56 TO CHANGE CHINA waterways,and faced a series of crises stemming from anti-Western outrages. In 1837,shortly after arriving in China,Parker had criticized the failures and shortcomings of his Jesuit predecessors:"Had pure Christianity been first introduced we have reason to believe the gospel of the dear Redeemer had been enjoyed not only in Japan but 激子激 extensively in China and throughout the Oriental world.But now an incalculable amount of prejudice and of downright enmity to the cross must be overcome before the people of the East will listen to the WARD and GORDON: message of the ambassador of heaven."It was a harsh judgment, Glorious Days of Looting and a badly oversimplified one.Like the Jesuits,Parker had to learn the hard way that in China even the most precisely calculated means did not necessarily lead to the desired ends.He,who had labored so long at medicine and language in order to make China"free through the Lord of Glory,"ended up enslaved by his own skills and incon- Not every Western adviser in China had a religious spur.There tinently angered by those he had meant to love. were also men who simply had a love of travel and excitement in their bones,adventurers who roamed the world to take what it would give.Such a man was Frederick Townsend Ward,born near the docks in Salem,Massachusetts,on November 29,1831. It was not an environment to encourage the contemplative life. "The wharves in Salem in those days,"a contemporary recalled, "were lined with ship chandlers'and sail-makers'shops,warehouses, and counting rooms,the sailmakers sitting cross-legged like Turks, sewing the sails with thimbles fastened into the middle of their palm, while the odor of tar and canvas pervaded the premises.The old wharf and sail lofts that fronted the street were favorite resorts of my childhood days and I was never so happy as when allowed to wander about on the old wharf fascinated in watching the loading and un- loading of ships that had rounded the point and come lumbering into port."1 As a child Ward was mischievous,and as an adolescent,restless. He tried unsuccessfully to get into the military academy at West Point,and then to run away from home to fight in the Mexican War. When he was only fifteen,his father gave up trying to restrain him
56 TO cHANGE CHINA waterways,and faced a series of crises stemming fr。 m anti¨Western outrages。 In 1837,shordy after arriving in Chipa,Parker had criticizod the failures and shortcomings of h、 Jesuit predecessors: “Had Pure Christianity been srst introduced ⒒9e have reason to behoVe the g∝Pd ofthe dear Redeemer had been e哟 oye-not only in JaPan but extensively in China and thr0ughout the Orien1al world,But now ah incalculable amount of Prejudice and of doll`nright enn1ity to the cross must be overcome before the peoPle of the East Ⅵ冫Ⅱl hsten to ohe 擗 镣 蒯 挣 擀 瓒 擒 热 腽 垠 吲 rF梦揽 ;°气黯 鞯 :∶ 刂::::珊 :1{::哏i⒉∶孓古\辟 tinently angered by those he had【 neaη t to loVe, )诺甘首3)拼甘首 、VARD四彳J GORDON∶ GⅠor讠 o箔 D‘I9vs ofLo0艹J彳g 混 贳 y砦 s找 盆 抒 品 岁 挠 Tt昱甘 努 1菇‰ RT their bones,adventurers u,ho roamed the Ⅵ⒎°rld to take、 vhat it、 vould give, Such a man 、vas Frede“ ck Townsend Ward, born near the docks in saleΠ l,Iˇ Iassachusetts,on November29,1831. It 、vas not an enVironment to encourage the contemPlative life, “The wharves in salem in those days,” a contemporary recalled, “wqre hned with ship chandlers’ an￠ sail~makers’ shops,warehouses, and coun“ng rooms, the saⅡ”akers sitting crossˉ legged hke Turks, ;;It气忿黠扌气广:I:l骂 嚣:l暴1器扌泔:嵬豇蕊:∴ 氟:a拙 wharf and sail lofts that fronted the street were fa氵 orite resorts of my chⅡ dhood days and I was never so haPpy as、 vhen a1lowed to wa,der 嬲I罗 /f弼1滥圭袈鞯1f:黥勹∵詈Jl;⒉品ll龛硎i戋 毖Jξ:滞百I刂:丨 :∷∶;蹴lΙl扌⒉%1y∷ 茫搬￡:w罗 When he、 vas only sfteen,his father gave uP trying to restrain him
