to get a better Overhead Transparencies understanding of their three-dimensional nature [1-4292-8412-9] and can experiment with different display styles (space-filling,ball-and-stick,ribbon,backbone) 200 full-color illustrations from the textbook,optimized by means of a user-friendly interface. for classroom projection Concept-based tutorials by Neil D.Clarke help students build an intuitive understanding of some of Student Companion the more difficult concepts covered in the textbook. [1-4292-3115-7] Animated techniques help students grasp For each chapter ofthe textbook,the Student Companion experimental techniques used for exploring genes includes: and proteins. The self-assessment tool helps students evaluate Chapter Learning Objectives and Summary their progress.Students can test their understanding Self-Assessment Problems,including multiple- by taking an online multiple-choice quiz provided choice,short-answer,matching questions,and for each chapter,as well as a general chemistry challenge problems,and their answers review. Expanded Solutions to end-of-chapter problems in The glossary of key terms. the textbook Web links connect students with the world of biochemistry beyond the classroom. For Instructors All of the student resources plus: All illustrations and tables from the textbook, in jpeg and PowerPoint formats optimized for classroom projection. The Assessment Bank offers more than 1500 questions in editable Microsoft Word format. ix
Companion Web Site www.whfreeman.com/berg7e i x For students • Living figures allow students to explore protein structure in 3-D. Students can zoom and rotate the “live” structures to get a better understanding of their three-dimensional nature and can experiment with different display styles (space-filling, ball-and-stick, ribbon, backbone) by means of a user-friendly interface. • Concept-based tutorials by Neil D. Clarke help students build an intuitive understanding of some of the more difficult concepts covered in the textbook. • Animated techniques help students grasp experimental techniques used for exploring genes and proteins. • The self-assessment tool helps students evaluate their progress. Students can test their understanding by taking an online multiple-choice quiz provided for each chapter, as well as a general chemistry review. • The glossary of key terms. • Web links connect students with the world of biochemistry beyond the classroom. For Instructors All of the student resources plus: • All illustrations and tables from the textbook, in jpeg and PowerPoint formats optimized for classroom projection. • The Assessment Bank offers more than 1500 questions in editable Microsoft Word format. Instructor’s Resource DVD [1-4292-8411-0] The CD includes all the instructor’s resources from the Web site. Overhead Transparencies [1-4292-8412-9] 200 full-color illustrations from the textbook, optimized for classroom projection Student Companion [1-4292-3115-7] For each chapter of the textbook, the Student Companion includes: • Chapter Learning Objectives and Summary • Self-Assessment Problems, including multiplechoice, short-answer, matching questions, and challenge problems, and their answers • Expanded Solutions to end-of-chapter problems in the textbook
Molecular Evolution This icon signals the start of the many discussions that highlight protein commonalities or other molecular evolutionary insights. Only Lamino acids make up proteins(p.27) Increasing sophistication of glycogen phosphorylase Why this set of 20 amino acids?(p.33) regulation(p.628) Additional human globin genes(p.211) The a-amylase family (p.629) Fetal hemoglobin(p.213) A recurring motif in the activation of carboxyl groups(p.645) Catalytic triads in hydrolytic enzymes(p.260) Prokaryotic counterparts of the ubiquitin pathway Major classes of peptide-cleaving enzymes(p.263) and the proteasome(p.677) Zinc-based active sites in carbonic anhydrases(p.271) A family of pyridoxal-dependent enzymes(p.684) Common catalytic core in type II restriction Evolution of the urea cycle(p.688) enzymes (p.278) The P-loop NTPase domain in nitrogenase(p.708) P-loop NTPase domains(p.283) Similar transaminases determine amino acid chirality(p.713) Conserved catalytic core in protein kinases(p.302) Feedback inhibition(p.724) Why might human blood types differ?