48. THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT CH.III THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE MOVEMENT .49 Shih-k'ai.17 Under Ts'ai's stimulus and protection the new intellectual leaders fifty administrative members,and a faculty of 202.The professors and teaching gathered at Peking University and the reform movement was able to make headway. fellows were all Chinese with the exception of four Britons,three Americans, three Germans,and one each from Japan,France,and Denmark. From I9I2 to 19I8,the university graduated 612 students,of whom 233 were Reforms at Peking University from the School of Letters,40 from the School of Science,209 from the Law School,and 120 from the Engineering School.The increase of enrollment ir The reforms Ts'ai Yuian-p'ei carried out at the National University of Peking from 19r7 on were as significant in the May Fourth Movement as the university in the decade following r and the enrollment for the spring semester of 19 are shown by the accompanying figures.2 Ch'en Tu-hsiu's establishment of New Youth.The university had had its origin in the Society for the Strengthening of Learning (Ch'iang hstich hui) Number of Students Enrolled in the National University of Peking which had been created by K'ang Yu-wei and his disciple Liang Ch'i-ch'ao in 1912-1921,by Years 1895.But it was not until May 1898 that the university was actually established 19I2 8r8 I97 1,695 under the name Ching-shih ta hstieh-t'ang (Imperial University),with Sun 93 781 I9:8 2,00r Chia-nai,the Minister of Civil Service,as chancellor,Hsii Ching-ch'eng as 9r4 942 99 2,228(2413)21 dean of the faculty,and a veteran American Baptist missionary,W.A.P. 9r5 1,333 I920 1916 2,565 Martin,as dean of the Western faculty.At that time all the students were 1,503 192I 2,252 recruited from high ranking officials or from those who had passed the civil service examinations.In 1goo Hsu Ching-ch'eng,the newly appointed chan- Enrollment Spring Semester 1919 cellor,was executed because of his opposition to the Boxer Rebellion,and the Undergraduate Preparatory Total School of Letters university was closed for two years.It did not reopen until the end of gor. School of Science 34红 4r5 756 In 1912,the name of the university was changed to the National University Law School 34 362 496 532 45 of Peking (Kuo-li Pei-ching ta-hstich),and Yen Fu was for seven months Engineering School 947 60 54 2I4 chancellor.18 Total 1,067 1346 2413 By early Igrg,the university was one of only three government-established universities and the only one located in the capital and completely financed When Ts'ai Yuian-p'ei was appointed chancellor at the end of Igr6,the by the central government.It was considered the leading institution of higher university was well known for its conservative tradition.Students regarded learning in the country.The university had four schools:The School of Letters, it as a steppingstone to promotion in the government instead of as an institu- consisting of departments of Chinese literature,philosophy,English literature, tion of learning.The professors,most of whom came from officialdom,were French literature,and history;the School of Science,consisting of departments judged not by their teaching or learning,but by their official rank.They were of physics,chemistry,mathematics,and geology;the Law School,consisting called chung-t'ang or ta-jen (their excellencies),and the students were called of departments of political science,economics,law,and commerce;and the lao-yeh (esquires).The morals of both professors and students were notoriously Engineering School which had two departments:civil engineering and mining low and they often indulged in gambling and consorted with prostitutes.The and metallurgy.The annual budget of the university did not exceed one hundred university was popularly known as"the Brothel Brigade"(an-yenn),"the thousand Haikwan Taels before I9I,and was only 430,000 yuan in 1916.After Ts'ai Yuan-p'ci took over the chancellorship,the university expanded;its an- Each school of the university had itspen(undergraduate section)andy(preparatory or preundergraduate section).The pen k'o was roughly equivalent to an American graduate school. nual budget for I98 was 676,800 yuan,about six times as much as the average After 1912,a high school graduate could enter the yik'o by passing an entrance examination.He annual budget of other government colleges.Its budget for Iorg and 1g2o was could enter the penk'o after three years'study and graduation from theyo;three years were required to graduate from the pen&o and four from the Law School.After 1918 the time re- 792,459 and 957.579yn respectively.Early in the university had about quirement for the y k'o was changed to two years and for the pen k'o,to four years.A credit system modeled after the American plan was also adopted