58 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 59 and let him ship out as a second mate on the clipper Hamilton, At the time of Ward's arrival in Shanghai they were still firmly captained by a relative and bound for China. entrenched in the Yangtze valley,and had routed all the Ch'ing Returning from China in the autumn of 1847,he entered a mili- forces sent against them.As rebels,they were a new phenomenon in tary school in Vermont,where he got whatever book knowledge of Chinese history,unlike the peasant rebel armies of the past.Their military tactics he was later to use.But money was short in his family leader,Hung Hsiu-ch'uan,had gleaned the elements of Christianity at that time,and he did not graduate.In 1849 he shipped out again, from a Protestant missionary pamphlet and had learned in a mystical this time as a first mate.From 1849 to 1858 he wandered the world vision that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ.His mission, impatiently searching for wealth and adventure.As he later told the he believed,was to establish the"Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace" American Minister to China,Anson Burlingame,he "went to sea (Tai-p'ing t'ien-kuo)in China and bring his people back to knowl- when a boy,became mate of a ship,and then was a Texas ranger, edge of the true God."My hand now holds both in heaven and Californian gold-miner,instructor in the Mexican service,was with earth the power to punish and kill,"he wrote;"to slay the depraved, Walker [fighting in Central America]-for which he was outlawed and spare the upright;to relieve the people's distress.My eyes survey by his government-[and]at the Crimea [as an officer in the from the North to the South beyond the rivers and mountains;my French army]."Though this account is neither strictly chronologi- voice is heard from East to West,to the tracts of the sun and the cal,nor probably accurate,it shows that Ward had few scruples moon."4 about the activities he undertook,or the causes in which he enlisted. Hung's troops followed him with fanatical loyalty and were sub- After ten years of wandering,Ward returned home to try a more ject to iron discipline.As they advanced across the country all those normal life.He took a job in his father's office in New York as a ship who resisted were slaughtered,those who surrendered were spared. broker,but he found it too dull and sailed once more for China, Hung's followers had to obey the dictates of his religion,which were reaching Shanghai in the fall of 1859.The China he happened upon adapted from the Ten Commandments.The sexes were segregated, was a country in chaos,ravaged by a great rebellion whose leaders opium smoking was forbidden.Land was shared and all surplus paid called themselves Taipings. into a common treasury.Civil service examinations were instituted, These leaders had developed their power in the southern prov- based,not on the Confucian canon,but on the new doctrines.5 inces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi in the late 1840's,drawing recruits Western observers,initially fascinated by these rebels and sympa- from Hakka and Miao minority groups,from secret societies,from thetic to their Christian aspirations,felt it would be no misfortune if pirates driven inland by British patrol vessels jealously guarding the the Taipings overthrew the Ch'ing dynasty.A British Protestant in new treaty ports,from impoverished miners and peasants,and from 1853 pointed out four "advantages which will accrue to China from the drifting population on the waterways,unemployed now that the success on the side of the insurgents":China would be opened to the focus of the opium trade had swung from Canton up to Shanghai dissemination of the scriptures,idolatry would be firmly put down, and the Yangtze valley.The apathy and ineffectualness of the local opium traffic would be stopped,and"China will be fully opened to Ch'ing officials had given the rebel band the opportunity to grow to our commerce,our science,our curiosity,and all the influences of our some thirty thousand men by 1850.Two years later the rebels struck civilization."A Catholic missionary,though finding the Taiping north,gathering hundreds of thousands of recruits along the way.In religion"a compilation of doctrinal rhapsodies,rather than the adop- 1853,after a series of shattering victories,they seized the great city of tion of a religion transmitted by others,"still saw the rebels "as Nanking and even threatened Peking itself.3 avengers of their nationality"and noted "that they treated me with
