She is suffering from cold.她在患感冒。 The following crop may suffer from shortage of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is applied 除非另外施肥,否则下一季的庄稼可能因缺氮而受到损害。 The southeast Asia is suffering from a serious economic crisis 东南亚正在遭受一场严重的经济危机 l10 be responsible for意为:对负责。但往往不能直译,有时可译作:由于…而;因 为.而……;引起;造成,等等。句中主语可以是人,也可以不是人。例如 He is not responsible for that.那件事不能怪她。(直译:那件事不能由他负责。) Fungi are mainly responsible for breaking down lignified tissue.真菌主要引起木质组织分解。 The weather is responsible for the delay.由于天气关系而耽搁了。 Her illness is responsible for her long silence.她因为有病而好久不写信。 1107 not so.as..不如.那样 so是副词,后接形容词或副词,as是连接词,引导有所省略的比较状语从句。如: Actinomycetes are not so numerous as bacteria and fungi放线菌不如细菌和真菌那样多。 The task is not so difficult as you think这项任务并不象你想的那样困难。 He does not study so hard as you.他学习没有你那样努力 ll08 be exposed to(暴)露于;易受。如 Algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun 藻类在暴露于阳光下的肥沃的潮湿土壤里长的很好。 1109 as yet现在还,目前尚,到目前为止,到当时为止。如: As yet we havent heard from him 我们迄今尚未收到他的信 He is as yet alive.他目前还算活着呢。 11.10 We do know that they improve the productivity of the soil 我们确实知道它们可改善土壤的生产力 句中的do用来加强主要动词的语气,例如: Exceptions do, however,ocur但是例外情况一定要发生。 He did accomplish the task in time。他的确准时完成了任务。 1 in general一般讲来,大体说来,通常。如: In general, your plan is good.你们的方案总的看来是好的 I am speaking of young people in general我是谈的一般年青人。 11 12 In general, the more fertile the soil, the more organisms there are present 般来说,土壤越肥沃,存在的有机体就越多 这个句子是一个“The+比较级…(从句),+the+比较级…(主句)”的结构。意为:越….越 愈,愈…。第一部分是比较状语从句,第二部分为主句。从句中常省略某些成份,有时 主句和从句中的主语和谓语动词都省去。词序也常颠倒。如 The higher the tree, the stronger the wind.树愈高,风愈大。 The sooner, the better.越快越好 The more.. the more the more 越 越 就越…。这三个包括 the more的分句中,前两个是从句,表示条件或前提,最后一个是主句,表示结果。前提一般 只有一个的时候较多。构成这种句型要利用副词the+比较级的形容词或副词。如: The more the merrier[邀请客人时用语]人愈多愈热闹。 The higher up, the greater the fall爬得高,跌得重。 The greater the danger. the more must we drive ahead.越是艰险越向前 LESSON THREE THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES Before deciding on control measures it is important to know what is causing the disease. Having ascertained as possible, the cause, the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied
She is suffering from cold. 她在患感冒。 The following crop may suffer from shortage of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is applied. 除非另外施肥，否则下一季的庄稼可能因缺氮而受到损害。 The southeast Asia is suffering from a serious economic crisis. 东南亚正在遭受一场严重的经济危机。 11.06 be responsible for 意为：对……负责。但往往不能直译，有时可译作： 由于……而；因 为……而……; 引起；造成，等等。句中主语可以是人，也可以不是人。例如： He is not responsible for that. 那件事不能怪她。（直译：那件事不能由他负责。） Fungi are mainly responsible for breaking down lignified tissue. 真菌主要引起木质组织分解。 The weather is responsible for the delay.由于天气关系而耽搁了。 Her illness is responsible for her long silence. 她因为有病而好久不写信。 11.07.not so……as…… 不如……那样…… so 是副词,后接形容词或副词， as 是连接词，引导有所省略的比较状语从句。如： Actinomycetes are not so numerous as bacteria and fungi. 放线菌不如细菌和真菌那样多。 The task is not so difficult as you think.这项任务并不象你想的那样困难。 He does not study so hard as you. 他学习没有你那样努力。 11.08 be exposed to （暴）露于；易受。如： Algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun. 藻类在暴露于阳光下的肥沃的潮湿土壤里长的很好。 11.09 as yet 现在还，目前尚，到目前为止，到当时为止。