58· THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT CH.III THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE MOVEMENT .59 Authors in the magazine demanded that education should encourage indi- Reform Views of the New Intellectuals viduality rather than assert the traditional authority of educators.Finally,the In spite of the nature of their alliance,the new intellectuals did essentially magazine attempted to promote unified intellectual leadership against war- concentrate their efforts on intellectual and cultural matters during the period lordism through social,political,and cultural reforms. I9I7 to Igr8.Before taking the position of dean of the School of Letters, The basic principles underlying these tenets of the new intellectual leaders Ch'en Tu-hsiu had already developed,with Yi Pai-sha and Wu Yu,an anti- could be reduced to two,nicknamed "Mr.Democracy"(Te-mo-k'e-la-hsi Confucianist approach,and,in collaboration with Hu Shih,the idea of a hsien--sheng）and“Mr.Science”(Sati-yin-ssu hsien-sheng）.These principles literary revolution.All these men were contributors to his magazine.Subse- were well summarized by Ch'en Tu-hsiu in an article published in January quently,upon taking office,he declared: Irg to celebrate the third anniversary of the publication of New Youth and My opinion on the problems of the Chinese classics and Chinese literature are to answer opponents'charges against the magazine: twofold.On the one hand,all schools of classical thought should be treated fairly They accused this magazine on the grounds that it intended to destroy Con- and without favor.On the other hand,we should encourage vernacular literature. fucianism,the code of rituals,the"national quintessence,"chastity of women,tradi- We swear to carry out these two programs not only in the School of Letters of the tional ethics (loyalty,filial picty,and chastity),traditional arts (the Chinese opera), university,but throughout the country.36 traditional religion (ghosts and gods),and ancient literature,as well as old- fashioned politics (privileges and government by men alone). The program placed emphasis on both ethical and literary reforms.To All of these charges are conceded.But we plead not guilty.We have committed achieve these the new intellectuals tried not only to introduce Western thought the alleged crimes only because we supported the two gentlemen,Mr.Democracy and institutions but also to re-evaluate and criticize the Chinese tradition.This and Mr.Science.In order to advocate Mr.Democracy,we are obliged to oppose approach was neither planned nor directed by any one person.Rather,it repre- Confucianism,the codes of rituals,chastity of women,traditional ethics,and old. sented a common meeting ground for a number of people with divergent ideas. fashioned politics;in order to advocate Mr.Science,we have to oppose traditional While a detailed survey of these new ideas will be reserved for later chap- arts and traditional religion;and in order to advocate both Mr.Democracy and Mr.Science,we are compelled to oppose the cult of the "national quintessence" ters,a summary outline of the major issues discussed in New Youth prior to and ancient literature.Let us then ponder dispassionately:has this magazine com- the May Fourth Incident,listed roughly in order of their appearance,will mitted any crimes other than advocating Mr.Democracy and Mr.Science?If not, serve to indicate the temper of the intellectuals during the first stage of the please do not solely reprove this magazine:the only way for you to be heroic and May Fourth Movement.The magazine in the main opposed old patterns of to solve the problem fundamentally is to oppose the two gentlemen,Mr.Democracy and Mr.Science.37 thought and customs,and advocated new learning.It opposed monarchy and political privileges for the few,and advocated democracy,liberalism,and indi- Inspired by the professors and New Youth,the students at Peking Uni- vidualism,and later considered socialism.The magazine opposed the tradi- versity,and at other colleges as well,acquired a clearer understanding of the tional ethics,such as loyalty to officials,filial duty to parents,and a double new intellectual currents and became more active in the new thought move- standard of chastity for men and women,and favored equality of individuals ment.Members of the New Tide Society were in the vanguard.They regarded in society.It opposed the traditional big family (parents and married children the movement as an“intellectual revolution'”or“social revolution'”and urged living together as a family unit)and advocated the Western small family sys- their readers to introduce and spread in China the"new thought tide"of the tem,the equality and independence of