山东理工大享SHANDONGUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY第八章福量子力学基础
2 第八章 量子力学基础
山东理工大客量子力学的产生背景SHANDONGUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY经典物理学(Classical Mechanics)遇到的问题十九世纪末期，经典物理学“完美”的理论机械运动→Newton力学电磁现象和光→Maxwell方程热现象→热力学和统计物理学(Boltzmann&Gibbs)"The more important fundamental laws and facts of physicalscience have all been discovered, and these are now so firmlyestablished that the possibility of their ever being supplanted inconsequence of new discoveries is exceedingly remote... Ourfuture discoveries mustbe looked for in the sixth place of decimaAlbert.A.Michelson(迈克耳逊speechatthededicationof RyersonPhysicsLab,U.of Chicago1894Thereisnothing new to be discoveredin physics nowAll thatremains ismore andmoreprecise measurement-Kelvin,Lord William ThomsonAlbert A. Michelson became the firstAmerican to receive a Nobel Prize inphysics,1907
3 量子力学的产生背景 经典物理学(Classical Mechanics)遇到的问题 十九世纪末期，经典物理学 “完美”的理论 机械运动→Newton力学 电磁现象和光→Maxwell方程 热现象→热力学和统计物理学(Boltzmann &Gibbs) “The more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered, and these are now so firmly established that the possibility of their ever being supplanted in consequence of new discoveries is exceedingly remote. Our future discoveries must be looked for in the sixth place of decima” Albert. A. Michelson(迈克耳逊) speech at the dedication of Ryerson Physics Lab, U. of Chicago 1894 “There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement” - Kelvin, Lord William Thomson Albert A. Michelson became the first American to receive a Nobel Prize in physics, 1907
山东理工大客Kelvin勋爵1900年4月27日(inthemeetingoftheRoval InstitutionHofeauBMitasYOFTECHNOLoGY宣告物理学的大厦已经建成，以后只需对这座大厦作点小小的修补工作就行了；另一方面他又认为“动力学理论断言热和光都是运动的方式，可是现在，这种理论的优美性和明晰性被两朵乌云遮蔽得黯然失色了，The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory, whichasserts heat and light to be modes of motion, is at presentobscuredbytwocloudsThe first came into existence with the undulatory theory oflight...it involved the guestion 'How could the Earth movethroughan elastic solid, such as essentially is the luminiferousether?'Thesecond istheMaxwell-Boltzmanncurrentdoctrineregardingthepartition ofenergy..黑体辐射Michelson-Morley实验Kelvin,LordWilliamThomson(1824-1907)相对论量子论
4 . The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory, which asserts heat and light to be modes of motion, is at present obscured by two clouds. The first came into existence with the undulatory theory of light . it involved the question 'How could the Earth move through an elastic solid, such as essentially is the luminiferous ether?' The second is the Maxwell-Boltzmann current doctrine regarding the partition of energy . Kelvin勋爵 1900年4月27日(in the meeting of the Royal Institution of Great Britain) 宣告物理学的大厦已经建成，以后只需对这座大厦作点小小的修补工 作就行了；另一方面他又认为“动力学理论断言热和光都是运动的方式，可是 现在，这种理论的优美性和明晰性被两朵乌云遮蔽得黯然失色了” 相对论 量子论 Michelson-Morley实验 黑体辐射 Kelvin, Lord William Thomson(1824-1907)
山东理工大客口经典物理学的一些基本观点SHANDONGUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY①质量恒定，不随速度改变②物体的能量是连续变化③物体有确定的运动轨道④光现象只是一种波动经典物理学的研究范围：质量m>>原子分子速度v<<光速m.m=口高速领域v→C1-(v/c)相对论力学口微观领域一→量子力学Albert Einstein(1879-1955)
5 ①质量恒定，不随速度改变 ②物体的能量是连续变化 ③物体有确定的运动轨道 ④光现象只是一种波动 经典物理学的研究范围： 质量m >>原子分子 速度v <<光速 ❑ 高速领域 v → c Albert Einstein (1879-1955) ❑ 微观领域 →量子力学 ❑ 经典物理学的一些基本观点 ( ) 0 2 1 m m v c = − E = mc2 相对论力学
山东理工大客1.黑体辐射SHANDONGUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY背景普朗克（Planck）1900年给出了黑体辐射实验结果完美的解释。他假定组成黑体的原子(分子）只能以hV的能量吸收或发射频率为V的辐射，即能量的吸收或发射不是连续的而是一份份进行的。hv一 量子,黑体辐射示意图h = 6.626 × 10-34 J·s普朗克常量Plank假设是量子革命的开端，Planck被誉为量子论的创始人获1918年诺贝尔物理学奖
6 背景 黑体辐射示意图 h −− 量子, 34 h 6.626 10 J s 普朗克常量 1. 黑体辐射 普朗克(Planck) 1900 年 给出了黑体辐射实验结果完美 的解释。他假定组成黑体的原 子(分子)只能以 的能量吸收 或发射频率为 的辐射，即能 量的吸收或发射不是连续的， 而是一份份进行的。 h Plank假设是量子革命的开端，Planck被誉为量子论的创始人， 获1918年诺贝尔物理学奖