7☑ w957 2635 HART AND THE CHINESE CUSTOMS by Stanley F.Wright,M.A.,LL.D. Formerly Commissioner Chinese Customs Service. published for THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, BELFAST. 中开院史下 2 MHE00026359 WM.MULLAN SON (Publishers)LTD SIR ROBERT HART IN 1908 Belfast From the portrait by Mr.Frank McKelvey,R.H.A.,in the Great Hall of the Queen's Universily. 950
SIR ROBERT HART IN 1908 From the portrait by AIr. Frank i\IcKelveV,R.H.A., ill the Great Hall of the' Queen's University. 2635 HART AND THE CHINESE CUSTOMS by Stanley F. )YJ'ight, M.A., LL.D. Formerly Commissioner Chinese Customs Service. published for THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, BELFAST . . -.~wt9~t t:p lDJf ~jtJft~irfRm 1J: ~E 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 *MHE0002635* ~~'-C., rr-rrCTJ WM. MULLAN & SON (Publishers) LTD Belfast 1950
This work is copyright.It may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any method without written permission. Application should be made to the publishers, Wm.Mullan Son (Publishers)Ltd., ··1 Donegall Place,.Belfast. Universitati Reginali Belfastiensi Northern Ireland. cujus alumni complures magna cum sua almaeque matris gloria in civitate Serica ordinanda et stabilienda ingenio fide consiliis enituerunt conspicui hoc caritatis testimonium filii praeclarissimi D.D.D. Composed in 10 point Baskerville type and printed at Belfast,Northern Ireland, by Nicholson Bass Ltd. Bound by Leighton-Straker Bookbinding Co.Ltd. Standard Road,London,N.W.10. iv
This work is copyright. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any method without written permission~ Application should be made to the publishers, Wm. Mullan & Son (Publishers) Ltd., . 12 DonegallPlace, Belfast. Northern Ireland. Composed in 10 point Baskerville type. and printed at Belfast, Northern Ireland. by Nicholson & Bass Ltd. Bound by Leighton-Straker Bookbinding Co. Ltd_ Standard Road, London, N.W.IO. iv Universitati Reginali Belfastieri~i" cujus alumni complures magna cum sua almaeque matris gloria in civitale Serica ordinanda et stabilienda ingenio fide consiliis enituerunt conspicui hoc caritatis testimonium . filii praeclarissimi D.D.D. ·V
vii CONTENTS page Preface ” XII Acknowledgments XV Introduction:The unique character of the Chinese Customs Service ABBREVIATIONS Am. American. Chapter I. Art. =Article. The Coming of the Traders of the West:Trading under B.&F.S.P.British and Foreign State Papers. monopoly at Canton in pre-treaty days .. 9 B.P.P.British Parliamentary Paper. Chapter II. .Br. =British. Opium and the first trade war:The settlement under the early C.A. =Customs Archives. treaties 04 4 38 C.P. sCustoms Publication. Ch.Rep.=Chinese Repository. Chapter III. Circ. =Circular. The breakdown of the early treaty system 65 Desp. =Despatch. Chapter IV. F.O. =British Foreign Office Archives. For.Rels.=U.S.A.Foreign Relations. The Origin of the Inspectorate of Customs:Part I.From the capture of Shanghai by the rebels to the Arrow incident, Fr. =French. 1853-1856 … 88 I.G. Inspector-General. N.C.D.N.North China Daily News. ， Chapter V. N.C.H.North'China Herald. The Origin of the Inspectorate of Customs:Part II.From the S.0. =Semi-Official Letter. Arrow incident to the creation of the Tsungli Yamen, Tr. 1856-1861… Treaty. 123 Chapter VI. Hart's ancestry,early years,and education .. 159 Chapter VII. Lay's Memorandum on the Customs Service:The legal powers and status of its members 179 Chapter VIII. Hart's first visit to Peking:Opening of the Yangtse:Coasting trade:Transit passes:Smuggling 44 196 Chapter IX. The Sherard Osborn Fleet and the downfall of H.N.Lay 225