58 TO cHANGE CHINA and let him shiP out as a second mate on the chPPer H幺 o冫o讠 Ⅰ讠o,o, cgptained by a relative and bound for China, Returning from China in the autumn of1847,he entered a n`ihˉ tary school in 、′ermont,、Vhere he got whatever book knowledge of Π)ihtary tactics he1o,as later to use,But Fnoney was short in his family at that thne,and he did not graduate,In 1849he shiPPed out agβ in, this time as a srst mate.From1849to1858he wandered the world i:nPatient】 y searching for、vealth and adventure,As he later`told the American9√ Iinister to China,Anson Budingame,he“ went to sqa when0boy,became mate of a shiP,and then was a Texas ranger, Cahfornian goldˉ 【ninc△ instructor in the Mexican serVicc, 、vas、Vith Walker[sghting in Centrθ l AmeFica]-for which he was outlawed by his government-[andl at the Crimea Ias an oⅢcer in the French armyl'’ 2Though this account is neither stricdy chronologiˉ 黜u:∶iel;1Jllζs1F∴Ⅰ:眈。氵:Tλ把u∶∶:瑟 指】f飞 :;l;tr ” broker, but he found it too dull and saned ohce m。 劣l罚 硭EJ茁嘿T絷搬fs丐谳谳跻苷 re for China, 泔ζf瑟辈 了f兜洳屮盛砦烈窟玑挲aF牦#蓠rt摞 called themselves:ΓaiPings。 These leaders had developed their Po、 ver in the southern Prov¨ 招 滞 以 :瑟 f怒 考 嬲 帮 拉 曜 r#丸 提谔$掇 north,gatheFing hundreds of thousands of recruits along the way,In 1853,after a series of shatteringˇ ictories,they seized the great city of Nanking and even threatened Peking itself,B CLOR10us DAYs OF LooT1NG 59 Atthe Jme J Ward’ s arovd h shangh西 they漩re涮l srm” 摞Ⅳa豆i忿t肿贯l糊9￡犭掇咫耜1挠毖l导 槭 he beheved,was to estabhsh the“ (1卩 a⒈P’ ing t’ 搬 ien-kuo)in China and bring his PeoPle back to know⒈ 谶邋鹦He卩venly Kingdom of Great Peacd’ 擀鹋搬瓒 edge of the true God, “Λ汀y hand n0、 v holds both in heaven and earth the Po、 ver to Punish and kⅡ l,” he wrote;“ to slay the depraved, and sPare the upright;to reheve the peoPle’ s distress,My eyes survey fro,n the North to the south beyond the rivers and mountains;my voice is heard from East to West, to the tracts of the sun and the moon,’’4∷ Hun吵 “ool,s followed him with fanatic时 byalty and were su卜 ject to iron disciPline.A。 the9advanced across the country a1l those who resisted were slaughⅡ red,those who s山 Ⅱendere-were sp犭 red, Hung飞 followers had to obey the actates。 f his reli妒 on,which were adaPted fr。 m the Ten Commandments.The sexes were segregated, oPium smdong、 vas forbidden,Land was shared and a11surPlus Paid into a common treasury, ChvⅡ service exaⅡ 1inadons were instituted, based,not on the Confucian canon,but on the new doctrines。 5 Western obsρrvers,initially fascinated by these rebels and sympaˉ thetic to theiF Christian asPira“ ons,felt it、 vould be no nlisfortune if the'ΓaiPings overthrew the Ch’ ing dynasty。 AB|tish Piotestant in 1853Pointed out four“ advantages which will accrue to China from success on the side of the insurgentζ dissemination of the scoPtures,iddatry would be sr” ` China would be opened to the ly Put down, oPium tra岱 c would be stopped,and‘ ‘China、vⅡl be fully oPened to our CoⅡunerce,our science,our curiosity,and al1the innuences of our civⅡ ization。 ’’O A Cathohc n1issionary, though snding the TaiPing rehgion‘‘a compilation of doctrinal rhaPsodies,rather than the adoPˉ tion of a rehgion transn】 itted by others/’ still saw the rebels ‘‘as avengers of their nationahty” and noted ‘‘that they treated me with
60 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 61 respect."7 And these sentiments were generally echoed at home. Indian's,"10 he must have seemed an odd-looking figure against a Marx and Engels in articles they sent to the New York Daily Chinese backdrop.He immediately set about finding employment. Tribune from London wrote,"In short,instead of moralizing on the His first post was as a mate on a Yangtze steamer serving local trade. horrible atrocities of the Chinese,as the chivalrous British Press does, When Taiping forces threatened Shanghai in the spring of 1860,he we had better recognize that this is a war pro aris et focis [for faith transferred to be "first officer of the American-built Gun-Boat 'Con- and hearth],a popular war for the maintenance of Chinese national- fucius,commanded by an Englishman named Gough.The steamer ity,with all its overbearing prejudice,stupidity,learned ignorance, was one of a considerable fleet of larger and smaller craft extem- and pedantic barbarism if you like,but yet a popular war." porized to meet the exigency by the