66 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 67 the British Sikhs."The most promising of the Chinese soldiers was within this zone that Ward's trained Chinese force,later named were made noncommissioned officers.The Manilamen were brought the "Ever-Victorious Army"by the Chinese government,did its fight up to their former strength,and Ward used them as his personal ing,normally as an auxiliary to British,French and Ch'ing troops. bodyguard.In the autumn the new army won its first victories. Ward proved a brave and effective leader of men within the limits Admiral Hope was so impressed that he agreed to keep Ward sup- of his opportunities.The governor of Kiangsu,Li Hung-chang,wrote plied with arms,artillery and ammunition.By winter 1861 Ward had that "Ward who valiantly defends [Sungkiang]and [Tsingpu],is a force of about three thousand men under his command,with indeed the most vigorous of all [the foreigners].Although until now adequate artillery,steamers for transport,and the active support of he has not yet shaved his hair or called at my humble residence,I the British authorities in the area. have no time to quarrel with foreigners over such a little ceremonial His former Shanghai critics were now all behind him."The matter,"22 Whilom rowdie companion of ci-devant General Walker,of Nica- Ward affected an extreme casualness in action.He "wore,in his raguan memory,"a Western supporter of the Taipings wrote sar- brief military life,no uniform or insignia of rank,the European dress castically,"mercenary leader of a band of Anglo-Saxon freebooters in to which he adhered in battle sufficiently distinguishing him from his Manchoo pay,and sometime fugitive from English marines sent to men,and he was almost always seen either in the close-fitting English weed his ruffians of their countrymen,suddenly became the friend frock-coat which came in with Prince Albert,or in the loose,blue and ally of the British and French Admirals,Generals,and Consuls. serge tunic much worn by residents of the tropics."He always stood The surprise of Ward can only have been equalled by his gratifica- out in battle and,as one observer recalled,"I never saw Ward with a tion upon finding his very questionable presence,and still more sword or any arm;he wore ordinary clothes,-a thick,short cape, doubtful pursuits,patronized and imitated.No doubt,at first he felt and a hood,and carried a stick in his hand,and generally a Manila considerably elated and vastly astonished at the idea of filibustering cheroot in his mouth."28 The use of this "stick"(actually a riding having become such an honorable and recognized profession."2 crop)and his own bravery nourished among his men a feeling of his In December 1861 the Taipings captured the treaty port of invincibility,despite the several wounds he had received. Ningpo,and Admiral Hope decided to take strong action.He visited Moreover,in spite of the thinness of his military training,Ward the rebel capital of Nanking,and demanded guarantees that other understood the kind of tactics that were needed in the fighting treaty ports would not be attacked.Since he,in turn,refused to give around Shanghai.This area was a particularly difficult one.As a any guarantees that the Manchus might not use the treaty ports as contemporary British journalist described the situation: military bases,the Taipings rejected his demands.In January 1862 they advanced again on Shanghai,with the apparent intention of It is simply impossible to seize the cunning,cruel cowards cutting off supplies and stirring up a rising inside the city.Admiral [the Taipings],in the labyrinthine lanes of the Delta.All Hope ordered British and French forces to cooperate with Ward's around they have spies on our movements,and know,as well as army,and some Ch'ing troops,in clearing a thirty-mile zone around we do what these are,so they are comparatively safe in continu- Shanghai.To justify his total abandonment of the British "neutral- ing their incendiary tactics within a few hundred yards of our ity"policy,Hope declared that "these Rebels are Revolters not only column;then off they escape through ditches and across fields, against the Emperor,but against all laws human and Divine,and it where it is impossible to get at them.This the rascals are seems quite right to keep them away from the Treaty Ports."21 It perfectly aware of,especially if pursued by foreign soldiers