" Am. ABBREVIATIONS = American. Art. = Article.' B. & F.S.P. = British and Foreign State Papers. B.P.P. . Br. C.A. = British Parliamentary Paper. = British . Customs Archives. C.P. Customs Publication. Ch. Rep. Circ. Chines~ Repository. Circular. Desp, = Despatch. F.O. British Foreign Office Archives. For. Rels. = D.S.A. Foreign Relations. Fr. = French. I.G. = Inspector-General. N.C.D.N. = North China Daily News. N.C.H. = North' China Herald. S.O. = Semi-Official Letter. Tr. = Treaty. vi vii CONTENTS Preface . Acknowledgments Introduction: The unique character of the Chinese Customs Service Chapter I. The Coming-of the Traders of the West: Trading under monopoly at Canton in pre-treaty days Chapter II. Opium and the first trade war: The settlement under the early treaties Chapter Ill. The breakdown of the early treaty system Chapter IV. The Origin of the Inspectorate of Customs: Part I. From the capture of Shanghai by the rebels to the Arrow incident, 1853-1856 Chapter V. The Origin of the Inspectorate of Customs: Part II. From the Arrow incident to the creation of the Tsungli Yamen, 1856-1861 Chapter VI. Hart's ancestry, early years, and education Chapter VII. Lay's Memorandum on the Customs Service: The legal powers page XII XV I 9 88 12 3 159 and status of its members 1 i9 Chapter VIII. Hart's first visit to Peking: Opening of the Yangtse: Coasting trade: Transit passes: Smuggling 196 Chapter IX. The Sherard Osborn Fleet and the downfall of H. N. Lay
viii 中 Chapter X. Chapter XIX. Building up the Service:Defining its status and scope:Recruiting Rumoured resignation of Hart:Chinese officials as traders: its personnel:Relations between Commissioners and Chinese Abuses of outward transit trade:Steam navigation on the Superintendents :58 Upper Yangtse:The opening of Chungking:Proposed purchase of Macao:Sikkim:The Mason affair:Postal Chapter XI. Developments …·599 Building up the Service:The Marine Department:Tonnage Dues and Aids to Navigation:Pilots and Pilotage:The Chapter XX. Beginning of the Post Office .. g91 China-Japan war of 1894-1895:Payment of the indemnity: Franco-Russian loan of 1895,and Anglo-German loans of Chapter XII. 1896 and 1898:Hart and the Likin collectorates:Tariff revision,and Hart's Haikuan Tael gold unit proposal: The Tung Wen Kuan and the von Gumpach Case 399 Inauguration of the Chinese Imperial Post Office 639 Chapter XIII. Chapter XXI. Courts of Joint Investigation:Early Loans secured on the The battle for concessions:Territorial leases:Kiaochow, Customs Revenue:The Burlingame Mission: Treaty Dalny,Port Arthur,Kwangchowwan,Weihaiwei,Kowloon: Revision:The Alcock Convention:The Hongkong Railways:Russia claims the Inspectorship of Customs:Steam Blockade 车。 353 navigation inland:The opening of the West River:Revision of Yangtse regulations:Reform and Palace revolution: Chapter XIV. The Open Door 4 + 68g Coolie Emigration:The Vienna Exhibition:Chinese Steam Shipping:The Chefoo Convention:Hart's proposals for the Chapter XXII. better regulation of commercial relations:The Yamen circular of 1878:Staff questions Decorations 895 The Boxer outbreak:Hart and the Inspectorate during and after the siege of the Peking Legations:The Protocol of Chapter XV. settlement:Indemnity:Native Customs:Tariff revision: Mackay and other treaties:Indemnity,a gold debt:River Legal complications:The Cadiz hulk and the Taiwan false 5. conservancy:Grant