如：As yet we haven’t heard from him. 我们迄今尚未收到他的信。 He is as yet alive.他目前还算活着呢。 11.10 We do know that they improve the productivity of the soil. 我们确实知道它们可改善土壤的生产力。 句中的 do 用来加强主要动词的语气，例如： Exceptions do, however, occur. 但是例外情况一定要发生。 He did accomplish the task in time。他的确准时完成了任务。 11.11 in general 一般讲来，大体说来，通常。如： In general, your plan is good. 你们的方案总的看来是好的。 I am speaking of young people in general.我是谈的一般年青人。 11.12 In general, the more fertile the soil, the more organisms there are present. 一般来说，土壤越肥沃，存在的有机体就越多。 这个句子是一个“The+比较级……(从句)，+the+比较级……(主句)”的结构。意为：越……越……； 愈……, 愈……。第一部分是比较状语从句，第二部分为主句。从句中常省略某些成份，有时 主句和从句中的主语和谓语动词都省去。词序也常颠倒。如： The higher the tree, the stronger the wind. 树愈高，风愈大。 The sooner, the better. 越快越好。 The more……the……more……the more…… 越……,……越……, ……就越……。这三个包括 the more 的分句中，前两个是从句，表示条件或前提，最后一个是主句，表示结果。前提一般 只有一个的时候较多。构成这种句型要利用副词 the+比较级的形容词或副词。如： The more the merrier. [邀请客人时用语] 人愈多愈热闹。 The higher up, the greater the fall. 爬得高，跌得重。 The greater the danger, the more must we drive ahead. 越是艰险越向前 LESSON THREE THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES Before deciding on control measures it is important to know what is causing the disease. Having ascertained, as far as possible, the cause, the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied
L CROP ROTATIONS A good crop rotation can help to avoid an accumulation of the parasite. In many cases the organism cannot exist except when living on the host. If the host plant is not present in the field, in a sense the parasite will be starved to death but it should be remembered that (a) Some parasites take years to die, and they may have resting spores in the soil waiting for the susceptible crop to come along, e.g. club-root of the brassicae family (b )Some parasites have alternative hosts, e.g. fungus causing take-all of wheat is a parasite on some grasses 2 REMOVAL OF WEED HOST Some parasites use weeds as alternative hosts. By controlling the weeds the parasite can be reduced, e.g cruciferous weeds such as charlock are hosts to the fungus responsible for club-root Both these preventative measures (land 2)illustrate the importance of having a sound knowledge of the parasites attacking crops 3 CLEAN SEED The seed must be free from disease. This applies particularly to wheat and barley which can carry the fungus causing loose smut deeply embedded in the grain. Seed should only be used from a disease-free crop With potatoes it is essential to obtain clean"seed", free from virus. In some districts where the aphid is very prevalent, potato seed may have to be bought every year 4 RESISTANT VARIETIES In plant breeding, al though the breeding of resistant varieties is better understood, it is not by any means simple For some years plant breeders concentrated on what is called single or major gene resistance. However, with few exceptions, this resistance is overcome by the development of new races of the fungus to which the gene is no longer Breeding programs are now concentrating on multi-gene or"field resistance which means that a variety has the characteristics to tolerate infection from a wide range of races with little lowering of yield. Emphasis is