CH.III 50 THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE MOVEMENT ·51 Gambling Den"(tk'),and "the Fountainhead of Ribaldry and Bawdi- students'bank,a consumer's cooperative organization,and a museum,were ness.”22 established.A work-and-study program similar to that which had been tried From the time Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei took over the chancellorship,the university in France was also founded at the university.A spirit of equality was intro- underwent a great change.Ts'ai pointed out in his inaugural address in Janu- duced into the institution.The previous barriers between students and pro- ary I9I7 that the aim of students coming to the university should be the pur- fessors as well as between them and janitors or workers were to a certain suit of learning,not the acquisition of wealth or official promotion.23 Later he extent removed.i The moral standards of the students were greatly improved. enunciated a three-point policy for administering the university.First,the A Society for the Promotion of Virtue (Chin-te hui)was established in IgI8 university was an institution for academic research.Research did not mean on the pattern of a similar organization founded in Shanghai in ror2 by Wu merely the introduction of Western civilization,but also the creation of a Chih-hui,Li Shih-tseng,and Wang Ching-wei.All the members of the new civilization;not merely the preservation of the"national quintessence," society were enjoined not to consort with prostitutes,gamble,or have concu- but study of it by scientific method.Secondly,students should not regard the bines.A second group of members of the society agreed,in addition to ob- university as a substitute for the old government examination and recruitment serving the above restraints,not to hold government office or become members system,nor should they neglect subjects outside their own specialty.Thirdly, of Parliament.Penalty regulations were passed and supervisors were elected the university should preserve academic freedom.Divergent theories,such as by the members of the society,who numbered about one thousand.The agree- idealism and materialism in philosophy,romanticism and realism in literature, ment to refrain from holding office or becoming parliamentary members re- the doctrines of state intervention and laisses faire in economics,motivational flected both the influence of anarchism and nihilism,and the contempt the new and utilitarian ethical theories,or optimism and pessimism in basic outlook- intelligentsia felt for the old bureaucrats.!In the eyes of the new intellectuals, to the extent that they had serious academic standing-might find free ex- the old bureaucrats and warlords were the sources of all vice. pression in the university.24 On the basis of these liberal and progressive principles,Ts'ai Yuian-p'ei The Alliance of the New Intellectuals and the carried out many practical reforms in the university.Professors with divergent Establishment of New Tide Magazine points of view were brought into the institution.Various study and advisory groups among the faculty were established.The university was in the main Of all Ts'ai's innovations at Peking University,perhaps the most significant governed by professors rather than administrators or officials.Students were was his practice of permitting the coexistence of divergent opinions.In spite permitted to take part in political activities as individuals.In Ts'ai's opinion, of the fact that he himself was one of the earliest members of the Tung-meng- the most important duty of a student in school was to study.He held that hui,the predecessor of the Kuomintang,Ts'ai never allowed partisanship or no relation should exist between political organizations and the school as such. politics to influence his selection of faculty members.In Igr2,when he was But students of twenty years of age or over who were interested in politics appointed Minister of Education in Sun Yat-sen's administration,Ts'ai had might join any political organization as individuals.The university could explained his views on education.His ideal system of education was one advise them,but would not interfere with their free choice.This point of "above politics"or "beyond political control."With regard to the aims of edu- view was contrary to the policy of the Peking government at that time.The For instance,in Jan.18 twenty-five students at the university wrote letters to Ts'ai Yuan- government had often forbidden students to join political parties on the ground p'ei,reporting that a janitor was studying by himself and doing very well;Ts'ai immediately that the sole duty of students was to study.h Students'self-government was promoted him to clerk and replied that there was no difference in status between the faculty and other workers in the university.This was of course unusual so far as the traditionally conservative encouraged by Ts'ai and student societies for study,speech,discussion,pub- social pattern in Chinese schools was concerned.At the same time,an evening school for workers lication,recreation,social service,athletics,and other activities,including a was established at the university. The Chinese anarchists proclaimed in 19t2 a "Twelve Commandments":(1)vegetarianism, (2)teetotalism,(3)abstention from smoking,(4)abstention from hiring servants,(5)abstention On Feb.6,1917,the Ministry of Education reinforced this prohibition with an order to all from riding sedan chairs and rickshaws,(6)cclibacy,(7)renunciation of family names,(8) mcenrao97dcomtaniniaontycogan 品mo品hme間o）raw
52 THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT CH.III THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE MOVEMENT ·53 cation he proposed five principles:universal military education to avoid the also invited to join the faculty about this time.Among them were Ch'ien Hsuan- militarists'monopoly of military power,utilitarian education to improve the t'ung,ctymologist and phonetician,Liu Fu,linguist and poet,m and Shen people's livelihood,moral education based on the principle of mutual assistance, Yin-mo,poet-all of whom were forerunners of the new poetry in the ver- "education for a world view"(shih-chieh-kuan chiao-yu)to promote a cosmic nacular and of the literary revolution.In the summer Hu Shih,who had just concept,and finally,"aesthetic education"(mei-kan chih chiao-yi)in the returned from the United States,joined the faculty.He taught courses in the Kantian sense,i.e,to lead the people from the phenomenal world to the real- history of Chinese philosophy with views quite far from tradition.Chou Tso- ization of the world of reality by means of aesthetic appreciation.The ultimate jen,pioneering author in the new essay and short story form,taught at the goal of this final principle was to substitute aesthetics for religion.In discussing university after April I9r7.The anti-Confucian scholar,Wu Yi,had close education for a world view,Ts'ai emphasized that"we must follow the general contact with Ch'en Tu-hsiu from the end of Ior6 and was invited to teach at rule of freedom of thought and freedom of expression,and not allow any one the university from Igrg.Lu Hsuin did not join the faculty until 1g2o,but he branch of philosophy or any one tenet of religion to confine our minds,but had been working in the Ministry of Education after rora when it was headed always aim at a lofty universal point of view which is valid without regard by Ts'ai,and keeping close relations with quite a few of the liberal professors to space or time.Later,when he took office at the university,he reiterated at the university.In February ror8 Li Ta-chao was appointed chief librarian his stand on freedom of thought,insisting that all theories which can be main- tained on rational grounds should be propagated in complete freedom at the Ch'ien Hstan-t'ung (original name Ch'ien Hsia)(1887-1939)was born in Soochow,Kiangsu. His father was Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei's teacher,and his elder brother a diplomat and political reformer university.Consequently,the faculty came to include persons with many diverse in the Ch'ing period.Ch'ien started to learn Chinese phonetics and etymology at the age of seven. points of view ranging from well-known monarchists,conservatives,and re- Before he was ten,he could recite the basic Confucian classics.At thirteen,under the influence of his playmates,many of whom joined the Boxer Rebellion,he became conservative and studied actionaries,to liberals,radicals,socialists,and anarchists."And it is but natural," hard to prepare for the civil service examinations.But later,when he read K'ang Yu-wei and Liang ventured one Chinese writer,"that all the most virile and gifted among the Ch'i-ch'ao,he began to be a reformer