LESSON ONE WHAT PLANTS NEED To grow satisfactorily a plant needs warmth light, water, carbon dioxide and about a dozen other chemical elements which it can obtain from the soil WARMTH Most crop plants in this country start growing when the average daily temperature is above 6C(42F). Growth is best between 16C(60F)and 27C(80F). These temperatures apply to thermometer readings taken in the shade about 4 ft above ground. Crops grown in hotter countries usually have higher temperature requirements Cold frosty conditions may seriously damage plant growth. Crop plants differ in their abil ity to withstand very cold conditions. For example, winter rye and wheat can stand colder conditions than winter oats. Potato plants and stored tubers are easily damaged by frost. Sugar-beet may bolt (go to seed) if there are frosts after germination; frost in anuary ma s left in th Without light, plants cannot produce carbohydrates and will soon die. The amount of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the length of day light and partly to the intensity of the sunlight. Bright sunlight is of most importance where there is dense plant growth rding to the distance from season. This can affect the flowering and seeding of crop plants and is one of the limiting factors in introdu crops into a country. grasses are now being tested in this country which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here WATER Water is an essential part of all plant cells and it is also required in extravagant amounts for the process of transpiration. Water carries nutrients from the soil into and through the plant and also carries the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to wherever they are needed Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of ry matter produced CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. This is taken into the leaves through the stomata and so the amount which can go in is affected by the rate of transpiration. Another limiting factor is the small amount(0.03%)of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The percentage can increase just above the surface of soils rich in organic matter where soil bacteria are active and releasing carbon dioxide. This is possibly one of the reasons why crops grow better on such soils CHEMICAL ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY PLANTS In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances e needed. These into the roots from the soil solution and the clay particles. Those required in fairly large amounts--a few kilogram to one or more hundred kilogram per hectare(a few pounds to one or more hundredweight hectare)are called the major nutrients those required in small amounts--a few grams to several kilogram per (part of an ounce to several pounds per acre) are the mINOR nutrients or trace elements Words and Expressions dioxide[ dai'oksaid]n.二氧化物 element ['elimant]n.要素,成分,元素 apply [a' plai]vi.适用,适 thermometer[0 a'momita]n.温度计,寒暑表 reading 'ri: d n]n.读数,仪器指示数