now on tolerance rather than resistance 5.THE CONTROL OF INSECTS Some insects are carriers of parasites causing serious plant diseases, e. g control of the green-fly(aphid) in sugar-beet will reduce the incidence of virus yellows. Furthermore, fungi can very often enter through plant wounds made by insects 6 REMEDYING PLANT FOOD DEFICIENCIES In many cases a deficiency disease can easily be overcome if the deficient plant food is remedied at an early 7. THE USE OF CHEMICALS Broadly speaking, chemical control of plant diseases means the use of a fungus killer--a fungicide. A fungicide may be applied to the seed, the growing plant, or to the soil. It can be used in the form of a spray, dust or gas. To be effective, it must in no way be harmful to the crop, nor after suitable precautions have been taken, to the operator or others, and it must certainly repay its cost THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES Words and Expressions measure[me3a]n.措施 An action taken as a means to an end; an expedient 手段,策略作为到最后的手段采取的行动;权宜之计: e.g. desperate measures孤注一掷的办法 ascertain[ aesa'tein]vt.确定,查明,弄清 appropriate [a'prouprit] a.适当的 preventative [pri'vantativ] a.预防的,防止的adjn. Variant of preventive preventive的变体 Intended or used to prevent or hinder; acting as an obstacle 预防的打算或用来预防或阻止的:作为障碍的 preventive measures.预防措施 Carried out to deter expected aggression by hostile forces 防止的实施以用来防止敌对势力有可能的进攻的 Preventing or slowing the course of an illness or a disease; prophylactic 防病的预防或延缓病情发展的;预防性的 preventive medicine; preventive health care.预防药,预防性保健 rotation[ routel∫an]n.轮作,轮流,旋转 Regular and uniform variation in a sequence or serie 轮换,轮作在一个次序或序列中定期的变动
l. CROP ROTATIONS A good crop rotation can help to avoid an accumulation of the parasite. In many cases the organism cannot exist except when living on the host. If the host plant is not present in the field, in a sense the parasite will be starved to death, but it should be remembered that: (a) Some parasites take years to die, and they may have resting spores in the soil waiting for the susceptible crop to come along, e.g. club-root of the brassicae family. (b)Some parasites have alternative hosts, e.g. fungus causing take-all of wheat is a parasite on some grasses. 2.REMOVAL OF WEED HOST Some parasites use weeds as alternative hosts. By controlling the weeds the parasite can be reduced, e.g. cruciferous weeds such as charlock are hosts to the fungus responsible for club-root. Both these preventative measures (land 2) illustrate the importance of having a sound knowledge of the parasites attacking crops. 3.CLEAN SEED The seed must be free from disease. This applies particularly to wheat and barley which can carry the fungus causing loose smut deeply embedded in the grain. Seed should only be used from a disease-free crop. With potatoes it is essential to obtain clean "seed" , free from virus. In some districts where the aphid is very prevalent, potato seed may have to be bought every year. 4.RESISTANT VARIETIES In plant breeding, although the breeding of resistant varieties is better understood, it is not by any means simple. For some years plant breeders concentrated on what is called single or major gene resistance. However, with few exceptions, this resistance is overcome by the development of new races of the fungus to which the gene is no longer resistant. Breeding programs are now concentrating on multi-gene or "field resistance which means that a variety has the characteristics to tolerate infection from a wide range of races with little lowering of yield. Emphasis is now on tolerance rather than resistance. 