business-men of Shanghai, Desperate to contain the Taipings,the Ch'ing dynasty reluctantly whose mouth-piece in dealing with the Imperial Government was condoned the development of regional armies.These armies were Taki,a native Banker of great prominence and wealth." controlled and led by powerful officials in central China;the soldiers Ward decided to exploit the situation.In May 1860 he ap were usually peasants,with strong local allegiances,owing loyalty proached Taki with the following proposal:why shouldn't the only to their own commanders.Unlike the regular Manchu forces, Shanghai merchants,whose lives and property were threatened,form they were well trained and even well paid as their commanders a privately financed anti-Taiping army under Ward's command? collected the traditional land taxes and instituted new taxes on com- After some consultation,Taki agreed to this novel and daring merce,bypassing the national government treasury.Simply to pre- scheme.The Chinese merchants contracted to pay Ward $100 a serve itself,the Ch'ing dynasty had had to delegate enormous powers month for each enlisted man,$600 a month for officers,and to pay a to these officials.Nor was this the only trouble confronting the lump sum for every town captured,on a sliding scale from $45,000 to Court;other rebellions broke out in the north and west of China; $133,000 according to the size of the town concerned.The merchants while at the same time the Western powers were brusquely demand. also agreed to furnish food for Ward's force and funds with which he ing first implementation and then expansion of the terms of the could buy arms. Treaty of Nanking.China's intransigence in this regard precipitated In the force itself,Ward planned to use Chinese only as guides the second Anglo-Chinese War in the late 1850's,and in 1860 after a and interpreters,raising his troops elsewhere.This decision was in British representative had been imprisoned and some of his entourage line with the feeling common among treaty-port Westerners that the killed,allied forces occupied Peking.On the orders of Lord Elgin, Chinese were cowardly and inferior beings.As one young English the great Summer Palace of the Manchus,parts of which had been officer in Hong Kong at this time observed:"I am afraid we bully designed in the eighteenth century by Jesuits,was burned to the them a good deal.If you are walking about and a Chinaman comes in ground;the Emperor fled.It seemed that the Ch'ing dynasty, your way,it is customary to knock his hat off,or dig him in the ribs wracked by domestic rebellions and invaded by the West,would with an umbrella.I thought it a shame,and remonstrated with the surely fall. fellow who was with me today for treating a poor beggar of a Stifled by an office in New York,Ward thankfully turned to this Chinaman in this way;but he assured me that if you make way for disputed China of 1859.It was just the place he had been seeking, them they swagger and come in your way purposely.The French one that offered enormous opportunities to a young adventurer.Only soldiers treat them even more roughly than we do."2 The result of twenty-seven years old,"quick,nervous and animated in his move. this attitude was that a Westerner considered any European to be ments,and his thick raven hair hanging over his shoulders like an superior in battle to ten or fifteen Chinese soldiers,a view common to
勰 ∵ Ⅰd呵 g墅混 w掖 nWeΙ ′ n:er紫 挖 肚 赢 慨 ; Γ″b仍刀召from London wrote,“ In short,instead of【Ⅱorahzing on the horrible atrocities of the Chinese,as the chivalrous British Press does, we had better recogn弦 e that th、 `a咖 ar pro伢″sε疹foc讠 。[for faith and hearthl,a PoPulθ r、var for the maintenance of Chinese nationa⒈ ity,with all its overbeaong prejud沁 e,stuPidity,learned ignorance, and Pedantic barbarism if you like,but yet a poPular、 vai.”ρ DesPerate to contain the∶ ΓaiPings,the Ch’ ing dynasty reluctandy condonod the devdoPment of re妒 onal a亡mies,These arm始 s were Contro11ed and led by Powerful ofncials in central(3hina;the soldiers Ⅲ|丨:【∮{丨 t甘描l芽瞽:∶∶il{!丨l丨|丨丨:;∶ collected the traditional land taxes and insdtuted ne、 v taXes on coΠ ⒈ merce,-yPasζ ng the national government treasury。 