LESSON ONE WHAT PLANTS NEED To grow satisfactorily a plant needs warmth, light, water, carbon dioxide and about a dozen other chemical elements which it can obtain from the soil. WARMTH Most crop plants in this country start growing when the average daily temperature is above 6℃(42℉). Growth is best between 16℃ (60℉) and 27℃(80℉). These temperatures apply to thermometer readings taken in the shade about 4 ft above ground. Crops grown in hotter countries usually have higher temperature requirements. Cold frosty conditions may seriously damage plant growth. Crop plants differ in their ability to withstand very cold conditions. For example, winter rye and wheat can stand colder conditions than winter oats. Potato plants and stored tubers are easily damaged by frost. Sugar-beet may bolt (go to seed) if there are frosts after germination; frost in December and January may destroy crops left in the ground. LIGHT Without light, plants cannot produce carbohydrates and will soon die. The amount of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the length of daylight and partly to the intensity of the sunlight. Bright sunlight is of most importance where there is dense plant growth. The lengths of daylight and darkness periods vary according to the distance from the equator and also from season to season. This can affect the flowering and seeding of crop plants and is one of the limiting factors in introducing new crops into a country. Grasses are now being tested in this country which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here. WATER Water is an essential part of all plant cells and it is also required in extravagant amounts for the process of transpiration. Water carries nutrients from the soil into and through the plant and also carries the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to wherever they are needed. Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of dry matter produced. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. This is taken into the leaves through the stomata and so the amount which can go in is affected by the rate of transpiration. Another limiting factor is the small amount (0.03%) of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The percentage can increase just above the surface of soils rich in organic matter where soil bacteria are active and releasing carbon dioxide. This is possibly one of the reasons why crops grow better on such soils. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY PLANTS In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances are needed. These into the roots from the soil solution and the clay particles. Those required in fairly large amounts--a few kilogram to one or more hundred kilogram per hectare (a few pounds to one or more hundredweight per acre) are called the major nutrients those required in small amounts--a few grams to several kilogram per hectare (part of an ounce to several pounds per acre) are the MINOR nutrients or trace elements. Words and Expressions dioxide [dai'oksaid] n. 二氧化物 element ['elimant] n. 要素，成分，元素 apply [a’plai] vi. 适用，适合 thermometer [θa'momita] n. 温度计，寒暑表 reading |’ri:diη] n. 读数，仪器指示数
requirement[ ri'kwaiamant] r.需要,要求,必要的条件。 Frost[ roost]n.霜,冰冻 frosty[ frosti]a.霜冻的, 严寒的 differ ['difa]ⅵ.不同,相异 withstand [wi stand]vt抵挡,经受住, withstand the storm顶得住 暴风雨; withstand severe tests经得起严峻的考验 withstand earthquake耐震; withstand wear[irel耐穿 rye[ra]n黑麦,裸麦 oat out]n.燕麦 store [sto:]vt貯藏bolt[ boult] v.迅速成长并结实 【植物学】 To flower or produce seeds prematurely or develop a flowering stem from a rosette 过早的生子(结实)植物未成熟期开花或结实,从蔷薇结长为花柄 germination[d3 minel∫an]n.萌芽,发生 carbohydrate [ ka: bou'haidreit]n.碳水化合物,糖类 amount|a^ mount]n.总数,数量,数额 photosynthesis[foutou' sin e asis] n光合作用,光能合成 ntensity[in' tensity]n.强度,剧烈vary[vεoriⅵ.变化,不同;ⅵ.改变 equator[ i'kweita]n.赤道 affect [a'fekt]vt.影响 grass (gra:s]n.草,禾本科植物 remain[ rimein]vi.仍是,保持 shoot∫u:t]n.嫩枝,发芽,苗 extravagant [iks'traevigant ] a.过高的,过分的 transpiration[ transpIre∫en]n蒸腾作用,蒸发 stoma [touma](复数 stomata[stomata]n气孔 atmosphere [aetmasfia]n.