(p.335) Recurring steps in purine ring synthesis(p.741) Archaeal membranes(p.350) Ribonucleotide reductases(p.747) Ion pumps(p.374) Increase in urate levels during primate evolution(p.754) P-type ATPases(p.378) The cytochrome P450 superfamily(p.783) ATP-binding cassettes(p.378) DNA polymerases(p.821) Sequence comparisons of Na and Ca*channels(p.386) Thymine and the fidelity of the genetic message(p.841) Small G proteins (p.410) Sigma factors in bacterial transcription(p.858) Metabolism in the RNA world (p.447) Similarities in transcription between archaea and Why is glucose a prominent fuel?(p.455) eukaryotes(p.869) NAD*binding sites in dehydrogenases(p.469) Evolution of spliceosome-catalyzed splicing(p.881) The major facilitator superfamily of transporters(p.477) Classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases(p.897) Isozymic forms of lactate dehydrogenase(p.490) Composition of the primordial ribosome(p.900) Evolution of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis(p.491) Homologous G proteins(p.903) The a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex(p.507) A family of proteins with common ligand-binding Domains of succinyl CoA synthase(p.509) domains(p.926) Evolution of the citric acid cycle(p.518) The independent evolution of DNA-binding sites of Mitochondria evolution(p.527) regulatory proteins(p.927) Conserved structure of cytochrome c(p.543) Regulation by attenuator sites(p.932) Common features of ATP synthase and G proteins(p.550) CpG islands (p.946) Related uncoupling proteins(p.557) Iron-response elements(p.952) Chloroplast evolution(p.568) miRNAs in gene evolution(p.954) Evolutionary origins of photosynthesis (p.584) The odorant-receptor family(p.959) Evolution of the C pathway(p.600) Photoreceptor evolution(p.969) The coordination of the Calvin cycle and the pentose The immunoglobulin fold (p.984) phosphate pathway(p.609) Relationship of actin to hexokinase and prokaryotic Evolution of glycogen phosphorylase(p.627) proteins(p.1019)
x Only L amino acids make up proteins (p. 27) Why this set of 20 amino acids? (p. 33) Additional human globin genes (p. 211) Fetal hemoglobin (p. 213) Catalytic triads in hydrolytic enzymes (p. 260) Major classes of peptide-cleaving enzymes (p. 263) Zinc-based active sites in carbonic anhydrases (p. 271) Common catalytic core in type II restriction enzymes (p. 278) P-loop NTPase domains (p. 283) Conserved catalytic core in protein kinases (p. 302) Why might human blood types differ? (p. 335) Archaeal membranes (p. 350) Ion pumps (p. 374) P-type ATPases (p. 378) ATP-binding cassettes (p. 378) Sequence comparisons of Na1 and Ca1 channels (p. 386) Small G proteins (p. 410) Metabolism in the RNA world (p. 447) Why is glucose a prominent fuel? (p. 455) NAD1 binding sites in dehydrogenases (p. 469) The major facilitator superfamily of transporters (p. 477) Isozymic forms of lactate dehydrogenase (p. 490) Evolution of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (p. 491) The a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (p. 507) Domains of succinyl CoA synthase (p. 509) Evolution of the citric acid cycle (p. 518) Mitochondria evolution (p. 527) Conserved structure of cytochrome c (p. 543) Common features of ATP synthase and G proteins (p. 550) Related uncoupling proteins (p. 557) Chloroplast evolution (p. 568) Evolutionary origins of photosynthesis (p. 584) Evolution of the C4 pathway (p. 600) The coordination of the Calvin cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway (p. 609) Evolution of glycogen phosphorylase (p. 627) Increasing sophistication of glycogen phosphorylase regulation (p. 628) The a-amylase family (p. 629) A recurring motif in the activation of carboxyl groups (p. 645) Prokaryotic counterparts of the ubiquitin pathway and the proteasome (p. 677) A family of pyridoxal-dependent enzymes (p. 684) Evolution of the urea cycle (p. 688) The P-loop NTPase domain in nitrogenase (p. 708) Similar transaminases determine amino acid chirality (p. 713) Feedback inhibition (p. 724) Recurring steps in purine ring synthesis (p. 741) Ribonucleotide reductases (p. 747) Increase in urate levels during primate evolution (p. 754) The cytochrome P450 superfamily (p. 783) DNA polymerases (p. 821) Thymine and the fidelity of the genetic message (p. 841) Sigma factors in bacterial