simPly to Preˉ F猛罗盏蕊fh锞|I∶∶s%七哏a】扌r絷抚e焦肼湍W Court; other-ebellions bFoke out in the north and west of China; 〗l;丨 j扌 |i1坩 :卩:1拮.忄l弘rΙ&u∶T111tE甘玉 :屋T】生⒊出扌 one that ofered enormous oPPortunities to a young adventurer。 Only tu,entyˉ seven yeaFs old, ‘‘quick, nervous and ani【 nated in his moveˇ ments,and his th沁k raven h⒋ r han{:Iing ovcr ho shoulders hke an GLORIOus DAYs OF LooT【 NC 61 Indian’s/’ 10 he must have seemed an odd-looking sgure against a Chinese backdroP, He immediately set about ￡nding emPloyment, ⒈Iis εrst Post、vas as a mate on a Yangtze steamer serˇ ing local trade。 When Taiping forcos threatened shanghai in the spring of 1860,he transferred to be‘ ‘srst o隅 cer of the American乇 uilt Gun-Boot‘Confuciuζ ,commanded by an Englishman named Gough,The steamer 、vas one of a considerable Reet of larger and smaller craft exteni Porized to meet the exigency by the business△ ηen of Shanghai, whosρ mo讧th¨ Pieco in dealing with the1mpooal Government was Taki,a native Banker of great Pron1inence and wealth,’ ’工1 Ward decided to exPloit the situation, In Λ汀ay 1860 he aPˉ Proached Taki 、vith the following proPosal: 、vhy shouldn’ t the Shanghai lη erchants,、 vhose lives and ProPerty were threatened,for:m a Privately ⒔nanced anti-TaiPing arlη y under Ward’s coⅡunand冫 After some consultation, Taki agreed to this novel and daring scheme,The Chin∝e merchants contracted to Pay Ward$100a month for each enlisted man,$600a month for oracers,apd to Pay a ;;∴ also agreed to furnish food for、 :〗;龇凭蠲::I11F旯 嗷 汛/ard’ f‰ s force and funds 毖嘿:,哏 Ⅵ :苷:∫Ⅰl:Ⅰ∶ `ith、 vhich he could buy arlns. In the force itssl鸟 Ward Planned to use Chinese only as guides and interPrete‘ ,raisin宫 his tr。 。ps elsewhere,This deosion was in line with the feeling common among treatyˉ Port westemers that the Chinese were cowardly and inferior bongs,As one young Enghsh 。fncer in H。 ng Kong at this-ime observed:“ I am ahaid we bully then1a good dea1,If you are walking about and a Chinaman co” es in your l1vay,it is customary to knock his hat ofF,or dig him in the ribs w油 呷 umb℃lla,I tllought h a shΔms and remonstrated with the fellow who was with me today fρ r treating a p∞ r beggar of a Chinaman in thk way;but he assured me that if you make way for them they swagger and come in your way Purposeˇ,The French soldiers treat thenl even m0re roughly than、 ve do,” 12冖Γhe result of this attitude Ⅵ7as that a Westerner considered any EuroPean to be suPerior in battle to ten or f【 fteen Chinese soldiers,a vieu,common to
62 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 63 Westerners even in the present century.Ward would learn his lesson led by another European mercenary,an ex-British first lieutenant much sooner. named Savage.Ward's force was mauled in two assaults,and he Having chosen two lieutenants,Edward Forrester (who had been himself was badly wounded.He lost his artillery,his gunboats and with Ward in Central America)and Henry Andrea Burgevine (a his entire provision train.It was the worst defeat of his career in Southerner who,like Ward himself,had arrived in China as the first China,and when he returned to Shanghai to rebuild his army,he mate on a clipper ship),Ward began to comb the Shanghai water- was met with hostility and scorn.The Shanghai North China front for recruits.In those days,as many as three hundred ships Herald commented in August 1860:"The first and best item...is could be found anchored in the harbor;so it was not a difficult matter the utter defeat of Ward and his men before Tsingpu.This notorious to induce layover sailors and navy deserters into joining a high-paying man has been brought down to Shanghai,not,as was hoped,dead, military adventure.Having given three weeks'training to a motley but severely wounded in the mouth,one side and one leg....He force of about two hundred men,Ward decided to attack Sungkiang, managed to drag his carcass out of danger,but several of his a walled town held by the Taiping forces,about thirty miles south- valourous blacks were killed or wounded....It seems astonishing west of Shanghai.With no artillery to breach the walls,he counted that Ward should be allowed to remain unpunished,and yet not a on surprise to bring him victory.But,as Ward was to recount later, hint is given that any measures will be taken against him."14 