5.THE CONTROL OF INSECTS Some insects are carriers of parasites causing serious plant diseases, e. g. control of the green-fly (aphid) in sugar-beet will reduce the incidence of virus yellows. Furthermore, fungi can very often enter through plant wounds made by insects. 6.REMEDYING PLANT FOOD DEFICIENCIES In many cases a deficiency disease can easily be overcome if the deficient plant food is remedied at an early stage, 7. THE USE OF CHEMICALS Broadly speaking, chemical control of plant diseases means the use of a fungus killer--a fungicide. A fungicide may be applied to the seed, the growing plant, or to the soil. It can be used in the form of a spray, dust or gas. To be effective, it must in no way be harmful to the crop, nor after suitable precautions have been taken, to the operator or others, and it must certainly repay its cost. THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES Words and Expressions measure [meЗa] n. 措施 An action taken as a means to an end; an expedient: 手段，策略作为到最后的手段采取的行动；权宜之计： e.g. desperate measures. 孤注一掷的办法 ascertain [ æsa'tein] vt. 确定，查明，弄清 appropriate [a'proupriit] a. 适当的 preventative [pri'vantativ] a. 预防的，防止的 adj. n. Variant of preventive preventive 的变体 Intended or used to prevent or hinder; acting as an obstacle: 预防的打算或用来预防或阻止的；作为障碍的： preventive measures. 预防措施 Carried out to deter expected aggression by hostile forces. 防止的实施以用来防止敌对势力有可能的进攻的 Preventing or slowing the course of an illness or a disease; prophylactic: 防病的预防或延缓病情发展的；预防性的： preventive medicine; preventive health care. 预防药，预防性保健 rotation [rou'tei∫аn] n. 轮作，轮流，旋转 Regular and uniform variation in a sequence or series: 轮换，轮作在一个次序或序列中定期的变动：
a rotation of personnel; crop rotation 员工的轮流替换;农作物的轮作 accumulation[akju:' mju'lei∫an]n积累,积聚 The act of gathering or amassing, as into a heap or pile 聚集收集或聚集成一堆的行为 Little things grew by continual accumulation. " (Samuel Johnson) “小东西也会因积累而增加”(塞缪尔·约翰逊) he process of growing into a large amount or heap.积累增加为一大数量或大堆的过程 A mass heaped up or collected:积聚物收集到或成堆的东西 an accumulation of rubbish.一堆垃圾 parasite[ par a sait]n.寄生虫,寄生菌,寄生(植)物 exist[ igzist] vi.存在,生存,生活 existed, existing,exis To have actual being; be real.实际存在;真实 To have life;live.有生命:生存 See: be To live at a minimal level; subsist:维生生活在极低的水平:维持生活: barely enough income on which to exist.仅够糊口的收入 To continue to be; persist继续存在;保持存在 old customs that still exist in rural areas.在农村地区旧的风俗依然存在 To be present under certain circumstances or in a specified place; occur 存在在一定情状或一定地点存在;存在: Wealth and poverty exist in every demographic category"(Thomas G. Exter) 富裕和贫穷存在于所有人口统计分类中”(托马斯G埃克斯特 host [houst]n.寄主,宿主,主人 starve[ sta:v]vt.使饥饿 spore[spo]n.孢子 susceptible [sa'septab]a易受影响的,敏感的,易感病的 clubroot(k∧bru:tn.