大气,空气 release[ri'list.释放,放出 function v.起作用,活动 substance[ sAbstans]n.物质,实质 solution[sa'ju:∫an]n.溶液,溶解,解决clay[klei]n.粘土,泥土 particle [pa:tik]n.粒子,微粒 hectare [hkta]n.公顷(略作ha.) hundredweight[ hAndradweit]n.英担 acre ['eika]n.英亩 nutrient[nju: triant] r.营养品,养料 ounce [auns)n.盎司,英两(略作oz.) trace[treis] n丝毫,微量 Notes 900本文选自 Lockhart与 Wiseman合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 9016℃,读作 six degrees Centigrade,摄氏六度 42F读作 forty- two degrees Fahrenheit [ faerenhait,fa:r,华氏四十二度 9024f,读作 four feet. 903 go to seed= run to seed花谢结子。 9.04 take place发生,举行; take the place of代替,替代 905 take up吸收(液体)溶解(固体);占(时间、空间);接受;接纳(乘客);拿起;继续;学习。 Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of dry matter produced 植物每产生一吨干物质就需吸收二百吨水 How much water is needed to take up a pound of salt?溶解一磅盐需要多少水呢? My time is fully taken up with writing.我的时间都被写作占去了。 he building takes up400 square meters这座楼占地400平方米。 We shall take up the challenge issued by the second-year students。我们将接受二年级同学的挑战 The bus stopped to take up the workers。公共汽车停下来,让这些工人上车。 They took up arms and fought the enemy bravely.他们拿起武器同敌人英勇战斗 Let' s take up the work where they' ve left off让l我们接着他们干下去。 He takes up English。他学习英语
requirement [ri'kwaiamant] n. 需要，要求，必要的条件。Frost [rfost]n. 霜，冰冻 frosty [frosti]a. 霜冻的， 严寒的 differ ['difa] vi. 不同，相异 withstand [wiす'stænd] vt.抵挡，经受住, withstand the storm 顶得住 暴风雨; withstand severe tests 经得起严峻的考验 withstand earthquake 耐震; withstand wear [fire] 耐穿 [火]. rye [rai] n.黑麦，裸麦 oat [out] n. 燕麦store [sto：] vt.貯藏bolt [boult] vi. 迅速成长并结实 【植物学】 To flower or produce seeds prematurely or develop a flowering stem from a rosette. 过早的生子（结实）植物未成熟期开花或结实，从蔷薇结长为花柄 germination [dзmi'nei∫an] n. 萌芽，发生carbohydrate ['ka：bou'haidreit] n. 碳水化合物，糖类 amount [a^maunt] n. 总数，数量，数额 photosynthesis [foutou'sinθasis] n.光合作用，光能合成 intensity [in’tensiti] n. 强度，剧烈 vary ['vεɑri] vi. 变化，不同；vt. 改变 equator [i’kweita] n. 赤道 affect [a'fekt] vt. 影响 grass [gra:s] n. 草，禾本科植物 remain [ri'mein] vi. 仍是，保持 shoot [∫u：t] n. 嫩枝，发芽，苗 extravagant [iks'trævi9ant]a. 过高的，过分的transpiration [trænspi'rei∫en] n.蒸腾作用，蒸发 stoma [stouma] （复数 stomata [stoumata] n.气孔 atmosphere [‘ætmasfia]n. 大气，空气 release [ri’li:s] vt. 释放，放出 function vi.起作用，活动 substance ['sAbstans] n. 物质，实质 solution [sa’lju：∫an] n. 溶液，溶解，解决 clay [klei] n. 粘土，泥土 particle ['pa：tikl] n. 粒子，微粒 hectare ['hekta:] n. 公顷（略作 ha.） hundredweight ['hAndradweit] n. 英担 acre ['eika] n. 英亩 nutrient [‘nju：triant] n. 营养品，养料 ounce [auns] n. 盎司，英两（略作 oz.） trace [treis] n.丝毫，微量 Notes 9.00 本文选自 Lockhart 与 Wiseman 合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 9.01 6℃, 读作 six degrees Centigrade,摄氏六度。 42℉ 读作 forty-two degrees Fahrenheit [færenhait, fa: r-,华氏四十二度 9.02 4 ft, 读作 four feet, 9.03 go to seed=run to seed 花谢结子。 9.04 take place 发生，举行； take the place of 代替，替代 9.05 take up 吸收（液体）溶解 (固体) ；占 (时间、空间) ；接受；接纳 (乘客)；拿起；继续；学习。 Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of dry matter produced. 植物每产生一吨干物质就需吸收二百吨水。 How much water is needed to take up a pound of salt? 溶解一磅盐需要多少水呢？ My time is fully taken up with writing.我的时间都被写作占去了。 The building takes up 400 square meters.这座楼占地 400 平方米。 We shall take up the challenge issued by the second-year students。我们将接受二年级同学的挑战。 The bus stopped to take up the workers。公共汽车停下来，让这些工人上车。 They took up arms and fought the enemy bravely. 他们拿起武器同敌人英勇战斗。 Let’s take up the work where they’ve left off. 让我们接着他们干下去。 He takes up English。他学习英语