his men,by drinking all night,had raised"such a hell of a noise,"that It seemed that Ward's China career was finished.Taki was unwill- the Taipings were more than ready for them.Ward was forced to ing to support him further.The commander of the British naval retreat with heavy losses and pay off his force.His first attempt to forces,Admiral James Hope,was furious that Ward had encouraged form his own army in China had ended in fiasco.13 his sailors to desert.The foreign community in Shanghai was openly Undaunted,he returned immediately to Shanghai and,despite contemptuous.Ward was still without an army and recovering from the ridicule of the foreign community,began recruiting a new force, his wounds when,on May 19,1861,he was arrested by Admiral this time on a more rational basis.First he accepted the service of Hope for having defied the Allied declaration of neutrality in the Vincente Macanaya,a young Filipino soldier of fortune with a great civil war.At his court hearing,Ward insisted he was a naturalized following among the Manilamen on the docks of Shanghai.Maca- naya was able to bring with him about two hundred of his followers. subject of the Ch'ing government,but this claim was untrue and Hope ignored it,imprisoning him on board his ship the Chesapeake. To these Ward added half a dozen Western drillmasters (mostly In June 1861,the North China Herald noted:"[Ward's]force is deserters from the British navy)and a small amount of artillery.By now disbanded.Some have probably suffered capital punishment at the middle of July 1860,he was back in front of the walls of the hands of the Chinese,some have fallen in action,some are Sungkiang.With the help of accurate artillery fire,and after fierce expiating their offences against our laws in common jails,and some hand-to-hand fighting with the Taiping troops,the city was taken. few have escaped it is hoped with sufficient examples before them The reward money for the capture of Sungkiang and the possibil- never to again engage in such an illegitimate mode of earning a ity of future looting drew more recruits from the Shanghai water- livelihood as enrolling themselves in such disreputable ranks as those front.With his newly bolstered force and his newly bolstered con- of a Chinese Foreign Legion. fidence,Ward decided to attack Tsingpu,a larger city in Taiping Yet the self-righteous hostility of most Westerners in China hands.But he had overestimated the abilities of his troops.At toward Ward hardly reflected the realities of their position.For,like Tsingpu he found a well-armed Taiping force behind strong walls, Ward,the Western powers were"adventurers."They had arrived by
62 TO cHANGE CH1NA ll/esterners even in the Present century,、 氵1严 ard访ould learn his lesson much sooner, Jw鞯{s邕扼∫器:∶强;’ 驷酞⒎苜艮fl甘1∶安π∶∶ e嚣 Southerncr xl`ho,like、01⒎ ard hin1self,had arrived in China as the flrst 茁Nr℃摺:絮咄芒%拧嗫 nJ∶ J∶:投f℃絮d黥 could be found anchored in the harbor;so it xx冫 as nota dⅡ⒔Cult matter 蹒擀 lWl蚶饭拊脶苕槭 即:挠雠:丨 l∶∶讠⒏掐嘿暴搬:;sf;c:i∶ nghεⅡ and,des口 ∞ 抵1帑以袋p焦f昱哏;y‰扌秽愚J岁哏甜括曝 嫩 槲槲躏 ￡dence, Ward decided to attack Tsingpu, a largor oity in TaiPing hands. But he had overestimated the abilities of his trooPs· At Tsingpu he found a well⒓ rmed T加 Ping force behind strong walls, CLOR10us DAYs OF LooT1NC 63 led by ρnother EuroP0an mercenary, an exˉ British srst he。tenant named savage,、Vards force was mauled in two assaults,and he 扛F罗:茗:∶ 窍;刂括J潸;i;:F挠 ‰扌刂招橡‰r皙邕Ft 豳 the utter defeat of Ward and his Fnen before Tsingpu.This notorious 摊 抻槭搦:芤蝴榭tjr御馋 man has been brought do、 vn to Shanghai,not,as was hoPed,dead, but sevcrely、vounded in the mouth,one side and one leg, 。 , , He managed to drag his carcass out of danget, but several of his valourous blacks were kⅢ ed or wounded,… ,It seems asto“s“n。 that Ward should be aⅡ owed to remain unPunished,and yet not a hintis given that any measures、 vⅡl be taken against him.” 14 Itseemed that Ward`China career was snished,Tab was unwillˉ ing to support him further。 The commander of the British naval forces,Admiral James HoPe,was furious that、 Vard had encouraged his sailo‘ to desert,The foreign communi哕 in shangho was oPenly contemPtuous· Ward was stⅡ l without an army犭 nd recoveⅡ ng from his wounds when,on May19,I861,he was arrested by Admiral Hρpe for ha访ng desed the Allied declaraton of neutrality in the c玉 vⅡ 、var。 