括A搜 只l变‖i⒊∶J‰罴T砦0。h:∶∶℃∶∶∶∶兕瑟: adequ占谄 artillery,steamers for transport,and the acthe suPport of the BrIt】 sh author1t1es1n the area, w就J1】IJ;jf毖嗲⒒∶∶ “ 扌、o说混苈饯思a冫书:#【Ι∫1磊& 槲 and allⅤ of the British and French Adn】 辙冁麒磔irals,Generals,and Consuls, 槲轴亟 GLOR10Us DAYs OF Lo0T1NC 67 was within this zone that、 Vard’s tr西 ned Chinese force,later named the“Eve⒈Victorious Army” by the Chinese governmeht,did i“ ￡gh← ing,normally as an auxⅡ iary to BJtish,French and Ch’ ing trooPs. Ward Proved a brave and efec“ v0leader of men lvithin thρ lhnits of his oPPortunitios,The governor of Kiangsu,Li Hungˉ chang,、 viote that ‘‘Ward who vahandy defends !sungkiangl and ['Γ singPu], is 亻翟枉苜1【l犭J;`F1生 骰f社:扌喙e孟 have no thne to quarrel Ⅵ7ith foreigηers over such a litde ceremonial }滥默蒜罗 matter,” 22 Ward afFected an extreme casualness in action, I1e “、vore, ih his b“ef miⅡtary lif。 ,no unifonη or insignia of rank,the European dress t0、vhich he adhered in batde sumciendy distinguishing hi【 n from his men,and he was ahnost always seen either in the close-stting Eng⒈ sh frock℃ oat which came in with Prince Albert,or in the looζ e,blue serge tunic much worn by residents of the troPics· ”He al、vays stood out in batde and,as one observer recalled,“ I nevei saw Ward、vith a sword or any arm;he wore ordinary c】 othes,-a thick,shoFt caPe, and a hood,and carried a stick in his hand,and generally a ManⅡ a cheroot in his mouth.’ ’2: The use of this ‘飞tick” (actua11y a riding Frop)and his o、 vh bravery nourished among his nlen a feehng of his invincibility,despite the several wounds he had received, Moreover,in spite of the thinne§s of his nⅡ htary training, Ward understood the kind of tactics that 、vere nqeded in the sghting around sh容 nghai, tΓhis area was a Particularly di‘ Ecult one, As a contemporary British journali欲 descr此ed the⒍ tuaton∶ It is shnPly impossible t° seize the cunning,cruel cOwards Ithe Taiungs],in the labyrinthine lanes of the Delta,All around they have s,es on our m。 vements,and know,as well as Ll,e do、vhat these are,so1hey are comParadvely safe in continuˉ ing their incendiary tac0cs、 Vithin a fe、 v hundred yards of our column;then of thqy escape through ditches and across selds, 、vheFe it is hnPossible to get at them。 ∶Γhis the rascals are perfectly aware of,espρ cially if pursued by foreign solaers
68 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 69 encumbered with their heavy equipment.Hunting grasshop- marines and Chinese detached to cut them off did considerable pers in a hay-field with fox-hounds would be a more sensible execution,some 900 or 1,000 having been killed and wounded.... occupation than sending soldiers about a country intersected by After all was over,the village was set on fire,and the foreign troops a network of creeks,in the expectancy of catching swift-footed embarked for Shanghai."A reporter for the China Mail lyrically and slippery-skinned Tai-pings. recounted another attack:"The scene was now most picturesque.A shell had set fire to part of the city close at hand;the early morning Ward made every attempt to acquire steamships and pontoons to sun was shining pleasantly upon the fields,rich with ungathered give his troops mobility along,and control of,the waterways.In crops,and the French band played as the troops scaled the walls." addition,through careful training of his Chinese troops and the Ward and his men,despite official recognition of their role,re- judicious use of as much artillery as he could get his hands on,he mained an independent band of adventurers out for plunder.Plunder tried to minimize these disadvantages.It was this use of the gunboat also was the preoccupation of both the regular British and French and artillery which Ward's successor Gordon was to pick up and troops as well as the troops of the Ch'ing armies.One newspaper, employ to such effect. reporting on the aftermath of an allied expedition to which Ward's The war itself was fought with great cruelty,savagery,and cal- Ever-Victorious Army was attached,stated: lousness on both sides.Ward's lieutenant,Edward Forrester,recalled the moment when Tsingpu was lost to the Taipings and he was As the houses were ransacked,great quantities of valuable captured:"I suddenly realized that the insurgents were in possession jewels,gold,silver,dollars,and costly dresses were found, and were making quick work of my people.Borne aloft over their which was fair loot to the officers and men.One blue-jacket front ranks were the heads of my officers fixed on spears...The found 1,600 dollars,and several soldiers upwards of 500 each, rebels were showing no quarter and were fighting like demons.In an while many picked up gold bangles,earrings,and other orna- incredibly short time my men were entirely annihilated."The city ments and pearls set with