9.6 due to为一成语介词,意为:由于:应归于。它引导的介词短语在句中一般作表语或定语用。如 The amount, of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the intensity of the sunlight. fitE 天发生的光合作用的量部分取决于日光的强度。 These are errors due to carelessness这些是由于粗心而引起的错误 All our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party 我们的一切成就都应归功于党的正确领导。 9.07 Grasses are now being tested in England which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here 现在,在英国正在对一些禾本科植物进行试验,它们在这里的日光条件下总是叶子茂盛但却不长花枝。主语 中的谓语 are being tested为正在进行时的被动语态。 Which引导的定语从句隔过主语谓语说明前面的主句主语 grasses这种定语句叫做“分裂式定语从句”常见 于主语有被动语态谓语的情况中 A few stars are known, which are hardly bigger than the earth 已知的星球,大小和地球相仿佛的廖廖无几 908“形容词+所要求的介词短语”构成形容词短语,作定语时,其位置一般置于名词之后。如: The percentage of carbon dioxide can increase just above the surface of soil in organic matter 在有机物质丰富的土壤表面上,二氧化碳的百分比会增多 Water is a substance suitable for preparation of hydrogen and oxygen.水是适于制取氢和氧的物质。 909 In order that为一连接词词组,意为:以便;为了。用来引导目的状语从句。如: In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances are needed.植物为了建 立其细胞结构和起食品工厂的作用,就需要很多简单的化学物质 I shall write it in simple language in order that everybody may understand it 我将用简易的文字写出,以便人人能看懂。 比较 in order to i为了…起见;以便 In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work 为了赶火车,她匆匆做完了她的工作 of the order of大约,左右;约与…相同,约与…相似(= in the order of 9.l0 build up为一动词短语,意为:树立,逐步建立;积累(资金);增进(健康);集结:增加。如: A plant can build up its cell structure.植物能建立其细胞结构。 We must build up a reserve fund to meet emergencies.我们必须积累储备基金以应急需。 He does morning exercises to build up his health.他做早操以增进健康。 We are building up our military forces.我们在集结我们的军队。 Our pressure on the enemy is building up.我们对敌人的压力正在逐渐加强 11 function as..起.的作用。如 a plant can function as a food factory。植物能起食品工厂的作用 Some English adverbs function as adjectives.有些英语副词有形容词的作用
9．6 due to 为一成语介词，意为：由于；应归于。它引导的介词短语在句中一般作表语或定语用。如 The amount, of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the intensity of the sunlight.植物每 天发生的光合作用的量部分取决于日光的强度。 These are errors due to carelessness. 这些是由于粗心而引起的错误。 All our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party. 我们的一切成就都应归功于党的正确领导。 9.07 Grasses are now being tested in England which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here. 现在，在英国正在对一些禾本科植物进行试验，它们在这里的日光条件下总是叶子茂盛但却不长花枝。主语 中的谓语 are being tested 为正在进行时的被动语态。 Which 引导的定语从句隔过主语谓语说明前面的主句主语 grasses。这种定语句叫做“分裂式定语从句”常见 于主语有被动语态谓语的情况中。如： A few stars are known, which are hardly bigger than the earth. 已知的星球，大小和地球相仿佛的廖廖无几。 : 9.08 “形容词+所要求的介词短语”构成形容词短语，作定语时，其位置一般置于名词之后。如： The percentage of carbon dioxide can increase just above the surface of soil in organic matter. 在有机物质丰富的土壤表面上，二氧化碳的百分比会增多。 Water is a substance suitable for preparation of hydrogen and oxygen. 水是适于制取氢和氧的物质。 9.09 In order that 为一连接词词组，意为：以便；为了。用来引导目的状语从句。如：In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances are needed. 植物为了建 立其细胞结构和起食品工厂的作用，就需要很多简单的化学物质。 I shall write it in simple language in order that everybody may understand it. 我将用简易的文字写出，以便人人能看懂。 比较 in order to i 为了…起见；以便 In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work. 为了赶火车，她匆匆做完了她的工作。 of the order of 大约，左右；约与…相同，约与…相似 (= in the order of) 9.10 build up 为一动词短语，意为：树立，逐步建立；积累（资金）；增进（健康）；集结；增加。如：A plant can build up its cell structure. 植物能建立其细胞结构。 We must build up a reserve fund to meet emergencies. 我们必须积累储备基金以应急需。 He does morning exercises to build up his health. 他做早操以增进健康。 We are building up our military forces. 我们在集结我们的军队。 Our pressure on the enemy is building up. 我们对敌人的压力正在逐渐加强。 9.11 function as… 起…的作用。如： A plant can function as a food factory。 植物能起食品工厂的作用。 Some English adverbs function as adjectives. 有些英语副词有形容词的作用