women,and freedom of choice in love world.They pointed out that the spirit of the movement should be the spirit and marriage instead of marriage arranged by parents.In subsequent issues, of criticism,in Nietzsche's catchword,a "transvaluation of values."Most sig- the magazine advocated the literary revolution and encouraged language re- nificantly,they desired "to cooperate with the students of all middle schools form,discussed problems of romanization and the use of Esperanto,and intro-. throughout the country to fight for spiritual emancipation,"a point emphasized duced punctuation.The magazine was against old superstitions and religions, in the opening article of the first issue of the New Tide monthly: upholding science,technology,and agnosticism.To oppose the unquestioned Our society is very strange.Western people used to say that China has"masses" traditional Confucianism,the monthly proposed to re-evaluate all the classics. but no "socicty"and that since Chinese "socicty"is more than two thousand years
60. THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT CH.III THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE MOVEMENT ·61 old,it is a type of society which does not meet modern needs.Facing the matter It would be wrong,however,to assert that the student leaders were Bolshe- honestly,this is not untruc.Consider our evil and inferior customs which arc dead viks or Marxists.Their ideas were a vague mixture of socialism and democracy. rules for dead things,cruel and contrary to human nature!There is no path left for human expression.We human beings are like dogs and sheep,not conscious Lo explained in the above-mentioned article that "after the new revolution, whether we are living or dead.... democracy and socialism will surely coexist"and draw closer,that socialism Real learning gives one individuality and independence.The Renaissance and and individualism were mutually complementary,not contradictory forces,and Reformation in the Western world show how scholars there declared their inde- that socialism will develop individuality.This,he believed,was the real mean- pendence of tradition. ing of the new tide.In discussing these political ideas Lo was considerably in- Through this magazine we desire to cooperate with students of all middle schools fuenced by Walter Edward Weyl's book The New Democracy (19I2),sub- throughout the country to fight for spiritual emancipation.Our hope is that all students in the country will interest themselves in modern scientific thought;that titled "An essay on certain political and economic tendencies in the United they will give up a subjective mind and fixed ideas in order to be objective and States,"and Stephen Butler Leacock's Elements of Political Science (1906). critical;that they will consider themselves men of the future rather than men of Lo rejected the idea of reform by violence.Emphasizing humanitarianism and the present;that they will have personality enough to conquer our society rather the welfare of the common people,he said,"We would rather worship George than to be conquered by it.The spirit of our publication is the spirit of criticism.as Washington than Peter the Great,Benjamin Franklin than Bismarck,Karl Marx's economics than Richelieu's public finance,and Thomas Edison's inven- The conception of social revolution held by the leaders of the New Tide tions than Alfred Krupp's manufacture."4 This indeed well exemplifies the Society shows the influence of the Russian October Revolution.In the first students'love of vague generalizations at this time.Yet their eagerness for issue of the magazine,Lo Chia-lun,discussing tides in the contemporary world, learning and enthusiasm for spreading their ideas provided a new impetus to wrote that in world history almost every significant period had had its tide the reform movement.It is dangerous,they proclaimed,to stop or sail against which could not be stopped.The Renaissance was the tide after the Dark the tossing tide;it is safe to sail with it."Now that the new tide of the world Ages,and the Reformation was the tide of the sixteenth century in Europe. is coming,why do we not spread canvas and ply the oars to become the world's The main tide of the eighteenth century was the French Revolution which tide-player boys (lung ch'ao erh)?"a spread democracy to many countries;that of the nineteenth century,the revo- lutions of 1848,which resulted in the overthrow of despotism in Germany, Austria,and Italy.The new world tide of the twentieth century,according The Opposition's Argument and the Rejoinder to Lo,would be the Russian October Revolution."The present revolution is not While the alliance of the new intellectuals was forming,an opposition group like the previous ones!The previous revolutions were of the type of the French came into existence at Peking University.It consisted of certain conservative Revolution;henceforth revolutions will be of the type of the Russian Revolu- professors,research workers,and students.At the end of the Ch'ing period, tion!"39 He considered the French Revolution to have been political,but hence- the faculty of the School of Letters at the university had consisted of a number forth revolutions would be of the Russian type,social revolutions in which of men of letters belonging to the T'ung-ch'eng school of literature and some democracy would defeat monarchism,plain people would defeat warlords, to the Wen-hsuian school.