(植物的)根肿病 alternative[o:l'ta: nativ]a.选择的,两者(或两者以上)挑一的 removal[ri’mu:val]n.除掉,移开 weed[wi:d]n.杂草,野草 cruciferous[kru:' sifaras]a.[植]十字花科的 charlolk[t∫a:lok]n.[植]田芥菜 illustrate[ ilastreit]vt.说明,阐明 sound[ saund]a.充分的,正确的 barley[ba:li]n.大麦 loose[lu:s]a.松散的 smut[smAt]n.[植]黑穗病,黑粉病 oose smut 散黑穗病 embed[ im bed]vt.埋置 vIrus[ valaras]n.病毒 aphid[ bifid]n.蚜虫 prevalent[' prevalant]a.流行的,盛行的 resistant[ri'’ istant]a.抵抗的,有抵抗力的 variety[va' nalati]n.品种,变种,多样化 breed[bri:dvt.,vi.育种,繁殖 gene[di:n]n.基因 race[reis]n.小种,宗,种,类 program[ program]n.计划,方案,纲要 multigene[’ mAlted 3 i:n]n.多基因 mean[mi:n]vt.意味着,就是,意指 characteristic[ karika’ ristik]n.特性,特征:a.独特的 tolerate[ tolareit]vt.忍受,容忍,有耐力 infection[in'fek∫an]n.感染,传染,影响
a rotation of personnel; crop rotation. 员工的轮流替换；农作物的轮作 accumulation [akju：’mju'lei∫an] n.积累，积聚 The act of gathering or amassing, as into a heap or pile: 聚集收集或聚集成一堆的行为： “Little things grew by continual accumulation.” (Samuel Johnson) “小东西也会因积累而增加”(塞缪尔·约翰逊) The process of growing into a large amount or heap. 积累增加为一大数量或大堆的过程 A mass heaped up or collected: 积聚物收集到或成堆的东西： an accumulation of rubbish. 一堆垃圾 parasite ['pærаsait] n. 寄生虫，寄生菌，寄生（植）物 exist [ig'zist] vi. 存在，生存，生活 existed; existing; exists; To have actual being; be real. 实际存在；真实 To have life; live. 有生命；生存 See: be To live at a minimal level; subsist: 维生 生活在极低的水平；维持生活： barely enough income on which to exist. 仅够糊口的收入 To continue to be; persist: 继续存在；保持存在： old customs that still exist in rural areas. 在农村地区旧的风俗依然存在 To be present under certain circumstances or in a specified place; occur: 存在在一定情状或一定地点存在；存在： “Wealth and poverty exist in every demographic category” (Thomas G. Exter) “富裕和贫穷存在于所有人口统计分类中”(托马斯 G.埃克斯特) host [houst] n. 寄主，宿主，主人 starve [sta:v] vt. 使饥饿 spore [spo:] n. 孢子 susceptible [sa'septabl] a.易受影响的，敏感的，易感病的 clubroot ['kl∧bru：t] n. （植物的）根肿病 alternative [o:l'ta:nativ] a.选择的,两者（或两者以上）挑一的 removal [ri'mu：val]n. 除掉，移开 weed [wi:d] n. 杂草，野草 cruciferous [kru：’sifaras] a. [植]十字花科的 charlolk [t∫a:lok] n. [植]田芥菜 illustrate ['ilastreit] vt. 说明，阐明 sound [saund] a. 充分的，正确的 barley ['ba:li] n. 大麦 loose [lu:s] a. 松散的 smut [smAt] n. [植]黑穗病，黑粉病 loose smut 散黑穗病 embed [im'bed] vt. 埋置 virus ['vaiaras] n. 病毒 aphid ['eifid] n. 蚜虫 prevalent ['prevalant] a. 流行的，盛行的 resistant [ri'zistant] a. 抵抗的，有抵抗力的 variety [va'raiati] n. 品种，变种，多样化 breed [bri:d] vt., vi.育种，繁殖 gene [d ㄋ i:n] n. 基因 race [reis] n. 小种，宗，种，类 program ['prougræm] n.计划，方案，纲要 multigene ['mAltid ㄋ i:n] n.多基因 mean [mi:n] vt. 意味着，就是，意指 characteristic [kærikta’ristik] n. 特性，特征；a.独特的 tolerate ['tolareit] vt. 忍受，容忍，有耐力 infection [in'fek∫an] n. 感染，传染，影响
range[ reind]n.范围,区域 emphasis[ emfasis]n.重点,强调,重要性 tolerance [ tolarans]n.忍受,容忍,耐性 carrier[' karia]n.带菌者,带虫者,带病体,载体,媒介物 green-fly['gri:n-flai]n.蚜虫 incidence[ insidans]n.发生率,发生 The act or an instance of happening; occurrence 发生,出现发生的行为或事件;出现 did not expect criticism and was surprised by its incidence. 受到未预料的批评而感到吃惊 Extent or frequency of occurrence:发生频率出现的范围、程度或频率: a high incidence of malaria in the tropics.热带地区疟疾的高发率 Physics【物理学】 The arrival of radiation or a projectile at a surface. 入射辐射或投影到某一表面 Angle of incidence.入射角 yellows[ je luz]n.[植]黄化病 furthermore[fa:寸a’ms:]ad.而且,此外 wound[wu.’nd]n.创伤,伤口;vt.,vi.