LESSON TWO SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS There are thousands of millions of very small organisms in every ounce of fertile soil. Many different types are found but the main groups are (1) Bacteria the most numerous group. Bacteria are the smallest type of single-celled organisms and can only be seen with a microscope. There are many kinds in the soil. Most of them feed on and break down organic matter. They obtain energy from the carbohydrates(e. g. sugar, starches, cellulose, etc. ) and release carbon dioxide in the process. They also need nitrogen to build cell proteins. If they cannot get this protein from the organic matter they may use other source such as the nitrogen applied as fertilizers. When this happens( e. g where straw is ploughed in)the following crop may suffer from shortage of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is applied. Some types of bacteria can convert(fix) the nitrogen from the air into nitrogen compounds which can be used by plants. Soil bacteria are most active in warm, damp, well aerated soils which are not acid (2) Fungi. Fungi are simple types of plants which feed on and break down organic matter. They are mainly responsible for breaking down lignified(woody) tissue. They have no chlorophyll or proper flowers. The fungi usually found in arable soils are very small, but larger types are found in other soils e.g. peat. Fungi can live in acid cond itions and in drier conditions than bacteria.(Mushrooms are fungi, and"fairy rings"are produced by fungi. Sometimes disease-producing fungi develop in some fields e.g. those causing take-all and"eyespot" in cereals (3)Actinomycetes. These are organisms which are intermed iate between bacteria and fungi and have a similar effect on the soil. They need oxygen for growth and are more common in the drier, warmer soils. They are not so numerous as bacteria and fungi. Some types can cause plant diseases, e. g common scab in potatoes(worst in light, dry soils) (4)Algae. Soil algae are very small simple organ isms which contain chlorophy ll and so can build up their bod ies by using carbon dioxide from the air and nitrogen from the soil. algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun. Algae growing in swampy (waterlogged)soils can use dissolved carbon dioxide from the water and release oxygen. This process is an important source of oxygen for crop plants such as rice. Algae are important in colonizing bare soils in the early stages of weatherin (5)Protozoa, These are very small, single-celled animals. Most of them feed on bacteria and similar small organisms. A few types contain chlorophyll and so can produce carbohydrates like plants The activities of the micro-organisms in the soil are rather complex and as yet not fully understood, but we do know that they improve the productivity of the soil. In general, the more fertile the soil the more organisms there are present
LESSON TWO SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS There are thousands of millions of very small organisms in every ounce of fertile soil. Many different types are found but the main groups are: (1) Bacteria the most numerous group. Bacteria are the smallest type of single-celled organisms and can only be seen with a microscope. There are many kinds in the soil. Most of them feed on and break down organic matter. They obtain energy from the carbohydrates(e. g. sugar, starches, cellulose, etc. ) and release carbon dioxide in the process. They also need nitrogen to build cell proteins. If they cannot get this protein from the organic matter