B 951.03 1072 M158 Power and Politics in Late Imperial China Yuan Shi-kai in Beijing and Tianjin,1901-1908 Stephen R.MacKinnon Yuan Shi-kai (cenfer)poses with two other palace officials inside the Forbid- den City in 1908.From a photograph in the Morrison collection,Mitchell Library,Sydney. ; 中研院近史骄圖害館 *ME0010772* University of California Press Berkeley·Los Angeles·London
For Kwang-ching Liu University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles,California University of California Press,Ltd. London,England 1980 The Regents of the University of California Printed in the United States of America 123456789 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data MacKinnon,Stephen R. Power and Politics in Late Imperial China.Yuan Shi-kai in Beijing and Tianjin,1901-1908 "This volume is sponosred by the Center for Chinese Studies, University of California,Berkeley." Bibliography:p. Includes index. 1.Yuan,Shih-k'ai,1859-1916.2.China-Presidents-Bi- ography.I.California.University.Center for Chinese Stud- ies.II.Title D5777.15.683M33951.0380-15779 ISBN0-520-04025-2
Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations Used in Notes xi Introduction xi道 I.Yuan Shi-kai's Rise to Power 13 Early Career 14 The Influence of the Foreign Powers 23 Yuan Shi-kai's Military Power in 1901 26 Court Politics and the Empress Dowager 30 II.Stabilizing Zhili:Yuan Shi-kai's First Years as Governor-General,1901-1903 37 Negotiating the Withdrawal of Foreign Troops 39 Military Rionlry and the Suppression of Peasant Insurgents 45 Financial Difficulties 51 III.Yuan Shi-kai's Domination of Court Politics and Foreign Affairs in Beijing,1903-1907 62 The Triangular Relationship:Yuan Shi-kai,Empress Dowager Ci-xi,and Prince Qing 63 Yuan Shi-kai and the Powers 66 Yuan as a Central Government Official 72 Intrigue in the Grand Council and the 1907 Challenge to the Power of Yuan and Prince Qing 77 IV.Yuan Shi-kai and the Beiyang Army,1901-1907 90 The Beiyang Army:Its Development and Organizational Struchure 91 Beijing's Financial and Administrative Control of the Beiyang Army 103 Beiyang Officers and the Problem of Personal Loyalties 117
CONTENTS V.Reform and the Exercise of Power in Zhili,1901-1907 137 Educational Reform 138 Police Reform 151 Economic Reform 163 Acknowledgments VI.Yuan Shi-kai as Grand Councillor and Foreign Minister in Beijing,1907-1908 180 Yuan and the Powers 182 Yuan's Continuing Domination of Politics and the Bureaucracy _nterest in the enigma of Yuan Shi-kai's political power runs back in Beijing and North China 186 to seminars at Yale University with Professors Mary Wright and Yuan's Continuing Influence in Military Affairs and His Kwang-ching Liu in the mid-1960s.Under the latter I first fash- Relntionship to the Beiyang Army 200 ioned this study as a Ph.D.dissertation at the University of Cali- fornia,Davis,in 1971.Drafts of material in chapters IV and V on VII.Epilogue:Yuan Shi-kai's Fall from Power 205 the Beiyang Army and police reform appeared in the Journal of Asian Studies,vol.32,no.3:581-602(May,1973)and Chi'ing-shik wen-I'i,vol. Conclusion 213 Glossary 225 3,no.4:82-99(December,1975). Bibliography 239 Thus for more than a decade,debts to individuals and institu- Index tions have been mounting.I list just a few,beginning with insti- 255 tutions:History Department,University of California,Davis;Pub- lic Records Office,London;Toyo Bunko,Tokyo;National Palace Map of Zhili Province circa 1908 38 Museum and Institute for Modern History,Taibei;Center for Asian Studies,University of Hong Kong;Universities Service Cen- ter,Hong Kong;Center for Chinese Studies and East Asiatic Li- brary,University of California,Berkeley.At critical junctures,a grant from the American Council of Learned Societies and faculty grants-in-aid and sabbatical leave from Arizona State University made full-time research and writing possible.As for individuals, my parents,Cyrus and Helen MacKinnon,have been steadfast, generous supporters.The key people who read and commented on the manuscript as a whole at different stages include:Kwang-ching Liu,Ernest Young,Fred Wakeman,Edward Rhoads,Richard Smith, Roger Des Forges,and Jan MacKinnon.Charles Hayford and my colleague Hoyt Tillman'offered timely advice on portions.The comments and criticisms of all the above were invaluable. My greatest personal debt-for the will to persist and to per- fect-is to Kwang-ching Liu and Jan MacKinnon.Their encour- agement and support was essential.I also wish to thank Rebecca
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and Cyrus MacKinnon and Agnes Smedley for their patience.Fi- nally,on the production side,Sara H.Veblen and Angela So,as well as Philip Lilienthal,John Service,and the University of California Press staff have been a pleasure to work with. Abbreviations USED IN NOTES BYGD Beiyang gongdu leizuan [A classified collection of public documents of the commissioner of trade for the northern ports].25 juan,1907.Xubian, 24j4an,1910. DFZZ Dongfang zazhi [Eastern miscellany].Monthly, Shanghai. DHXL Zhu Shou-peng,comp.Guangxu chao donghun xulu [Continuation of the Donghua records,Guang- xu reign].Shanghai,1909. FO Great Britain,Foreign Office Archives.Public Records Office,London. Guang-xu Gongzhongdang Guangxu chao zouzhe [Secret palace Memorials memorials of the Guang-xu period].26 vols. Taibei:Palace Museum,1973-75. Morrison Lo Hui-min,ed.The Correspondence of G.E.Morri- Correspondence son,1895-1912.Cambridge:Cambridge Univer- sity Press,1976. NCH North China Herald and Supreme Court and Consular Gazelte.Weekly,Shanghai. PTT Peking and Tientsin Times.Weekly,Tianjin. QS Qingshi [History of the Qing dynastyl.8 vols. Taibei,1961. Shilu Da Qing Dezong jing (Guangxu)huangdi shiln [Veri- table records of the Qing Guang-xu reign].601 juan.Tokyo,1937