2. The managers 5. TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR of st lo at orl i ration behavior.Organizational behavior (OB)research has contributed ership,trust,tcamwork,and conflict management Early Advocates Parke motivation programs.work teams,and organization-environment (See Exhibit 2-5 for a summary of the most e carly adv NOTES Materials I Plan to Use: The Hawthorne Studies were the most important contribution to the velopmnt of organizational 1g24t0 Cicero,Illinois,were initially devised impact of vanous phys After Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates joined re included to lo 3. ers Although not without criticism(conceing procedures,analyses of findings,and the conclusions),the Hawthome Studies stimulated interest in human behavior in organizational settings >NOTES Materials I Plan to Use: 2.5 Why were the Hawthome Studies so significant to management theory? 20
20 2. The availability of sophisticated computer software programs has made the use of quantitative techniques more feasible for managers. 5. TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR The field of study concerned with the actions (behaviors) of people at work is organizational behavior. Organizational behavior (OB) research has contributed much of what we know about human resources management and contemporary views of motivation, leadership, trust, teamwork, and conflict management. A. Early Advocates Four individuals—Robert Owen, Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follett, and Chester Barnard—were early advocates of the OB approach. Their ideas served as the foundation for employee selection procedures, motivation programs, work teams, and organization-environment management techniques. (See Exhibit 2-5 for a summary of the most important ideas of these early advocates.) ¾ NOTES Materials I Plan to Use: B. The Hawthorne Studies were the most important contribution to the development of organizational behavior. 1. This series of experiments conducted from 1924 to the early 1930s at Western Electric Company’s Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, were initially devised as a scientific management experiment to assess the impact of changes in various physical environment variables on employee productivity. 2. After Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates joined the study as consultants, other experiments were included to look at redesigning jobs, make changes in workday and workweek length, introduce rest periods, and introduce individual versus group wage plans. 3. The researchers concluded that social norms or group standards were key determinants of individual work behavior. 4. Although not without criticism (concerning procedures, analyses of findings, and the conclusions), the Hawthorne Studies stimulated interest in human behavior in organizational settings. ¾ NOTES Materials I Plan to Use: Q & A 2.5 Why were the Hawthorne Studies so significant to management theory?
ach? 1 The behavioral approach assists manager The theories of motivation,leadership,and group behavior and development. NOTES Materials I Plan to Use: 6. THE SYSTEMS APPROACH During the 1960 from two basic types of systems are open and closed.A closed system is not nteracts >NOTES Materials I Plan to Use: ganization as a body of the s of the organization.realizing that decisions and actions taken inone organizational area will affect other areas. environment. NOTES Materials I Plan to Use: 2.6 Why is the systems perspective a good way to view organizations? 1. THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH The contingency approach recognizes that different organizations require different ways of managing. 21
21 C. How Do Today’s Managers Use the Behavioral Approach? 1. The behavioral approach assists managers in designing jobs that motivate workers, in working with employee teams, and in facilitating the flow of communication within organizations. 2. The behavioral approach provides the foundation for current theories of motivation, leadership, and group behavior and development. ¾ NOTES Materials I Plan to Use: 6. THE SYSTEMS APPROACH During the 1960s researchers began to analyze organizations from a systems perspective based on the physical sciences. A system is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. The two basic types of systems are open and closed. A closed system is not influenced by and does not interact with its environment. An open system interacts with its environment (see Exhibit 2-6). ¾ NOTES Materials I Plan to Use: A. The Systems Approach and Managers 1. Using the systems approach, managers envision an organization as a body with many interdependent parts, each of which is important to the well-being of the organization as a whole. 2. Managers coordinate the work activities of the various parts of the organization, realizing that decisions and actions taken in one organizational area will affect other areas. 3. The systems approach recognizes that organizations are not selfcontained; they rely on and are affected by factors in their external environment. ¾ NOTES Materials I Plan to Use: Q & A 2.6 Why is the systems perspective a good way to view organizations? 7. THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH The contingency approach recognizes that different organizations require different ways of managing