and a follower of the modern text school in classic sudies. After 1903 he became an anti-Manchu revolutionary mainly because of the infuence of the younger members of the Chinese intelligentsia flocked to take a place under writings of Chang Ping-lin and Liu Shih-p'ei.With friends in 19c4 he established the Hachow his leadership.The result was the creation,within a few years,of an incredibly Vernacular Magazine (Hu-chou pai-hua pao).Next year he went to Japan and studied Japanese productive intellectual life,probably unparalleled in the academic history of language and education at Waseda University.He joined the T'ung-meng-hui in 1906.In the fol- lowing year,Ch'ien,Lu Hstn,Chou Tso-jen,Hsu Shou-ch'ang,K'ang Pao-chung,Chu Hsi-tsu, the world.”o and others organized in Tokyo a Society for the Promotion of National Learning (Kso-hsfich This policy of freedom in education made the university a public forum chen-ch'i she)and invited Chang Ping-lin (1867-1936),then editor of People Report,to be its director and to teach them Chinese linguistics and literature.About the same time,influenced by for debates between the old conservative scholars and the new intelligentsia Liu Shih-p'ei and Chang Chi in Japan and by the New Centuiry group in France,Ch'ien started and made possible an alliance of the new intellectuals.At the beginning of to learn Esperanto and leaned to anarchism.He returned to China in rro and taught linguistics at Peking Higher Normal College during the period 19t3-15 and at Peking University from 1915 19r7 when he assumed the chancellorship,Ts'ai brought Ch'en Tu-hsiu to the on.He remained somewhat indifferent to the contemporary intellectual and literary problems for university as dean of the School of Letters.Many others with new ideas were a few years until Yuan Shih-k'ai's monarchical adventure.Ch'ien actually joined the faculty of Peking University earlier than Ch'en Tu-hsiu.According to Ch'ien,he and Shen Yen-mo recom- *Ts'ai had known Ch'en's name since 19o6 when Ts'ai had worked on the Tocsin Daily mended Ch'en to Ts'ai for dean.During and after the May Fourth period Ch'ien published a num- (Ching-chung jih-pao or Alarming Bell Daily News)in Shanghai.Ch'en Tu-hsiu identified him- ber of articles on language reform,ancient history,and phonetics. self at the time as Ch'en Chung-fu.Both were doing revolutionary work.Ts'ai was impressed by mLiu Fu (tau:Pan-nung)(1891-1934)was born in Kiangyin County,Kiangsu.In 1912 he Ch'en's persistent support of a vernacular magazine created by Ch'en and his friends in Wuhu, was a free-lance writer and an editor of the China's New Daily (Chung-hua hsin-pao)in Shanghai, Anhwei Province.Shortly afterwards Ch'en went to Japan and Ts'ai to Europe.At the end of and from 1913 to 1916 an editor of the Chung-hua Book Co.(Chung-hna shs-ch).During this 1916 Ch'en left Shanghai for Peking.In Jan.1917 Ts'ai,newly appointed the chancellor of Peking period he wrote popular short stories in the conventional style.In 1916 he went to Peking and University,asked T'ang Erh-ho,president of the National Medical College of Pcking,to recom- the following year taught at the yuk'o of Peking University.In the early period of the new mend a dean for the School of Letters of the university.Tang suggested Ch'en and told Ts'ai literature movement he wrote many popular,light verses and articles to promote the vernacular that Ch'en Tu-hsiu and Ch'en Chung-fu were the same person,and showed Ts'ai some copies literature.Later on,he concentrated on the study of phonetics and lexicography.In 1g20 he studied of New Youth.Ts'ai then went to see Ch'en and secured his agreement to take the post.It is linguistics at London University,and in 1925 reccived his Lit.D.at Paris University and became interesting to note that,almost simultaneously with this appointment,in the Jan.1,1917,issue a member of the Societe Linguistique de Paris.Upon his return to China that year he taught at of New Youth,Ch'en published,without Ts'ai's knowledge,Ts'ai's two speeches attacking the universitics in Peking and worked for language reform. movement to make Confucianism the state religion.In the same issue a reader suggested that Lu Hstin (1881-1936)was born of a well-to-do family in Shaohsing County,Chekiang, Ch'en ask Ts'ai to become a contributor to the magazine. on Sept.25,1881.When he was a young boy,his grandfather,an official in the Manchu court
54. THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT CH.III THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE MOVEMENT .55 of the university library and later professor of history,political science,eco- In the winter of I9r8 a group of the able students at Peking who had been nomics,and law.(In December of the same year,Ch'en Tu-hsiu and Li estab- converted to support of the new thought and literature movements established lished in Peking the Weekly Critic [Mei-chou p'ing-lun].)Other professors New Tide (Hsin ch'ao),a monthly which also bore the English sub-title were Kao I-han,political scientist,T'ao Li-kung (L.K.Tao,Tao Meng-ho), "Renaissance."The magazine had been proposed originally by a group con- social scientist,Ch'en Ta-ch'i,a pioneering psychologist and logician,and Wang sisting of Fu Ssu-nien,Ku Chich-kang,and Hsui Yen-chih;Lo Chia-lun,P'an Hsing-kung,one of the first scholars in China studying the scientific method. Chia-hsun,and K'ang Pai-ch'ing joined later.Most of them were students in- Under the leadership of Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei,these outstanding intellectuals exerted terested in history and literature.With the help of Ch'en Tu-hsiu and Li profound influence upon the students at the university. Ta-chao,they secured financial and material support from the university for the publication of their monthly.Hu Shih became their adviser and,with was jailed.The father's financial condition became so bad that the young Chou had often to resort to pawnshops.He attended the Naval School in Nanking at the age of seventeen and about Ch'en,Li,and Chou Tso-jen,exercised an inspirational influence upon the half a year later transferred to the Mining and Railroad School to study mining.After his gradua- shaping of the new forum.The students proposed to adopt three guiding tion he was sent in 1go2 on a government scholarship to Japan.He began to study medicine at the Medical College of Sendai in Sept.1903 but abandoned it in 1906 and took up the new literature. principles for their publication-a critical spirit,scientific thinking,and re- He went back to Tokyo and started with his brother Chou Tso-jen in 19o7 the abortive maga- formed rhetoric-and they eventually supported the reforms advocated by zine New Life (Hsin sheng).At this time,he learned Japanese and some German,and read widely in castern and northern European literature.In July 1go9 he returned to China,and in New Youth and Weekly Critic.The first issue of the magazine appeared on the fall became a teacher of chemistry and physiology at the normal school of Hangchow;in January I,1919,and was immediately welcomed by the literary youth of the Sept.IgTo he began to teach the same subjects at a middle school in his home town.He went to nation. Nanking in Jan.1912 and became a minor olficial in the Ministry of Education of the new Re- public then under the ministership of Ts'ai Yian-p'ci.In May,following the move of the gov- The New Tide Society which published the monthly was a very small ernment,he went to Peking.He held the position until 1925 when he was dismissed by Chang organization.When first established on November 18,Ior8,it had a member- Shih-chao,then the minister.In the summer of 1917 he was encouraged by Ch'ien Hsuan-t'ung to join the reform movement of Ner Youth magazine.His satiric short essays and short stories ship of twenty-one.Up to December 19,the society still had only thirty- were widely read and contributed greatly to the spread of the new literature and new thought seven members,all of whom were students at Peking University.The re- movements.After the split of the May Fourth Movement in 19zo he ceased relations with the New Youth group,and it was not until 1930 that he took the leadership of leftist writers.Chou Tso-jen corded membership seems not to have exceeded forty-one.Most of the members (born 1885)later became,on the other hand,a leading moderate essayist and a great stylist.Mar- were later student leaders in the May Fourth Incident,and thereafter played ried to a Japanese girl,he remained in Peiping after 1937 and became chancellor of the Japanese- sponsored Peking University and concurrendly Minister of Education in the puppet government of important roles in the intellectual and social development of modern China. North China.After V-J Day,in 1946,he was sentenced to ten years of imprisonment by the National To name a few: government.He is still writing some reminiscences in Communist China. Li Ta-chao (tau:Shou-ch'ang)was born in Loting County,Hopei Province,in 1888.He studied political science and cconomics first at the Peiyang College of Law and Political Science and