(In the School of Law returned students from Japan and laborers would defeat capitalists.40 In the same issue,Fu Ssu-nien,who,as According to an ancient custom associated with the famous Hangchow bore,people in groups did Lo Chia-lun,later became fervently anti-communistic,expressed the same carrying colorful fags swim and play with the tossing tide at the estuary of the Ch'ien-t'ang opinion,saying that Russia would "annex"the world,not in territory or River.This is supposed to welcome'the soul of Wu Yuian,a patriotic general of the fifth century B.C.whose body was thrown into the river after he was executed by the king of Wu.The swim- sovereignty but in thought.1 In a later issue a reader suggested that hence- mers are called lung ch'ao erA,a term used in Chinese classical literature. forth revolutions would follow the pattern of the American Revolution.But T'ung-ch'eng is a county of Anhwei Province (the same province Ch'en Tu-hsiu,Hu Shih and Tuan Ch'i-jui came from)where many famous prose writers in the Manchu dynasty were the idea was rebutted by the editors.By and large,these student opinions seem born.These included Fang Pao (1668-1749),Yao Nai (1731-1815),Liu Ta-k'uci (1698-1780), to have been more radical than those of such professors as Ch'en Tu-hsiu, and others.Since these famous T'ung-ch'eng literary men displayed a similar style in their writing and were imitated widely in China,the school bore the name of the county.It was rejuvenated Hu Shih,or even Li Ta-chao. and popularized by Tseng Kuo-fan (1811-1872),and his disciples and friends in the nineteenth
62, THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT CH.I1I THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE MOVEMENT ·63 had held most of the teaching posts and generally were more conservative than (Kuo-k),which advocated the traditional literary language and style,Con- those returned from France and the United States.)After the IgII Revolution, fucianism,and the old ethics.These scholars had a following among the con- scholars from Kiangsu and Chekiang provinces (ergo "the Kiang-Che fac- servative students at the university and the old gentry. tion"),most of whom were disciples or friends of Chang Ping-lin (Chang This conservative opposition was,however,very ineffective in its intellectual Tai-yen),rose to power in the School of Letters of the university in succession propaganda.Lacking readability and sometimes logic,their publications had to the T'ung-ch'eng school,with which Lin Shu was supposed to be associated. little appeal to the majority of young Chinese.Some of their writings,over- The professors of the Kiang-Che group were the major opposition to the new loaded with archaic words,were so hard to understand that even a well-trained intellectuals.4 scholar could not read them.Consequently,their magazine The National Heri- This group of advocates of the old literature was led by Liu Shih-p'ei and tage was short-lived,lasting only four issues.46 The publications of the war- supported by Huang K'an(Huang Chi-kang),Lin Sun,Ku Hung-ming,Ma lords'government,which usually contained merely official releases,were of Hsu-lun,and the older researchers in the Institute of Chinese History (Kuo- little help in the debate.This was in great contrast to the writing ability of shih kuan).s Their public forum was the magazine The National Heritage the new intellectual leaders,most of whom were excellent essayists.Ch'en century.The name of the Wen-hstian school came from the book Wen-hsiian (An Anthology Tu-hsiu's essays,passionate and powerful,always appealed to the young.Hu of Literature)which was compiled by Hsiao T'ung (A.D.501-531)consisting of exemplary Shih's clear and lucid style had no rival at the time.Lu Hsuin's satiric short Chinese poetry and prose written between 246 B.c.and A.D.502.The anthology dominated and essays and stories were as sharp and deadly as a double-edged blade.Chou guided the traditional Chinese literary style for almost a thousand years. Liu Shih-pe'i (Liu