At his court hearing, Ward insisted he was a naturalized subject of the Ch’ hg government,but this claim was untrue and HρPe ignored it,imPrisoning him on board his shiP the c‰ εs伢 `ε ‘,1kε ∶ In June1861,the Nor屁 C‰饣伢Hε `伢 Jd noted:“ [Ward创 force k no、v disbanded,some have Probably suσ ered caPital Punishment at the hands of the Chinese, some haVe fallen in action, some are exu狂ing their ofFences ag缸nst our laws in comluon弘ils,and some fe访 have escaPed it is hoped with su路 cient examPles before them neVer to again engage in such an Ⅱlegithnate 甲ode ρf earning a hvehhood as eFrolling themselves in such disrePutable ranks as those of a Chinesc Foreign Legion,” r° Yet the oel⒈ righteous hostility of mo班 Westerners in China toward Ward hardly regected the reali-ies of their Posidon.For,like Ward,the V1/estern Po、 vers、vere‘‘adventurers,” They had arrived by
64 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 65 sea and settled,by means of guile and coercion,onto the Chinese Ch'ing,in turn,began unwillingly to cooperate."It is just that there coast.Moreover,their diplomatic and military representatives had is a danger (fear)that if we do not make them our allies they may be great freedom of action since it took so long for them to request or used by the rebels.The harm in that would be incalculable,"said receive instructions from their home governments.Often they were Prince Kung,new chief minister of the central government.17 out to get what they could for themselves or their own countries by But in May 1861,Ward,under arrest in a cabin on the Chesa- any means possible,and accordingly their loyalties went not to the peake,had yet to feel the effects of this change in policy.Contriving Ch'ing dynasty but to whatever groups in China best promised to to escape dramatically-leaping at night through a porthole,and forward their interests.The constant friction inherent in this situa- being whisked away by a waiting junk to cries of"man overboard"- tion had led twice in thirty years to open warfare with the Chinese his only recourse was to hide out with the remnants of his Sung government.From their point of view the Ch'ing had"paid"them kiang garrison.Later that summer Admiral Hope,now of a different well enough,but they would have been willing to support the mind,having visited the Taipings in person in an unsuccessful Taipings,had the Taipings offered them greater benefits.In addition, attempt to obtain a guarantee for the security of Shanghai,invited early missionary accounts of the Taiping's "Christianity,"had im- Ward and his lieutenants to a conference on board the Chesapeake, pressed most Westerners,and positive reports of their discipline and assuring them of safe conduct.At this conference,Ward offered the order (order being one thing congenial to trade)had also infuenced admiral a new plan.In his escapades he had learned from the Western public opinion. Taipings themselves that Chinese soldiers,well armed,well trained, The Westerners were further encouraged when a new Taiping and well led,made fierce fighters.Thus "he abandoned the enlist- leader,Hung Jen-kan,came to the forefront in 1859.Hung Jen-kan ment of deserters and turned his attention to recruiting a native force tried to bring the Taiping religion closer to conventional Protestant to be commanded by European officers and patiently drilled in the tenets and to reestablish contact with the Western powers.He drew European School of Arms."This was a revolutionary,and to Western- up an ambitious program of "modernization,"planning to introduce ers in Shanghai a laughable,project.In return,the admiral "winked railroads,post offices,banks and insurance to the rebel-held areas. at the fact that there were still a number of British deserters But Hung Jen-kan lost out in a power struggle among rebel leaders, employed as drillmasters at Sungkiang,"where Forrester and Burge and in 1860 fresh Taiping forces began to approach and menace vine had held together a nucleus of the old force during Ward's Shanghai,spreading chaos in the surrounding areas and prohibiting imprisonment.18 trade in opium.Western opinion began