According to Fu Ssu-nien,the establishment of New Tide was "purely a result of the awaken- after the spring of 1914 at Waseda University in Japan.Returning to China about 1916,he became ing"of the members.In the fall of 1917,Fu,Ku Chich-kang,and Hsi Yen-chih first conceived the idea of establishing a magazine.Hsu discussed the idea with Ch'en Tu-hsiu in the fall of the secretary to T'ang Hua-lung,a leader of the Chinputang,and took editorship of the Ch'en-pao following year.As Fu recalled,the students were unexpectedly and enthusiastically supported by supplementary.He was appointed in Feb.1918 chief librarian of the Peking University library and Ch'en,who replied,"So long as you are determined to establish it and will maintain it,the uni- concurrently professor after Sept.Igzo.He became a close collaborator of Ch'en Tu-hsiu and versity may extend you financial support."Accordingly,the students set about to found their organ- helped him to edit New Youth and Weekly Critic.In Sept.1921 he resigned the post of librarian, retaining his professorship and being appointed secretary to the chancellor.At the university he ization.They talked with Lo Chia-lun'and K'ang Pai-ch'ing,and were joined by more than ten other students.Hu Shih then became their adviser.The first preparatory meeting,at which the taught courses on modern political science,historiography,historical materialism,socialism and three principles were adopted,was held on Oct.13,1918.Meanwhile,Hsti suggested the English social movements,social legislation,etc.He also taught a history of women's suffrage and sociology title "Renaissance,"and Lo the Chinese Hsin ch'ao (New Tide),a name which had been used at the Girls'Higher Normal College of Peking.During the period of the May Fourth Incident earlier by the Japanese.(The Japanese New Tide [Shin-cho]magazine had been established in students often convened in the neighborhood of his office at the library.In 1920 he collaborated 19o4 as one of the promoters of naturalism in literature.A series of literary magazines under the with Ch'en Tu-hsiu in preparing to found the Chinese Communist Party,and after Ch'en went title New Thought Tide [Shin-shicho]were carried on by students at Tokyo Imperial University to Canton in Ig2r he became the virtual leader of the party in North China.In Jan.1924 when after 1907.The Chinese students at Peking University must have been influenced by these Japanese the Kuomintang-Communist coalition was established,a move which he had fervently promoted, counterparts founded in 19t4 and 19r6 by such active and prominent writers as Kume Masao, he was clected a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang.On April 9, Kikuchi Kan,and Akutagawa Ryunosuke,who bad at the time extolled naturalistic and neo- 1927,he was arrested by Chang Tso-lin's troops in the Soviet Embassy at Peking and was hanged realistic literature in Japan.)The students thought that the English and the Chinese titles had in jail on April 28.In 1918 Mao Tse-tung was one of Li's employees at the library and was pro- similar meanings.On Nov.19 a second meeting was held and officials were elected.Li Ta-chao, foundly infuenced by him. the chief librarian,assigned a room of the library for the office of the society.An organizational
56: THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT CH.IlI THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE MOVEMENT .57 Fu Ssu-nien:one of the leading historians and popular writers;later direc- Yang Chen-sheng:professor of Chinese literature,once chancellor of the tor of the Institute of History and Philology,Academia Sinica,and National University of Tsingtao. chancellor of the National University of Formosa after World War II. Liu Ping-lin:economist. Lo Chia-lun:historian,educator,and popular writer;later chancellor of Meng Shou-ch'un:dean of letters,National Chi-nan University,Shanghai. Tsing Hua University in Peking,and National Central University in Fung Yu-lan:prominent philosopher. Chungking;high ranking official in the Kuomintang government. Chu Tzu-ch'ing:prominent prose writer and poet. Ku Chieh-kang:prominent historian of Chinese antiquity and folklorist. The views of the new intellectuals enjoyed much prestige and came to K'ang Pai-ch'ing:romantic lyric poet. wider notice after the New Youth group became associated with the univer- Mao Tzu-shui:educator and historian. sity,partly because of the leading academic position of the latter in the nation, Chiang Shao-yuan:educator,historian of religion. and partly because of