precious stones.It was a glorious day was retaken by government forces,he added,and Li Hung-chang, of looting for everybody,and we hear that one party,who "when told that there were a great number of high rebel officials discovered the Ti-ping treasury chest with several thousand among the prisoners,expressed much satisfaction at their capture.He dollars in it,after loading himself to his heart's content,was sent the mayor of Sung-Kiang to me the next day with full authority obliged to give some of them away to lighten his pockets,which 'to cut,kill or take away those captured.'The scene that followed were heavier than he could well bear-a marked case of surpasses description.So many hundreds were beheaded that the I'embarras des richesses.The rebel stud of ponies was well streets again ran with blood;but even the European officers in my supplied also,and many of the soldiers rode back with their command agreed that the measure was necessary in dealing with such booty.29 fanatics."26 A British report of one battle states that "the rebels ran from the Ward was doing well out of the war,but he could see that his fortifications and came to a stand in the main street....Upon this, position with the foreign community-which had tried to run him the field-piece from the "Imperieuse,"in charge of Lieutenants out of town only one year before-was tenuous.Accordingly he Stuart and Richardson,swept them down with grape and canister moved with great skill to consolidate his position with the Chinese. shot;after this their retreat became a Aight,when the party of In February 1862 the governor of Kiangsu reported that"Ward has
68 TO CHANGE CH【 N^ enCun】bered 、vith their heavy equipmcnt, FIunting grasshopˉ Pers in β hayˉseld、 `冫 ith foxˉ hounds、^9ould bc a n1ore sensible occuPation than sending soldiers about a country intersected by a net、vork of creeks,in the exPectancy of catching sⅥ `ift-footed and shPperyˉ skinnqd Taiˉ Pings· ⒓刂 Ward made e1ery attemPt to acquire stoamshiPs and Pontoohs to give his trooPs mobⅡ ity along, and control 0f, the 、vater、vays, In addition? through careful training of his Chinese troops and the judicious use of as much artillery as he could get hos hands。n,he tried tO1ni?hη ize these disadvantages,It was this use of the gunboat and artillery u,hich Ward’ s successor Gordon was to Pick up and employ to such efFect, The war itself was fought with great cruelty,savagery,and callousness on both sides.、17ard’s lieutenant,Ed、vard Forrester,recalled the moment when TsingPu was lost to the T茄 pings and he was caPtured: ‘1suddenly reahzed that the insurgents were in Possession and Ⅵ`0re making quick、 vork of my people, Borne aloft over their front ranks、vere the heads of my oflceis sxed on spears。 , , ,The rebels u,ere showing no quarter and、 vere sghting like demons,In an incredibly short time my men were entirely annihnated。 9,25冖Γhe oity 、vas retaken by government forces, he added, and Li Hungˉ chang, ‘‘、vhen told that there 、vere a great number of high rebel omcials among the Prisoners,exPressed much satisfaction at their capture,He s0nt the1nayor of sungˉ Kiang tO1ne the next doy whh full authority ‘to cut,kill or take away tho⒃ captured,’ The scene that fdlowed surpasses descriPtion· So many hundreds were beheaded that the streets again ran 、vith blood; but even the EuroPean omcers in my command agreed that the measure was necessary in dealing with such fanatics。 ’”θ A British rePort of one batde states that‘ 1he rebelo ran frOIll the fortiscations and came to a stand in the inain street, , , ,IJpon tbk, t卜 e⒔eldT抬 ce from the qmP6r谛 use,” in oharge of L妃utenants stuart a。 d Rkhardson,swePt them down with graPe and canistcr sho1aftα th、 th曲 Ⅱtre犹 became a轧 ght,when the Par” of GLORIOus DAYs OF LooT1NC 69 marines and Chinese detached to cut thenl or did c。 nsiderable execution,some900or l,000having been kⅡ led and wounded, . , , After a1l was over,the vⅡ lage、vas set on sre,and the forFign trooPs embarked for Shanghai,’ ’2? A reporter for the C‰ 讠%勿 M日jJ lyrica11y :∶∶;;l男J甯:f甘:扌:∫ⅠIΙf∶玎坑冱tlf甘IJ栈留:∶∶:1∶∶1甘: sun was shining Pleasantly uPon the selds, rich 、vith ungathered t‰省絷△111:镞午:琚露lt冱:莒:品1r刂:1忿 哩:iF 甯强:ll:l;1吞 l{1∶ :罕∵黹l泔;苜扌击诺f1J刂:r絮。:甘IJtΙ 啻tRf良Ilf∶l;黼:t跚:弘S黥 As the houses、 vere ransacked, great quantities of vdluable jewels, gdd, “lver, ddla‘ , and costly dresses were found, 鞲蹭浴拶扌:盏莓寨j噔r耢弗懒 j箨 盗搬坨号垠娣鹦烈宀毖 a℃扩拮af祗毖 哩苕】∶∶淠1f滞 老‰:哏俨古璧rr户℃窝、霆喙 booty。 辎筢 20 l“扌篙 P⒊r犰罗r菇e喘黹 怼 Ward 、vas doing、vell out of the war, but he could see that his Position切ith the fofeign community~which had tried to run him 凇 鞯 捞 洒 盛 蹒 砩 轴 i轷 铍 l嵌