第一节植物界(在生物分界中的地位) 第二节植物在自然界和人类生活中的作用 第三节植物科学的研究对象和基本任务 第四节植物科学在自然科学和国民经济发展中的意义

根是植物的重要营养器官,它的主要功能是固定植株并吸收土 壤中的水分以及溶于水中的无机盐类,然后通过根的维管组 织输送到地上部分,根还具有合成、储藏和繁殖的功能

一、植物细胞的生长 二、细胞的分化:

一、种子的结构 基本结构:胚、胚乳、种皮 (一)胚:胚芽、胚根、胚轴(茎)、子叶(单子叶、双子叶、多子叶)。 (二)胚乳:是种子内的贮藏组织(有、无)。 (三)种皮:是种子外的保护层。变化多

Gene mutation and evolution Gradual accumulation of mutations over long periods of time results in new biological species, each with a unique DNA sequence. Mutations and stabilization of mutations to new species. Charles Darwin: Unifying evolution theory-the origin of species from a common ancestor

Lipids are a class of nonpolar molecules that include the fats, cholesterol, fatty acids, lipid-soluble vitamins, waxes, soaps, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and others. Lipids are found in the membranes of cells, the endoplasmic reticulum and in specialized fat storage cells called adipocytes. Example of lipids

Histones vs Nonhistone Histones are small, very basic proteins rich in lysine and arginine. The histones are the basic building blocks of chromatin structure. The nucleoids of prokaryotic cells also have proteins associated with DNA, but these proteins are quite different from the histones and do not seem to form a comparable chromatin structure. Nonhistone chromosomal proteins-The histones are accompanied

Recombinant DNA technology 1 Restriction enzymes Nucleic acid hybridization DNA cloning 4 Viruses 5 DNA sequencing 6 Polymerase chain reaction

H protein synthesis H1 The genetic code H2 Protein synthesis(translation) in prokaryotes H3 Translation in eukaryotes H4 Protein targeting H5 Protein glycosylation

Section M Nitrogen Metabolism M1. Nitrogen Fixation and Assimilation M2. Amino acid metabolism M3. The urea cycle M4. Hemes and chlorophylls