Kuang-han)(1884-1919)was born of a family of scholars of the mod- Tso-jen always wrote vivid articles,giving the reader a feeling of taking part ern text school in I-cheng County,Kiangsu Province.In 1904,with Chang Ping-lin,Teng in a family parley.Other professors and student leaders of the new literature Shih,Huang Chieh,Ma Hsu-lun,and other nationalist writers,Liu established the Society for the Preservation of the National Learning (Kuo-hsfieh pao-tr'tn h).Next year it published the and new thought movements,such as Ch'ien Hsuan-t'ung,Liu Fu,Lo Chia- lournal of National Quintessence (Kuo-ts'ui hsfieh-pao)in Shanghai.By 1906,he was a colleague lun,and Fu Ssu-nien,were for the most part eloquent and forceful writers, of Ch'en Tu-hsiu,teaching in a middle school.In 1906 and 1907,Liu and other Chinese students established the T'ien-i pao in Japan,which was one of the first Chinese magazines to advocate not to mention the galaxy of other young essayists,novelists,playwrights,and socialism.As Chang Ping-lin,Liu was an anti-Manchu revolutionist before the 19 Revolution. poets rising from the movements.The new intellectual leaders outstripped the After that he became a conservative literary man,being one of the "six gentlemen"who founded the Society to Plan for Stability (Ch'on-an h),which sponsored the monarchical movement of old scholars (with a few exceptions 'such as Yen Fu and Ku Hung-ming)not Yuan Shih-k'ai in I9rs and 1g16.Liu became notorious among the liberals because of his article only in their knowledge of Western languages and civilization,but also even "On Restoration of the Monarchy"(Chfin-cheng fu-ku lun).He was an intimate friend of Chang in the field of Chinese classical studies.Many of the new intellectual leaders Ping-lin,Yen Fu,and Yang Tu,the latter two also founders of the Society to Plan for Stability. Liu was introduced to Peking University as a professor by Chang Ping-lin.Liu died on Nov.20, could write very well in both the vernacular and the classical language,while 1919.A scholar in the old classics,history,and literature,Liu was the author of,among others, the old scholars were either masters only of the latter or too proud to employ Chung-Au wen-hsfieh shih (History of Chinese Literature in the Middle Antiquity),Lun wen sa-chi (Miscellaneous Sketches on Literature),and Tro-an wen chi (Collected Essays of Liu the former,which had already become the far more effective medium for Shih-p'ei). writing. Huang K'an (1886-1935)was one of Chang Ping-lin's leading disciples.It was Huang who recommended Ch'ien Hsian-t'ung to Peking University in 1915,though later they were often at Outside the university there were two renowned literary leaders who sup- odds in classical studies. ported the opposition,Yen Fu and Lin Shu,both famous translators.Yen by Lin Sun was another old learned literary man. Ku Hung-ming (1857-1928)was born in Penang,Malaya,of Chinese ancestors from Amoy, policy of"intellectual open door"and "soul expansion"for China and the world,and cited St. Fukien and went to China about 1880,after being educated in English and German classical Paul's words,"Prove all things;hold fast to that which is good"-a spirit not necessarily very philosophies at the University of Edinburgh and later in an engineering college in Germany.Upon remote from what was upheld by the new intellectuals in the May Fourth period,although the his arrival in China he worked under Chang Chih-tung as his secretary and adviser for twenty aim of his movement was,on the contrary,to fight for China's "moral civilization"against the years.An "imitation Western man"who could read English,French,German,Italian,Latin,and European "materialistic civilization."When democracy showed such an incrcasing prestige in ancient Greek,he was unable to speak fuent Mandarin though he wore a qucue and was China during the May Fourth period,Ku called it"Demo crazy."And to ridicule the naturalistic dressed in a Chinese long gown.Hating Western colonialism and republican China,he often de. new literature,he called Dostoyevsky "Dosto-whisky." fended all the traditional Chinese ethics and customs with whimsical remarks.In his opinion, For Ma Hsi-lun,see below,Chapter V,n.v. concubinage was justifiable,because it was as natural as a teapot with several teacups making a The Institute of Chinese History was one of the branches of the university at the time.Its tea set.One never finds a teacup with several teapots.Though he stubbornly opposed the ideas staff members were all aged historians,such as T'u Ching-shan (T'u Hsiao-shih's father),Chang of progress and reform,Ku preached before 19to a so-called "Chinese Oxford Movement,"a Hsiang-wen (Chang Wei-hsi),Hsich Lang-hsien,T'ung I-han,and Hst I-sun