the growing support from students. Wang Ching-hsi(Ging-hsi):writer,professor of psychology and physiology. But it must be noted that this coalition of the new intellectuals at Peking Wu K'ang:philosopher. University was only temporary.Among its leaders,views and interests were Ho Ssu-yuan:educator and later Governor of Shantung Province and far from identical.This is well exemplified by Ch'en Tu-hsiu and Hu Shih. Mayor of Peiping. Ch'en Tu-hsiu's interest centered primarily on political and social affairs, Li Hsiao-feng:publisher (a number of important new literary works were although he then felt that political innovation must be preceded by the de- published by his firm,Pei-hsin shu-chu). struction of the old orthodox ideologies.Hu Shih and many other professors Yi Ping-po:famous prose writer,poet,and literary critic. at the university,however,were more interested in literary and educational Kuo Shao-yu:writer,historian of Chinese criticism. reforms.When they united in 19r7 to promote the new movement against the Sun Fu-yuan:well-known editor and writer. old gentry,they had a loose mutual understanding that their reform movement Chang Sung-nien(Chang Shen-fu,Chang Ch'ih):guild socialist;exponent would concentrate on other than political activities.The coalition was in fact of Bertrand Russell's philosophy,mathematical logic,and,at other times, based on general and imprecise ideas such as liberalism,humanitarianism, dialectical materialism. democracy,and science.Later when Ch'en Tu-hsiu found Tuan Ch'i-jui's Yeh Shao-chun (Yeh Sheng-t'ao):famous novelist,poet,and educator. activities in the government more and more intolerable,he was unable to refrain from criticism of the government,and after 198 he turned more radi- regulation provided that students of the university or outsiders (in the latter case,an introduction cal and came to favor a mass movement.The establishment of Weekly Critic by two members of the society was required)who had three or more articles published in the as a small but sharp political review was actually to serve his political purpose. magazine might become members of the society.It had two departments,editorial and mana- gerial.The chief librarian of the university library was named adviser to the management of the Other liberals,on the contrary,gradually became more conservative or mod- magazine.Fu Ssu-nien was clected editor-in-chief,Lo Chia-lun,editor,and Yang Chen-sheng, erate and reluctant to involve themselves in politics.The coalition did not secretary of the editorial department;Hsui Yen-chih was elected manager,K'ang Pai-ch'ing, assistant manager,and Yu P'ing-po,secretary of the managerial department.On Nov.19.1919,Lo break up,however,until after the May Fourth Incident.This development was elected to succeed Fu,because the latter was going to study in England.Meng Shou-ch'un was recalled by Hu Shih in 1932 as follows: succecded Hsu as manager,and Ku Chieh-kang,Li Hsiao-feng,and three others were selected assistants for the two departments.The same meeting also decided to expand the organization and When in 1917 we worked together for New Youth,we had a common ideal that business of the society.Several books were published.In May of 1920 Chou Tso-jen joined the we should for twenty years not talk politics.We promised to keep away from politics society,the sole member from the faculty.A resolution of reorganization was formally adopted in a meeting held on Aug.15.On Oct.28 Chou was elected editor-in-chief,Mao Tzu-shui,Ku for twenty years and to be devoted only to educational,intellectual,and cultural Chich-kang,Ch'en Ta-ts'ai,and Sun Fu-yuan,assistant editors;Meng retained his post,and six activities,to build a political foundation by way of nonpolitical factors.But this members,including Li Hsiao-feng,Sun Fu-yuan,and Kuo Shao-yu,were selected to help him. promise was not easy to keep,because even though we resolved to refrain from At the end of the year the society faded away,partly because most of the important members had talking politics,the practical political situation compelled us to become involved in gone abroad for study,and partly because some of them were busy founding the Society for it.In 19r8 Mr.Ch'en and Mr.Li Ta-chao,interested in political affairs,founded Literary Studies (see below,Chap.IX (p.283)).The last issue of the monthly (Vol.II,No.2) was published in March 1922. Weekly Critic.I did not criticize it.I remember that when they asked me to write something for them I only sent them my translations of two short stories.35