伤害 remedy[ remidi]vt.补救,改善,纠正 deficiency[di'fi∫ansi]n.缺乏,不足 deficient[di'fi∫ant]a.缺乏的,不足的 chemical c[‘ kemikal]n.(常用复数)化学药品,化学制品 fungicide[fAnd3 isaid]n.杀真菌剂 spray[ spree]n.喷雾剂,喷雾(器) dust[dAst]n.粉剂 gas[gas]n.气体,煤气 suitable[sju:tabl]a.适宜的,合适的 precaution[pri’ko:∫an]n.预防,警惕 operator[ oparei ta]n.操作人员 repay[ri’pei]vt.补偿 cost [kost]n.成本,费用,代价 THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES 13.00本文选自 Lockheart与 Wiseman合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 13.01 decide on( or upon)为一习惯用法,意为:决定。如 We have decided on control measures.我们已决定了一些防治措施。 I have not yet decided upon where to spend my holidays. 我尚未决定在何处度假 13.02 as far as possible尽可能,尽力。这是一个常用词组。如: Having ascertained, as far as possible, the cause, the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied. 在尽可能查明原因之后,便可采用适当的预防或防治措施。 He will help far as possible.他会尽力帮助你 es在许多情况下。如 In many cases the answers are almost perfect.就许多情况,这些答案几乎是完善的 13.04 live on(或upon)靠。。。生活,以。。。。为食。如 Most bacteria live on organic matter。大多数细菌靠有机物质生活 They live on rice.他们以大米为主食 13.05 except用作介词,后面不但可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语,而且可接when,that等连接词引导 的从句。如 In many cases the parasite cannot exist except when (it is) living on the host
range [reind ㄋ] n. 范围，区域 emphasis ['emfasis] n. 重点，强调，重要性 tolerance ['tolarans] n. 忍受，容忍，耐性 carrier ['kæria] n. 带菌者，带虫者，带病体，载体，媒介物 green-fly ['gri：n-flai] n. 蚜虫 incidence ['insidans] n. 发生率，发生 The act or an instance of happening; occurrence: 发生，出现发生的行为或事件；出现： did not expect criticism and was surprised by its incidence. 受到未预料的批评而感到吃惊 Extent or frequency of occurrence: 发生频率出现的范围、程度或频率： a high incidence of malaria in the tropics.热带地区疟疾的高发率 Physics【物理学】 The arrival of radiation or a projectile at a surface. 入射辐射或投影到某一表面 Angle of incidence. 入射角 yellows ['jelouz] n. [植]黄化病 furthermore ['fa：す a'mэ:] ad. 而且，此外 wound [wu.'nd] n. 创伤，伤口；vt.，vi.伤害 remedy ['remidi] vt.补救，改善，纠正 deficiency [di'fi∫ansi] n. 缺乏，不足 deficient [di'fi∫ant] a. 缺乏的，不足的 chemical C[‘kemikal] n. （常用复数）化学药品，化学制品 fungicide [fAnd ㄋ isaid] n. 杀真菌剂 spray [sprei] n. 喷雾剂，喷雾（器） dust [dAst] n. 粉剂 gas [gæs] n. 气体，煤气 suitable ['sju:tabl] a. 适宜的，合适的 precaution [pri'ko: ∫an] n. 预防，警惕 operator ['opareita] n. 操作人员 repay [ri'pei] vt.补偿 cost [kost] n. 成本，费用，代价 THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES Notes 13.00 本文选自 Lockheart 与 Wiseman 合著的 Introduction to Crop Husbandry 13.01 decide on (or upon) 为一习惯用法，意为：决定。如： We have decided on control measures.我们已决定了一些防治措施。 I have not yet decided upon where to spend my holidays. 我尚未决定在何处度假。 13.02 as far as possible 尽可能，尽力。这是一个常用词组。如： Having ascertained, as far as possible, the cause, the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied. 在尽可能查明原因之后，便可采用适当的预防或防治措施。 He will help you as far as possible. 他会尽力帮助你， 13.03 in many cases 在许多情况下。如： In many cases the answers are almost perfect. 就许多情况，这些答案几乎是完善的。 13.04 live on (或 upon) 靠。。。。生活，以。。。。。。为食。如： Most bacteria live on organic matter。大多数细菌靠有机物质生活。 They live on rice. 他们以大米为主食。 13.05 except 用作介词，后面不但可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语，而且可接 when, that 等连接词引导 的从句。如： In many cases the parasite cannot exist except when (it is) living on the host