they may use other source such as the nitrogen applied as fertilizers. When this happens (e. g. where straw is ploughed in ) the following crop may suffer from shortage of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is applied. Some types of bacteria can convert (fix) the nitrogen from the air into nitrogen compounds which can be used by plants. Soil bacteria are most active in warm, damp, well aerated soils which are not acid. (2) Fungi. Fungi are simple types of plants which feed on and break down organic matter. They are mainly responsible for breaking down lignified (woody) tissue. They have no chlorophyll or proper flowers. The fungi usually found in arable soils are very small, but larger types are found in other soils, e.g. peat. Fungi can live in acid conditions and in drier conditions than bacteria. (Mushrooms are fungi, and " fairy rings " are produced by fungi.)Sometimes disease-producing fungi develop in some fields, e. g. those causing “take-all” and "eyespot” in cereals. (3) Actinomycetes. These are organisms which are intermediate between bacteria and fungi and have a similar effect on the soil. They need oxygen for growth and are more common in the drier, warmer soils. They are not so numerous as bacteria and fungi. Some types can cause plant diseases, e. g. common scab in potatoes (worst in light, dry soils) . (4) Algae. Soil algae are very small simple organisms which contain chlorophyll and so can build up their bodies by using carbon dioxide from the air and nitrogen from the soil. Algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun. Algae growing in swampy (waterlogged) soils can use dissolved carbon dioxide from the water and release oxygen. This process is an important source of oxygen for crop plants such as rice. Algae are important in colonizing bare soils in the early stages of weathering. (5) Protozoa, These are very small, single-celled animals. Most of them feed on bacteria and similar small organisms. A few types contain chlorophyll and so can produce carbohydrates like plants. The activities of the micro-organisms in the soil are rather complex and as yet not fully understood, but we do know that they improve the productivity of the soil. In general, the more fertile the soil the more organisms there are present
SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS Words and Expressions micro- -organism[ maikrou'o ganizam]n微生物; light soil轻质土,砂土; take all n.麦类全蚀病; organism[ 2: caniza]n生物体,有机体 fertile ['fa:tai; US fa: til]a.肥沃的,富饶的 numerous[nju: maras]a.许多的,为数众多的; single-celled ['siqgl-seld]a.单细胞的 microscope ['maikraskoup]n显微镜; feed fi;dlⅵi吃东西; organIc[O: gaenik]a有机的; matter ['meta]n.物质; source [ so:s]n.来源,根源 fertilizer ['fa: tianze]a肥料; straw [stro ] n.稻草,麦杆; plough[plau]ⅵt犁,耕 following ['folouiq] a接着的; suffer ['sAfa]ⅵi.受痛苦,患病,受损害 extra 'ekstra]a.额外的: convert [kanva: t]ⅵt.改变,转变;fⅸ[ikslⅵt.固定 damp daemo]a.潮湿的; aerate l'eiareitIⅵt.使……通气,使……暴露于空气中 acid[asid]a.酸性的,酸的; fungus ['fAgas]复数 fungi ['fAqgai]n.真菌 lignify ['lignifai]]ⅵt.使…木质化;wody[wuda.木质的: tissue [ tisju:n.[生物学]组织; proper[ propa]a.适当的 arable[ arabi] a.可耕的;peat[pi:切]n.泥炭; eyespot laispot]n.全腐病(眼状)颜色斑点,眼点病 cereal [siarial]n.[常用复]谷类a.谷类的; actinomycete [aektinou' maisi::n放线菌 intermed iate[inta( midjat]a中间的; effect [i'fekt]n.影响,作用,效果;vt.产生 scab[skaeb]n[植]斑点病; alga [algal,复数 algae[ε eld 31]n.藻类 expose[ iks pouzjlvt.暴露,揭发; swampy[ swompi]a.沼泽的,潮湿的 waterlogged'wo: talked]a.涝的,水淹的; dissolve [di zolv]vt.分解,溶解; colon ize. kolanaiz ⅵt,殖民,拓殖;bare[bεa]a.荒的,赤裸的,空的,不毛的 stage [steid3]n.