Chapter13 The p-block elements(I 13.1 Outline on the p-block elements 13.2 The elements of boron family X 13.3 The elements of carbon family
Chapter13 The p-block elements(Ⅰ) § 13.3 The elements of carbon family § 13.2 The elements of boron family §13.1 Outline on the p-block elements
13.1 Outline of the p-block elements 1 18 IA 1314 1516 17 0 1 A IIIA IVA VA VIA VIA He Li Be B 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 c N 0 Ne 101112 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIB 四 IB IIB Si P c1 Ax K Ca SeTi Cx n Fe Co Ni CuZn Ga Ge As Se Bx 5 Rb Sx YZ红b Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba Lu Ha Ta Re Ix Pt Au Hg Pb Bi Po At Rn Ra L红RED Sg Bh Hs 镧系 La Ce Pn Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Ex Tm Yb 钢系 Ac h Pa Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Em Md No
§13.1 Outline of the p-block elements
General features in properties of p-block elements ◆p-block elements show secondary periodic trends(二次 周期性)when descending in the same groups. 1 The p-block elements in the 2ed row (i.e.,B,C,N,O,F (only having 2s,2p orbits))are abnormal in many ways compared to the other elements in the same groups Example:1)形成配合物时，配位数最多不超过4； 2)第二周期元素单键键能小于第三周期元素单键键能 EN-N)=159E(0-0)=142EF-F)=158 EP-P)=209ES-S)=264E(C-C)=244 N,O,F原子半径小，成键时N-N,O-O,F-F键长短，未参与成键 的电子间排斥作用大，削弱了共价键的强度)
① The p-block elements in the 2ed row (i.e., B, C, N, O, F (only having 2s, 2p orbits)) are abnormal in many ways compared to the other elements in the same groups Example: 1)形成配合物时，配位数最多不超过4； 2)第二周期元素单键键能小于第三周期元素单键键能. General features in properties of p-block elements ◆ p-block elements show secondary periodic trends(二次 周期性) when descending in the same groups. E(N-N)=159 E(O-O)=142 E(F-F)=158 E(P-P)=209 E(S-S)=264 E(Cl-Cl)=244 (N,O,F原子半径小, 成键时N-N, O-O, F-F键长短, 未参与成键 的电子间排斥作用大, 削弱了共价键的强度)
2The p-block elements in the 4th and 5th rows show differ- ences (due to insertion of d block)compared to other rows Example:The oxidizing power of HBrO3 and HBrO are stronger than that of other haloid acids(HCIO3,HIO3) and perhaloid acids (HCIO4,HIO). Ee(C103/C12)=1.458V 1314151617 IIA IVA VA VIA VIA E9(Br03Br2)=1.513V E9(IO312)=1.209V Si Ga Ge As Se Br Ee(C1O4/C10,)=1.226V In Sn Sb E(BrO/BrO3)=1.763V Ee(HI0603)=1.60V
② The p-block elements in the 4th and 5th rows show differences (due to insertion of d block) compared to other rows E (ClO3 /Cl2 ) =1.458V − (BrO /Br ) 1.513V 3 2 = − E (IO /I ) 1.209V 3 2 = − E (ClO4 /ClO3 ) =1.226V − − E Example：The oxidizing power of HBrO3 and HBrO4 are stronger than that of other haloid acids (HClO3 , HIO3 ) and perhaloid acids (HClO4 , H5 IO6 ). E (H5 IO6 /IO3 ) =1.60V − E (BrO4 /BrO3 ) =1.763V − −
3The properties of last three p-block elements in the same group (elements in the 4th,5th and 6th rows) change soft-progressively (due to insertion of d-block and f-block). K+ Ca2+ Ga3+ Ge4+ AS5+ r/pm 133 99 62 53 47 Rb+ Sr2+ In3+ Sn4+ Sb5+ r/pm 148 113 81 71 62 Cs+ Ba2+ T13+ Pb4+ Bi5+ r/pm,169 135 95 84 74 more obvious less obvious
③ The properties of last three p-block elements in the same group (elements in the 4th, 5th and 6th rows) change soft-progressively (due to insertion of d-block and f-block). K+ Ca2+ Ga3+ Ge4+ As5+ r/pm 133 99 62 53 47 Rb+ Sr2+ In3+ Sn4+ Sb5+ r/pm 148 113 81 71 62 Cs+ Ba2+ Tl3+ Pb4+ Bi5+ r/pm 169 135 95 84 74 more obvious less obvious