transcription (p. 858) Similarities in transcription between archaea and eukaryotes (p. 869) Evolution of spliceosome-catalyzed splicing (p. 881) Classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (p. 897) Composition of the primordial ribosome (p. 900) Homologous G proteins (p. 903) A family of proteins with common ligand-binding domains (p. 926) The independent evolution of DNA-binding sites of regulatory proteins (p. 927) Regulation by attenuator sites (p. 932) CpG islands (p. 946) Iron-response elements (p. 952) miRNAs in gene evolution (p. 954) The odorant-receptor family (p. 959) Photoreceptor evolution (p. 969) The immunoglobulin fold (p. 984) Relationship of actin to hexokinase and prokaryotic proteins (p. 1019) This icon signals the start of the many discussions that highlight protein commonalities or other molecular evolutionary insights. Molecular Evolution
Clinical Applications This icon signals the start of a clinical application in the text.Additional,briefer clinical correlations appear in the text as appropriate. Osteogenesis imperfecta(p.45) Diseases resulting from defects in E3 proteins(p.676) Protein-misfolding diseases(p.55) Diseases of altered ubiquitination(p.678) Protein modification and scurvy(p.55) Using proteasome inhibitors to treat tuberculosis(p.679) Antigen detection with ELISA(p.88) Inherited defects of the urea cycle(hyperammonemia)(p.688) Synthetic peptides as drugs(p.96) Alcaptonuria,maple syrup urine disease,and Gene therapy(p.167) phenylketonuria(p.697) Functional magnetic resonance imaging(p.197) High homocysteine levels and vascular disease(p.719) Carbon monoxide poisoning(p.213) Inherited disorders of porphyrin metabolism(p.730) Sickle-cell anemia(p.209) Anticancer drugs that block the synthesis of thymidylate(p.749) Thalessemia(p.210) Adenosine deaminase and severe combined Aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency(p.232) immunodeficiency(p.752) Action of penicillin (p.244) Gout(p.753) Protease inhibitors(p.264) Lesch-Nyhan syndrome(p.754) Carbonic anhydrase and osteoporosis(p.266) Folic acid and spina bifida(p.755) Isozymes as a sign of tissue damage(p.297) Second messengers derived from sphingolipids and Emphysema(p.306) diabetes(p.765) Vitamin K(p.310) Respiratory distress syndrome and Tay-Sachs Hemophilia(p.311) disease(p.765) Tissue-type plasminogen activator(p.312) Diagnostic use of blood-cholesterol levels(p.774) Monitoring changes in glycosylated hemoglobin(p.325) Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis(p.776) Erythropoietin(p.330) Mutations in the LDL receptor(p.777) Hurler disease(p.331) The role of HDL in protecting against Blood groups(p.335) arteriosclerosis(p.778) I-cell disease(p.336) Clinical management of cholesterol levels(p.779) Influenza virus binding(p.339) Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast Clinical applications of liposomes(p.354) and ovarian cancer(p.785) Aspirin and ibuprofen(p.358) Rickets and vitamin D(p.786) Digitalis and congenital heart failure(p.377) Antibiotics that target DNA gyrase(p.831) Multidrug resistance(p.378) Blocking telomerase to treat cancer(p.837) Long QT syndrome(p.392) Huntington disease(p.842) Signal-transduction pathways and cancer(p.420) Defective repair of DNA and cancer(p.842) Monoclonal antibodies as anticancer drugs(p.421) Detection of carcinogens(Ames test)(p.843) Protein kinase inhibitors as anticancer drugs(p.421) Antibiotic inhibitors of transcription(p.861) Vitamins(p.441) Burkitt lymphoma and B-cell leukemia(p.869) Lactose intolerance(p.471) Diseases of defective RNA splicing(p.877) Galactosemia(p.472) Vanishing white matter disease(p.908) Exercise and cancer(p.478) Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis(p.909) Phosphatase deficiency (p.514) Diphtheria(p.910) Defects in the citric acid cycle and the development Ricin,a lethal protein-synthesis inhibitor(p.911) of cancer(p.515) Induced pluripotent stem cells(p.944) Beriberi and mercury poisoning(p.517) Anabolic steroids (p.948) Mitochondrial diseases(p.558) Color blindness(p.970) Hemolytic anemia(p.609) The use of capsaicin in pain management(p.974) Glucose 6-phosphate deficiency(p.611) Immune-system suppressants(p.990) Glycogen-storage diseases(p.634) MHC and transplantation rejection(p.998) Carnitine deficiency(p.646) AIDS vaccine(p.999) Zellweger syndrome(p.652) Autoimmune diseases(p.1001) Diabetic ketosis(p.655) Immune system and cancer(p.1001) The use of fatty acid synthase inhibitors as Vaccines(p.1002) drugs(p.663) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease(p.1016) Effects of aspirin on signaling pathways(p.665) Taxol (p.1019) xi
