(一)生物技术定义 生物技术(Biotechnology)生物工程(Bioengineering)应用自然科学及工程学的原理,依靠生物催化剂的作用将物料进行加工以提供产品或为社会服务

20世纪70年代,以柠檬酸发酵工业建立为 里程碑,我国发酵有机酸工业进入了蓬勃发展 的新时代,逐步形成了柠檬酸、醋酸、乳酸、 苹果酸、衣康酸、葡萄糖酸、曲酸等品种较为 齐全的工业体系。尤其是近几年柠檬酸工业高 速发展,产量跃居世界之首,出口额突破了2 亿美元,成为我国单项化工产品出口额第一的 产品,标志着我国发酵有机酸工业的崛起

一、抗生素是青霉素、链霉素、红霉素等一类化学物质的总称。 二、是生物在生产活动过程中产生的,在低微浓度下有选择性地抑制或杀灭其他种生物机能的有机物质,具有抗菌、抗肿瘤、杀虫除草、抑制生物体中某些酶类的作用,有些还具有某些药理活性,如强力霉素——镇咳;新霉素——降胆固醇

一、影响发酵工艺的主要参数 1 温度 2 氧气(溶解氧) 3 pH 4 二氧化碳 5 基质浓度 6 泡沫

一、医学蠕虫 二、医学原虫 三、医学节肢动物

It is beyond the scope of this class to understand the following. If only one equilibration is in effect, the pH of the solution is determined by one Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

table 13-1 Some Signals to Which Cells Respond Antigens Cell surface glycoproteins/oligosaccharides Developmental signals Extracellular matrix components Growth factors Hormones Light Mechanical touch Neurotransmitters Odorants

1. Living matter is composed mostly of the lighter elements 1.1 The composition of living matter is strikingly different from that of its physical environment(1810s) 1.2 The elements found in living organisms also exist in nature(especially in seawater and atmosphere)

1. Biomembranes are organized, sheetlike assemblies consisting mainly of proteins and lipids 1.1 The functions carried out by membranes are diverse and indispensable for life. 1.1.1 Biomembranes give cells their individuality by separating them from the environment

1.1 The Definition of Metabolism The highly integrated network of chemical transformations. Degradation (decreasing order, thus energy releasing) to provide energy, catabolism; Synthesis (increasing order, thus energy consuming) to provide building materials, anabolism