slowly to undergo a change. Ward worked fast and efficiently with his new Chinese recruits, This change was indirectly linked to the successful ratification of the who were mostly local Kiangsu men."After a little training they Treaty of Tientsin in 1860,which gave the Western powers the right learned their drill thoroughly,became fairly good marksmen and to open new treaty ports and to trade along the Yangtze River (much knew how to handle and care for their English muskets and Prussian of which was controlled by the Taipings).With these new rights, rifles.Commands were given in English.The Chinese readily learned Westerners began to feel that it was,in fact,the Taipings who were these commands,and the bugle calls.Artillery practice baffled them delaying the Western advance and endangering Western economic at first,but after some instruction they made rapid progress in it and interests in Shanghai.The stated Western policy of"neutrality"in before they were ready to take the field many of them had become the Chinese civil war came slowly and fitfully to be an active "neu- expert gunners....The whole force was well-clad and well- trality"in favor of a quiescent China under the Ch'ing dynasty.The equipped.It wore a uniform something like that of the Zouaves or
64 TO cHANcE CH【 NA sea and setded, by means of guⅡ e and coρ rcion, onto the Chinese coast, Moreover, their diPlomatic and n1ihtary representatives had great freedon1of action since it took so long for then1to request oi receive instructions fron】 their home governments, often they、vere out to get、 vhat they could for themselves or their own countries by any means Possible,and accordingly their loyalties、 vent not to the Ch’ing dynasty bu!to whatever grouPs in China best oro” i∞d to for、vard their interests。 The constant friction inherent in this situaˉ 搬圩爿万留茹⒒岁⒒万T抚T∶le吧扌渑钳雀iP∷嚣 、i`e1l enough, but they would have been wⅡ hng to suPport the TaiPings,had the″ ΓaiPings ofered thenl greater benests,In addition, early misoiopary accounts of the TaiPing’ s“Christianity/’ had in卩ˉ Pressed most Westerners,and positive rePorts of their disciphne and order(order be,ng one:hing congenial to伫 rade)had also inRuenced Western Pubhc oPinion, The Westerners were further encouraged When a ne、 v Taiping leader,Hung Je艹 kan,came to the forefront h1859,Hung Je艹 kan tried to b。ng the TaiPing rehgiop closer to conventional PFOtestant tenets and to reestabhsh contact、 vith the Western po、 vers, He dre、 v uP an ambitious Program of‘ 、nodernization`’ Planning to introduce raⅡ roads, Post omces,banks and insurance to the rebe⒈ held areas,Ⅰ 0、 But Hung Jenˉkan lost out in a Power struggle among rebd leaders, and in 1860 fresh Taiping foFces began to aDProach and menace shanghai,sPFeading chaos in the surrounding a亡 eas and Prohibiting 慨 of whkh was controlled by the TaiPings),、 VVesterners begah to feel that it was,in fac:,the'Γ 嬲黝l槲槲Vith these new rights, 鹦 aiPings who wero 鞲 delaying the Western advance and ehdangering Westε rn econoΠ iic interests in Shanghai,The s仕 ated Western Pohcy of“ neutrahty” in the Chinese civn war came slowly and stfully to be杏 n βctive‘ ‘neutrality” in favor of a quiescent China under tho Ch’ ing dynasty,The CLORI0us DAYs OF LooTINC 65 Ch1n⒏ in tum,began unw山 ndy∞ ∞operatc。 △t is just tha"hem `r1∶ 阝⒎f锶〕∶∴钒:椋焦∵烈 k喂甜泔烈扌∷讠;夺严:括 P|:Ⅰ 智佯L;eI奋 ::∶ s;氵:扌f::∶∫皙;呈:呷 Ft黥哏c拓m= 笸辍龇鞯韫1I甙搬热恙 茹堪洋潲Ⅵ俏露萝扌r扌Ξ阝F扌 搀睽 黼 荃 t硷i鞴艹筷 熟撇 拂嬲 eFs in Shangh甜 舜盏獬 a laughable,Pr叻 栉鞯:蹦eα,In return,the ad“ 撇 kal“ 燃 winked at the%ct that there wcre still a number of Brit、 h deserters 揪l琚 impHsonment。 疏扩丑8摞浓:Fy招砦胪诏皙F器r栋猡挠镦 Ward worked fast and emoently with his,ow Chinese recruit蜕 who were mostly local Ki。 ngsu men,“ After a little traihing they learned their drⅡ l thoroughly, became f仓 irly good marksmen and kne、v how to handle岔 nd care for thcir English muskets and Prussian riHes,Commands were妒 ven in English。 The C"nese rea由ly learned these commands,and the bugle salls,Artillery Practice bamed tbem at srst,but after some instruction they made raPid Progress in it and before they u,ere ready to take the seld many of them had bec° me exPert gunners,,,。 The whde force was 切dl℃】ad and wel⒈ equⅡped。 It wore a u“ form something hke that of the zouaves or