x i Osteogenesis imperfecta (p. 45) Protein-misfolding diseases (p. 55) Protein modification and scurvy (p. 55) Antigen detection with ELISA (p. 88) Synthetic peptides as drugs (p. 96) Gene therapy (p. 167) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (p. 197) Carbon monoxide poisoning (p. 213) Sickle-cell anemia (p. 209) Thalessemia (p. 210) Aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (p. 232) Action of penicillin (p. 244) Protease inhibitors (p. 264) Carbonic anhydrase and osteoporosis (p. 266) Isozymes as a sign of tissue damage (p. 297) Emphysema (p. 306) Vitamin K (p. 310) Hemophilia (p. 311) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (p. 312) Monitoring changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (p. 325) Erythropoietin (p. 330) Hurler disease (p. 331) Blood groups (p. 335) I-cell disease (p. 336) Influenza virus binding (p. 339) Clinical applications of liposomes (p. 354) Aspirin and ibuprofen (p. 358) Digitalis and congenital heart failure (p. 377) Multidrug resistance (p. 378) Long QT syndrome (p. 392) Signal-transduction pathways and cancer (p. 420) Monoclonal antibodies as anticancer drugs (p. 421) Protein kinase inhibitors as anticancer drugs (p. 421) Vitamins (p. 441) Lactose intolerance (p. 471) Galactosemia (p. 472) Exercise and cancer (p. 478) Phosphatase deficiency (p. 514) Defects in the citric acid cycle and the development of cancer (p. 515) Beriberi and mercury poisoning (p. 517) Mitochondrial diseases (p. 558) Hemolytic anemia (p. 609) Glucose 6-phosphate deficiency (p. 611) Glycogen-storage diseases (p. 634) Carnitine deficiency (p. 646) Zellweger syndrome (p. 652) Diabetic ketosis (p. 655) The use of fatty acid synthase inhibitors as drugs (p. 663) Effects of aspirin on signaling pathways (p. 665) Diseases resulting from defects in E3 proteins (p. 676) Diseases of altered ubiquitination (p. 678) Using proteasome inhibitors to treat tuberculosis (p. 679) Inherited defects of the urea cycle (hyperammonemia) (p. 688) Alcaptonuria, maple syrup urine disease, and phenylketonuria (p. 697) High homocysteine levels and vascular disease (p. 719) Inherited disorders of porphyrin metabolism (p. 730) Anticancer drugs that block the synthesis of thymidylate (p. 749) Adenosine deaminase and severe combined immunodeficiency (p. 752) Gout (p. 753) Lesch–Nyhan syndrome (p. 754) Folic acid and spina bifida (p. 755) Second messengers derived from sphingolipids and diabetes (p. 765) Respiratory distress syndrome and Tay–Sachs disease (p. 765) Diagnostic use of blood-cholesterol levels (p. 774) Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis (p. 776) Mutations in the LDL receptor (p. 777) The role of HDL in protecting against arteriosclerosis (p. 778) Clinical management of cholesterol levels (p. 779) Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast and ovarian cancer (p. 785) Rickets and vitamin D (p. 786) Antibiotics that target DNA gyrase (p. 831) Blocking telomerase to treat cancer (p. 837) Huntington disease (p. 842) Defective repair of DNA and cancer (p. 842) Detection of carcinogens (Ames test) (p. 843) Antibiotic inhibitors of transcription (p. 861) Burkitt lymphoma and B-cell leukemia (p. 869) Diseases of defective RNA splicing (p. 877) Vanishing white matter disease (p. 908) Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis (p. 909) Diphtheria (p. 910) Ricin, a lethal protein-synthesis inhibitor (p. 911) Induced pluripotent stem cells (p. 944) Anabolic steroids (p. 948) Color blindness (p. 970) The use of capsaicin in pain management (p. 974) Immune-system suppressants (p. 990) MHC and transplantation rejection (p. 998) AIDS vaccine (p. 999) Autoimmune diseases (p. 1001) Immune system and cancer (p. 1001) Vaccines (p. 1002) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (p. 1016) Taxol (p. 1019) This icon signals the start of a clinical application in the text. Additional, briefer clinical correlations appear in the text as appropriate. Clinical Applications