64 THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT CH.III THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE MOVEMENT ·65 this time had become conservative and opposed both the student movement languages he translated r8o novels and other works into classical Chinese in and the new literature and new thought movements,despite the fact that a about 28r volumes,a total of about twenty million Chinese words.His assist- number of the reforms advanced by the young intellectuals in the May Fourth ants rendered orally the original texts into vernacular Chinese,which Lin then period had been suggested by himself twenty years before.Contrary to his retranslated into the classical language.As a great admirer of the prose style opinion in the nincties,Yen thought now that only a return to the ancient of the Wen-hsuan school and T'ung-ch'eng school,he had been the principal Chinese ethics and civilization and rejection of Western influence could save rival of the conservative group from Kiang-Che at Peking University.The China.He also declared that the classical language was more allusive and Kiang-Che group,basing their study on etymology,phonetics,and verification, elegant than the vernacular,and that the new literature movement would,in despised the Tung-ch'eng prose school,which they considered not scholarly the struggle for survival,soon perish as a natural result of its irrationality. but shallow.To Lin Shu the rise of this classical school,which had after rorI Therefore he held active opposition to be superfuous and unnecessary.t captured the academic position of the Tung-ch'eng school at the university, This left Lin Shu as the only influential outspoken supporter of the opposition was a sign of the deterioration of Chinese literature.With the advent of the outside the university. new literary revolution,these two schools of old scholars and men of letters, Lin Shu was the most popular Chinese translator of European and Ameri- with a few exceptions,forgot their rivalries and rallied together against the can fiction during the first two decades of this century though he could read mutual threat. only Chinese."With the help of more than sixteen assistants versed in Western The conservative opposition was,however,passive,and Lin Shu's joining Yen Fu (1854-191),in his early days,especially during the years 1895 to Igo2,had actually the battle was belated.Early in 19r7,Ch'ien Hsuan-t'ung came out in support ben a leading liberal reformer,one of the first to advocate Westernization,the introduction of modern scientific methods and democratic ideas and institutions into China,and the reform of of Hu Shih's proposal for literary reform and attacked Lin Shu.4 Lin answered the Chinese language.He was also one of the first to oppose the civil service examination system and the traditional thought control justified by Confucianism.But after 1902 he gradually became his early thirties he read some forty thousand chfian (chapters)of Chinese classical books.In conservative,preferred reform by education to revolution and rejected liberalism and nationalism. Igoo he went to Peking where he taught in a middle school and later (about 1905)in the Im- He believed ancient Chinese thought had some similarities to modern Western thought and should perial University,the precursor of the National University of Peking.He became dean of its be preserved.His early optimistic view of Western civilization was also shaken by the increasing School of Letters in 1909.With the rise of Kiang-Che group,Lin resigned from the university in criticism of capitalist society in the West late in the nineteenth century.After the IgIr Revolution, 1913.Later,during the May Fourth period,he was the dean of Cheng-chih Middle School (Cheng- Yen was appointed chancellor of Peking University by Yuian Shih-k'ai and later became his chih chang-hsieh),which was established by Hsui Shu-cheng,Tuan Ch'i-jui's right-hand man.The political and legal adviser.After Yuan's death following the failure of his monarchical movement, school forbade its students to join the student movement.In the late Ch'ing period Lin had advo- which Yen had been more or less forced to support,Yen's disgust with the Republic and all cated social,political,and literary reforms,writing poems in 1898 in somewhat plain language, political parties increased.He thought World War I was a sign of the collapse of Western civiliza- but,like many others,he could not keep pace with the fast progress of time.Lin's translations tion.Consequently he advocated in his last years the restoration of the ancient Chinese civilization were written in fuent and sometimes archaic classical Chinese following the oral translations read and called Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei a "neurotic."But despite this clash of ideas between Yen and the to him by his assistants,among them Wang Tzu-jen,Wei I,Wang Ch'ing-t'ung,and Ch'en Chia- younger generation,the influence of his translations of social Darwinism,utilitarianism,and logic lin.Lin could translate at a rate of 6,o00 to 8,ooo words a day.