The preparation of this volume was made possible in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent agency. Robert Hart and China's Early Modernization HIS JOURNALS,1863-1866 edited and with narratives by RICHARD I.SMITH JOHN K.FAIRBANK KATHERINE F.BRUNER Front endpapers: Published by the Council on East Asian Studies,Harvard University Rooftops of Foochow in 1870,from the collection of The Museum of the China and distributed by the Harvard University Press Trade,Salem,Massachusetts. Cambridge (Massachusetts)and London 1991
Copyright 1991 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College This volume Printed in the United States of America is dedicated to WEN-HSIANG Index by Katherine F.Bruner 文祥 1818-1876 The Council on East Asian Studies at Harvard University publishes a monograph series and,througi the Fairbank Center for East Asian Research and the Reischawer Institule of Japanese Studies,admin isters research projects designed to further scholarly understanding of China,Japan,Korea,Vietnam Inner Asia,and adjacent areas. The Manchu high official Wen-hsiang was a major figure in the Ch'ing leadership that made peace with the Anglo-French invaders of Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Peking in 1860 and brought the Ch'ing Restoration into power in 1861. As the principal official under Prince Kung in the Grand Council Hart,Robert,Sir,1835-1911. Robert Hart and China's early modernization his journals, and its foreign affairs subcommittee,the Tsungli Yamen,Wen-hsiang 1863-1866/edited and with narratives by Richard J.Smith,John K. was the most influential Manchu that Robert Hart dealt with while Fairbank,Katherine F.Bruner. building up the Maritime Customs Service.He sought Hart's advice, cm.-(Harvard East Asian monographs 155) valued his reporting,and influenced Hart in turn. Includes bibliographical references and index. Together,the two worked to maintain the Anglo-Ch'ing entente ISBN0-674-77530-9 that in the 1860s included foreign support of the Manchu dynasty 1.Hart,Robert,Sir,1835-1911-Diaries.2.Customs against rebels and its acquiescence in the growth of foreign contact administration-China-Officials and employees-Diaries.3.Customs and trade. administration-China-History-Sources.4.China.Hai kuan tsung In his day Wen-hsiang was a modernizer,in ways that historians shui wu ssu shu-History.I.Smith,Richard J.(Richard Joseph), may debate.His background seems to have been rather conventional. 1944-. II.Fairbank,John King,1907-.III.Bruner, He was both a classical scholar and a military commander.One of his Katherine Frost,1907- IV.Title.V.Series. HJ7071.A3H3731991 outstanding qualifications to be an insider at Peking was his intense 354.510072'46'092-dc20 loyalty to the Ch'ing cause. B 91-10378 Wen-hsiang was born in Liaoyang,Southern Manchuria,into a CIP family of the Manchu Plain Red Banner.He passed the provincial examination at Peking in 1840 and became a metropolitan graduate (chin-shih)in 1845.Serving in various posts at the capital,he attained the third rank in 1855 and became a Grand Councillor in 1858 at age 40.He was an incorrupt and conscientious official of unusual objec- tivity and intelligence.We esteem him especially for his skill in deal- ing with Robert Hart.The balance between them is still to be determined
Contents Acknowledgments t Preface xiii 1 Robert Hart in China's History 1 HART MEETS THE PROPER TIME SHANGHAI 1864:THE ANGLO-CHING PARTNERSHIP 23 2 Journals:6 DECEMBER 1863-15 MAY186 47 3 Peking 1864:Establishing the I.G.'s Status 97 THE LG.UNDER THE TSUNGLI YAMEN 98 THE LG.OVER THE MARITIME CUSTOMS SERVICE 113 4 Journals:1 JUNE 1864-25 OCTOBER 1864 131 5 Hart at Work:Facets of Administralion 200 FINANCING THE GROWTH OF THE SERVICE 200 TOURING THE SOUTHERN PORTS 208 ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS AT SHANGHAI 216 THE YANGTZE PORTS AND HARTS RETURN TO PEKING 221 6 fournals:26 OCTOBER 1864-18 JUNE 1865 228 7 Anglo-Ch'ing Reform Measures 268 THE RESTORATION REFORM PROGRAM 270 HARTS "BYSTANDER'S VIEW AND THE CHINESE RESPONSE 282 8Journals:2JULY 1865-2 MARGH 1866 294 9 Tiavels to Europe,1866 347 THE PIN-CHUN MISSION 348 HARTS MARRIAGE 361 10 Journals:7MARCH 1866-7 AUGUST166 368 vii
CONTENTS 11 Perspectives and Hypotheses 397 HART AS INTERMEDIARY 397 CHINAS DOMESTIC TRANSFORMATION 399 THE PROVENANCE OF REFORM PROPOSALS 402 HARTS INFLUENCE-THE ALCOCK CONVENTION Illustrations OF1869 405 THE CUSTOMS AND IMPERIALISM 411 Appendixes 413 A:FOREIGNERS'POSITIONS IN THE IMPERIAL MARITIME CUSTOMS 413 MAPS B:LETTERS FROM HART TO E.C.BOWRA 415 1.Partial Plan of Shanghai,1855 24 C:LETTERS FROM HART TO HESTER JANE BREDON 2.Area of Li Hung-chang's and Gordon's Operations, 419 1863-1864 35 Notes 431 3.Plan of Peking 102-103 Bibliography 114 533 4.Eventual Growth of the Treaty Port System 5.Routes from Tientsin to Peking,1860s 192-193 Glossary/Index 547 6.Cities Visisted by Hart during His Tour of the Treaty Port3,1864-1865 201 TABLES 1.Ch'ing Personnel in Office,1863-1864 104 2.Form for Reporting Quarterly Returns 204 3.Foreigners'Positions in the Maritime Customs (Appendix A) 415 PHOTOGRAPHS Rooftops of Foochow front endpapers Russell Company 10 Li Hung-chang 37 The Russell Company Steamship Huquong 65 Wen-hsiang 106 General Gordon in Chinese Dress 189 A Peking Cart 193 Wellington Street,Hong Kong 209 The Front Gate of the City Walls of the Tartar City of Peking 269 A Peking hu-t'ung 272 Prince Kung,Peking,4 November 1860 276 The Pin-ch'un Mission at Stockholm,1866 358 Hester Jane Hart,Lady Hart,and Robert Hart 362 vi进i
Acknowledgments GERALD E.BUNKER's original reading of Hart's journals onto tape made him almost a fourth member of our editorial team.Gordon Wheeler of the Queen's University Library in Belfast has been unfail- ingly helpful.Professor Kwang-Ching Liu of the University of Cali- fornia at Davis has helped us especially with the probable meaning of some of Hart's renditions of Chinese phrases in his own pre-Wade romanization.We thank Vice Chancellor Wang Gungwu and Eliza- beth Sinn of the University of Hong Kong for the letters in Appendix C.We are indebted to Mei Ching of the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and to Timothy E.Connor of the Chinese- Japanese Library for bibliographical assistance,to Joan Hill for unre- mitting editorial assistance,to Nancy Deptula for fiscal help beyond the call of duty,and to Florence Trefethen for superb editorial man- agement of production at Harvard.For financial help in various forms we thank the Harvard Council on East Asian Studies,the National Endowment for the Humanities and the American Council of Learned Societies,the American Philosophical Society,and the Harvard University Press. RJS JKF KFB 女