in aid of Post Office:Unrest in Service manifest cases:The Page,Logan,and Roberts cases 434 and the succession question:China's foreign trade,1886-1905 730 Chapter XVI. Chapter XXIII. China's tributary States:Korea,Liu Chiu islands:Annam:The beginnings of China's modern navy:Russia and Ili:Gordon's Gold standard for China:Mint:Land Tax:Russo-Japanese war: visit to China in 1880... +40 46? Registration of Trade Marks:West River regulations: Customs Association:Amoy riot:Chang Yen-mao case: Chapter XVII. Appointment of Ministers to control Customs:Creation of 1万… Shui-wu Ch'u:Opening of Manchuria:Hart goes on leave... 790 China's'tributary States:Korea again:War with France: Protocol of Paris:Hart appointed British Minister and Plenipotentiary:China's foreign trade,1864-1885... 499 Chapter XXIV. Chapter XVIII. Appointment of Bredon in temporary charge:Establishment of Customs College:Control of Native opium:Aftermath of China's tributary States:Burmah:Opium once more:Additional the deaths of the Emperor and the Empress Dowager: article to the Chefoo Convention:Hongkong and Macao Appointment of Aglen as Hart's successor:Death of Hart: opium agreements:Bonding …554 His character 839
viii Chapter X. Building up the Service: De~ning its status a.n~ scope: Recru~ting its personnel: Relations between CommIssIOners and Chmese Superintenden,ts ' Chapter XI. Building up the Service: The Marine Department: Tonnage Dues and Aids to Navigation: Pilots and Pilotage: The Begiiming of the Post Office Chapter XII. The Tung Wen Kuan and the von Gumpach Case Chapter XIII. Courts of Joint Investigation: Early Loans secured on the , Customs Revenue: The Burlingame Mission: Treaty Revision: The Alcock Convention: The Hongkong Blockade' Chapter XIV. Coolie Emigration: The Vienna Exhibition: Chinese Steam Shipping: The Chefoo Convention: Hart's proposals for the better' regulation of commercial relations: The Yamen 3~~ 353 ,', circular of 1878: Staff· questions Decorations'; 395 Chapter XV. Legal coniplications: The Cadiz hulk and the Taiwan false manifest cases: The Page, Logan, and Roberts cases.". " ',' 434 Chapter XVI. China's tributary States: Korea, Liu Chiu islands: Annam: The ~.:: Qeginnings of China's 'modern navy: Russia and Ili: Gordon's visit to China in 1880 ... Chapter XVII. China's' tributary' States: Korea' again: War with France: Protocol of Paris: Hart appointed British Minister and Plenipotentiary: China's foreign trade, 1864-1885 ... Chapter XVIII. China's tributary States: Burmah: Opium once more: Additional article to the Chefoo Convention: Hongkong and Macao 499 opium agreements:. Bonding . ; 554 ix Chapter XIX. Rumoured resignation of Hart: Chinese officials as traders: Abuses of outward transit trade: Steam navigation on the Upper Yangtse: The. opening of Chungking: Proposed purchase of Macao: Sikkim: The Mason affair: .Postal Developments Chapter XX. China-Japan war. of 1894-1895: Payment of the indemnity: Franco-Russian loan of 1895, and. Anglo-German loans of 1896 and 1898: Hart and the Likin collectorates: Tariff revision, and Hart's Haikuan Tael gold unit proposal: Inauguration of the Chinese Imperial Post Office Chapter XXI. The battle for concessions: Territorial leases: Kiaochow, Dalny, Port Arthur, Kwangchowwan, Weihaiwei, Kowloon: Railways: Russia claims the Inspectorship of Customs: Steam 'navigation inland: The opening of the West River: Revision of Yangtse regulations: Reform and Palace revolution: The Open Door Chapter XXII. The Boxer outbreak: Hart and the Inspectorate during and after the siege of the Peking Legations: The Protocol of settlement: Indemnity: Native Customs: Tariff revision: Mackay and other treaties: Indemnity, a gold debt: River conservancy: Grant in aid of Post Office: Unrest in Service and the succession question: China's foreign trade, 1886"1905 Chapter XXIII. Gold standard for China: Mint: Land Tax: RU'sso-Japanese war: Registration of Trade Marks:' West River regulations: Customs Association: Amoy riot: Chang Yen-mao case: Appointment of Ministers to control Customs: Creation of Shui-wu Ch'u: Opening of Manchuria: Hart goes on leave ... Chapter XXIV. Appointment of Bredon in temporary charge: Establishment of Customs College: Control of Native opium: Aftermath of the deaths of the Emperor and the Empress Dowager: Appointment of Aglen as Hart's successor: Death of Hart: His character 599 790
xi ILLUSTRATIONS Page Sir Robert Hart in 19o8 (after McKelvey's FRONTISPIECE BIBLIOGRAPHY 868 portrait in the Great Hall of Queen's University） The Burning of the Factories at Canton ..Facing page 35 Appendices 8g1 The Opium Fleet at Lintin;with a "fast (1)China's sea-borne Foreign Trade:Import and Export,1863-1910: dragon"opium-smuggling boat in the Values and Revenue. foreground … 39 ()National percentages in China's sea-borne Foreign Trade. The Canton Custom House in the early ()List of Treaty Ports in chronological order. days of last century... 66 (4)Personnel of Chinese Customs Service,1875,1885,185,1905,1915. The Factories at Canton early in the Nineteenth Century... ” 66 (5)Chinese characters of romanised names and terms used in text. Shanghai Bund in the early fifties of last century 89 INDEX 9o9 Horatio Nelson Lay,C.B. 1g6 ERRATA 949 Robert Hart in 1866... 136 Prince Kung:First President of the Tsungli Yamen 149 Queen's College,Belfast,in Hart's time .. 165 An Encounter with Chinese Pirates 237 A.E.Hippisley 368 Sir John McLeavy Brown 368 H.E.the Viceroy Li Hung-chang 465 The Gunboat "Delta" 474 Hart in his“den,”Peking,.r8gr 6g8 H.E.Tong Shao-yi … 628 H.E.the Viceroy Chang Chih-tung 71g Francis A.Aglen .. 850 Hart's Statue on the Shanghai Bund 865 Panels on pedestal of Hart's statue … 866
x BIBLIOGRAPHY Appendices Page 868 (1) China's sea-borne Foreign Trade: Import and Export, ,1863-1910: Values and Revenue. (2) National percentages in China's sea-borne Foreign Trade. (3) List of Treaty Ports in chronological order. (4) Personnel of Chinese Customs Service, 1875, 1885, 1895, 1905, 1915. (5) Chinese characters of romanised names and terms used in text. INDEX 90 9 ERRATA. 949 Xl ILLUSTRA TIONS Sir Robert Hart in I90B (afte'!' McKelvey's FRONTISPIECE portrait iri the Great Hall of Queen's· University) The Burning of the Fa~tories at Canton ... Facing page 35 The Opium Fleet at Lintin; with a "fast dmgon" opium-smuggling boat zn the foreground The Canton Custom House in the early days of last cent1J,ry ... The Fact01'ies at Canton early zn the Nineteenth CentU1Y ... Shanghai Bund in the early fifties of last centU1Y Homtio Nelson Lay, C.B. Robert Hart in IB66 Prince Kung: First President of the Tsungli Yamen '" ... ... . .. . Queen's College, Belfast, in Hart's time An Encounter with Chinese Pirates A. E. Hippisley Sir ]ohnMcLeavy BTOwn H.E. the ViceTOY Li Hung-chang The Guhboat "Delta" Hart in his" den," Peking, IB9I H.E. Tong Shao-yi H.E. the ViceTOY Chang Chih-tung Fmncis A. Aglen Hart's Statue on the Shanghai Bund Panels on pedestal of Hart's statue ...... , 39 66 66 89 474 712 865 866