(He could produce I,500 to 2,000 upon the intellectuals of the May Fourth period can hardly be exaggerated (see Chapter XII). characters an hour in translation,but a short article of his own classical writings sometimes took Many of the Chinese phrases he coined skillfully in his literary translations,such as the"struggle him several months to finish.In comparison,Hu Shih could produce,according to his own testi- for existence,"and "survival of the fittest by natural selection,"had been used in China almost mony,about goo characters an hour of his own writing and 400 in translation.)Of the 18o like native maxims since the first decade of the twentieth century,and later,probably beyond books translated by him,17 were not published.Among those translated works,Io5 were by his own-expectation and approval,were used as battle cries for the new reformers and revolu- British authors,33 by French,20 by American,7 by Russian,2 by Swedish,and 7 by unknown tionaries.To illustrate,the warlord-revolutionary Ch'en Chiung-ming's nickname,Cheng-ts'un authors.There was also one work each by a Belgian,a Spaniard,a Norwegian,a Greek,and a (struggle for existence),and Hu Shih's name,Shih (fit),adopted by himself in 19to according Japanese.Besides these,he also rendered 15 short pieces,and wrote quantities of Chinese prose to Hu's autobiography,were all taken from Yen's translations.Many zealots of the save-the-nation fiction and poctry.The most popular of his translations in China were Ch'a-han ishi(Alex- movement used these social Darwinian concepts to argue their case.These ideas were used by andre Dumas,fils,Le Dame aux Camelias)-this was Lin's first translation,done in 1893- Ch'en Tu-hsiu in his opening article for Nes Youth,"Call to Youth,"to argue against con- K'uai-jou yii-sheng shu (Charles Dickens,David Copperfeld),Sa-k'c-hsiin chieh hou ying-hsinng servatism.Yen's translations,especially that of Evolution and Ethicr,greatly infuenced Mao Tse- liao (Walter Scott,Ivanhoe),Hei-nt yo-t'ien iu (Harriet Beecher Stowe,Uncle Tom's Cabin) tung also in his high school days. and Fu chang In (Washington Irving,The Sketch Book).Some of these early translations were Lin Shu (ete:Ch'in-nan,hgo:Hui-lu)(1852-1924)was born in Minghou County,Fu- replaced by new translations after the literary revolution.Nevertheless,Lin remained the most kien Province,the same country from which Yen Fu came.At nineteen,he contracted a serious productive translator in China,unsurpassed in quantity by anybody,and some of his best translations lung disease which had plagued the whole family.In his twenties Lin lived a rather wild life became classics in their own right,though it is regrettable that,except for forty great or famous and was regarded as a heretic in his native county.He passed the first civil service examination in novels,many of the original works he translated are inferior because few of Lin's assistants had 1879 and the second in 1882 but failed in the third for seven times between 1883 and 1898.In much literary ability and he had to depend on their selection
66. THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT CH.III THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE MOVEMENT .67 him at that time only indirectly and moderately,stating simply that literature "Why,all these miseries are brought by the classical language.Thus we sink written in the classical language should not be discarded,but should,like Latin into such sufferings,"Ti Mo says and laughs. in the West,be preserved.Other gentry and scholars who opposed the new Tien beats the table with his fist,replying,"How can a dead language produce ideas in literature and ethics took only a passive part in the debate.Thus when living literature and scholarship?We have to overthrow Confucius and destroy the editors of New Youth wanted to arouse interest by controversy,they had ethics!" to publish a planted letter to the editor written in the old literary style in a "I think we must discard the written language first,"Ti replies,"and substitute disguised hand by one of their own editors,Ch'ien Hsuian-t'ung.The letter, the vernacular,so that people may learn difficult things easily.But,Chin,why do you still cling to your etymology?What is its use?" published on March I5,I9r8,and signed by one "Wang Ching-hstian,"made "Well,you know my family name,Chin,means money,"replies Chin with a a