阶段,时期; weather'wea]vt,vi.风化,受侵蚀; protozoa[ proutazoua]n.[复]原生动物;actⅳ ity laek'tiviti]n活动,活动性,能动性; complex kompleks]a.复杂的; fully [fuli]ad.完全地,充分地; Improve[im'pmu:]ⅵt.改善; productivity prodAk'tiviti]n.生产力,生产率 1100本文选自 Lockhart与 Wiseman合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 1.0 thousands of millions of..数以十亿计的,成十亿的 1102 feed on(或upon)意为:以.食物。如: Most of bacteria feed on organic matter多数细菌以有机物质为食物 Sheep feed chiefly on gras羊主要以草为食物。 注意:动词feed在上列两例中不及物在下列例中及物fed.on.意为“以…喂.”。 如 She feeds her baby on the best of food.她以最好的食品喂她的婴儿。 1103 break down,意为:分解;坏掉;(计划)失败;中止,停顿;身体或精神衰弱,如:Most of bacteria feed on and break down organic matter 大多数细菌以有机物质为食物并分解有机物质。 My watch broke down, please see it right我的表坏了,请修理一下。 His plan was well conceived, but it broke down他的计划设想得很好,但是失败了。 How did the talks break down?谈判怎么会中止的? He has broken down from illness.他由于生病而身体衰弱。 1104“etc.“是拉丁语" 'et cetera"的简写式。意为:及其他:等等。等于英语的 and so on,and so forth. and the rest: and other things 1l05 suffer from为一习惯用法,意为:受.的害;患;以.为患。多半指疾病对人引起痛 苦,但也可以是缺点或其他有害东西,对主语产生直接不利的影响。如:
SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS Words and Expressions micro-organism [‘maikrou’o:ganizam] n.微生物；light soil 轻质土, 砂土； take all n.麦类全蚀病；organism [O:ganizam] n.生物体，有机体 fertile ['fa：tail；US 'fa:til] a.肥沃的，富饶的； numerous ['nju：maras] a. 许多的，为数众多的；single-celled ['siqgl-seld] a. 单细胞的 microscope ['maikraskoup] n.显微镜；feed [fi：d] vi.吃东西； organic [O：'gænik] a.有机的；matter ['mæta] n. 物质；source [so：s] n. 来源，根源 fertilizer ['fa：tilaize] a.肥料；straw [stro:] n. 稻草，麦杆；plough [plau] vt.犁，耕 following ['folouiq] a.接着的；suffer ['sAfa] vi. 受痛苦，患病，受损害 extra ['ekstra] a. 额外的；convert [kan'va:t] vt. 改变，转变；fix [fiks] vt. 固定 damp [dæmp] a. 潮湿的；aerate ['eiareit] vt.使……通气，使……暴露于空气中 acid [‘æsid] a. 酸性的，酸的；fungus ['fAgas] 复数 fungi ['fAqgai] n.真菌 lignify ['lignifai] vt. 使…木质化；woody [‘wudi] a. 木质的； tissue [tisju:] n. [生物学] 组织；proper ['propa] a. 适当的 arable ['ærabl] a. 可耕的；peat [pi：t] n. 泥炭； eyespot [aispot] n. 全腐病 （眼状）颜色斑点，眼点病 cereal [‘siarial] n. [常用复]谷类 a. 谷类的；actinomycete [æktinou’maisi：t] n 放线菌 intermediate [inta(:)'midjat] a. 中间的； effect [i'fekt] n. 影响，作用，效果； vt. 产生； scab [skæb]n.[植]斑点病； alga [ælga] , 复数 algae ['ældэi:] n. 藻类 expose [iks'pouzj]vt. 暴露，揭发； swampy ['swompi] a. 沼泽的，潮湿的； waterlogged ['wo：talogd] a. 涝的，水淹的；dissolve [di'zolv] vt. 分解，溶解；colonize .['kolanaiz] vt, 殖民，拓殖； bare [bεa] a. 荒的，赤裸的，空的，不毛的； stage [steidз] n. 阶段，时期；weather ['we す a] vt., vi. 风化，受侵蚀； protozoa ['prouta'zoua] n. [复] 原生动物； activity [æk’tiviti] n 活动，活动性，能动性；complex ['kompleks] a. 复杂的；fully ['fuli] ad. 完全地，充分地；improve [im’pru：v] vt. 改善；productivity [prodAk'tiviti] n.生产力，生产率 Notes 11.00 本文选自 Lockhart 与 Wiseman 合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 11.01 thousands of millions of … 数以十亿计的，成十亿的 11.02 feed on (或 upon) 意为：以……为食物。如： Most of bacteria feed on organic matter.大多数细菌以有机物质为食物。 Sheep feed chiefly on grass.羊主要以草为食物。 注意：动词 feed 在上列两例中不及物,在下列例中及物 feed……on...... 意为“以……喂……”。 如： She feeds her baby on the best of food. 她以最好的食品喂她的婴儿。 11.03 break down，意为：分解；坏掉；（计划）失败；中止，停顿；身体或精神衰弱，如：Most of bacteria feed on and break down organic matter。 大多数细菌以有机物质为食物并分解有机物质。 My watch broke down, please see it right.我的表坏了，请修理一下。 His plan was well conceived, but it broke down.他的计划设想得很好，但是失败了。 How did the talks break down? 谈判怎么会中止的？ He has broken down from illness. 他由于生病而身体衰弱。 11.04 “etc.“ 是拉丁语 "et cetera" 的简写式。意为：及其他；等等。等于英语的 and so on, and so forth, and the rest； and other things. 11.05 suffer from 为一习惯用法，意为：受……的害；患；以……为患。多半指疾病对人引起痛 苦，但也可以是缺点或其他有害东西，对主语产生直接不利的影响。如：