great number of ridiculous and absurd charges against the magazine,and was smile."All those who have Chin as their family name love money,and I do too. answered by another member of the magazine's staff,Liu Fu,at length and My teaching of etymology is for this sake and to fool the illiterate.I just want to with great eloquence.Although the letter was planted,it was a fairly faithful help you to preach the vulgar language." imitation both in style and content of most of the views of the older gentry Thus the three throw themselves into ccstasy,swearing to be brothers and to concerning the problems of Confucianism,old-style ethics,and literature.51 beat Confucius Suddenly,a wall of the room falls in,breaking the table and dishes. The Giant jumps through the broken wall into the room,pointing to the three The episode aroused the interest of the readers and the anger of the old scholars. and shouting,"What are you talking about?Why do you want to destroy the ethics Gradually Lin Shu intensified his opposition to the new literary move- on which China has been built for more than four thousand years?If Confucius ment.In February and March of Iorg he published in Hsin Shen pao,a had lived today,he would,of course,have emphasized science too.Do you suppose famous newspaper in Shanghai,two short stories,ridiculing the leaders of the that he would not take a train to see his very sick father,but rather drive a horse- new thought and new literature movements.Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei,Ch'en Tu-hsiu, drawn carriage so that he would not see him until he died?Your parents brought you up and provided you an education.How can you forget this and talk like Hu Shih,and Ch'ien Hsuian-t'ung were pictured in the stories under fictitious beasts..,” names,and were described in abusive language.The general theme of the Tien attempts to defend himself but is struck on the head by the Giant and stories was that of giants punishing heretics.One of them,"Ching-sheng the falls unconscious.The Giant kicks Ti Mo and breaks Chin's nearsighted glasses. Giant,"only slightly abbreviated,reads: They tremble and fall.The Giant shouts,"I'll not stain my hands to kill you beasts. Get out of herel" Three young men visit a Buddhist temple in Peking.One of them is Tien Ch'i-mei [implying Ch'en Tu-hsiu],another Chin Hsin-i [Ch'ien Hstan-t'ung], The three,pale as paper,crawl in haste out of the temple,hearing the Giant laughing loudly...52 and the third,Ti Mo [Hu Shih].y Ti is newly returned from America,and well versed in philosophy.Tien is the most intelligent and often expresses what others dare not say.Chin specializes in Chinese etymology.They are all intimate friends. In the concluding part of the story,Lin Shu laments,"In this chaotic When they arrive at the temple,they see one of its rooms is occupied by Ching- world,only people like Tien and Ti may show off,but where can we find sheng the Giant.They despise and ignore him,thinking him merely a military a Ching-sheng the Giant?"In another story,"The Nightmare,"Lin pictured man and unrefined.They have their feast in the next room,eating,drinking,talk- a similar scene.One of his students dreamed he visited the lower world where ing,and laughing. he found a "vernacular school"of which Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei was the principal, "Alas,China is going to be subdued,"sighs T'ien,who is sitting between the Ch'en Tu-hsiu the dean,and Hu Shih the assistant dean.Later he saw them other two."This is all caused by Confucianism.What is cthics for and what is ethics anyway?The foreigners often marry their cousins,and their countries are all eaten by Rahu-asura,the titanic demon,who according to the Buddhist still strong.So long as there is a human race,there are parents.What single benefit sutra had once swallowed the sun and moon.53 The stories were believed to do they really give us?" be ar appeal to the warlords,especially General Hsui Shu-cheng,one of the According to ancient Chinese history,the Tien clan stemmed from the Ch'en clan.And the ablest leaders of the Anfu Club and a great admirer of Lin,to intervene in Chinese characters hsin and mei mean the same thing-beauty.The characters chin and ch'ien the affairs of the university,though Lin,it should be noted,did not completely both mean money,and i is the antonym of f'ang which means similarity.The Chinese characters ha and fi both have the meaning of a barbarian or savage.Ching-sheng implies Gencral Hsu Shu- share the opinions of the warlords on the government's foreign or domestic cheng because Ching and Hsii are the names of two closely related ancient Chinese prefectures. policies.Later in response to criticism Lin conceded in the same newspaper