4.1.1 Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words.The original meaning of the term is"additional manner of expression".It is one of the translation techniques for improving the structure and the message of the text.Paraphrasing refers to the process of translation in which the specific image in the original text is discarded and the meaning of the original text is directly delivered. It can be used to make the translation concise and clear without affecting the communication of the meaning of the original text when literal translation cannot make the readers of the translated language understand the meaning of the original text.The examples of paraphrasing used in the translation process are as follows. Example 3 ST:As a quick review,think-pair-share is a collaborative approach where students work together in pairs or small groups to answer a question or solve a problem.(Oakley et al,2021,p.81) TT:我们简单回顾一下，参与式教学法是一种合作方式，学生成对或成 组进行合作，回答或解决问题 Analysis:The term "think-pair-share"in the source text is a cooperative learning technique that encourages individual participation by involving all the students in one class to think about a question,pair up to discuss it,and then share their opinions in the class.In this sentence,if literal translation is adopted,it should be translated into“思考-成组-分享”.However,.target readers would be confused if it was translated this way because they don't even know this is a teaching strategy Suppose that we added up the hidden information in the former translation,then it will be“思考-成组-分享式教学法”，which isalittle bit redundant for it's frequently used in the whole text.Therefore,.the translator translated it into“参与式教学法' for it asks every student to take participation in the class via the adoption of the strategy.It seems a perfect translation for"think-pair-share"in the target text which makes the meaning well delivered with concise and clear words. Example 4 (C)1994-2022 China Academie Joumal Electronie Publishing House.All rights reserved.http://www.enki.net
9 4.1.1 Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words. The original meaning of the term is “additional manner of expression”. It is one of the translation techniques for improving the structure and the message of the text. Paraphrasing refers to the process of translation in which the specific image in the original text is discarded and the meaning of the original text is directly delivered. It can be used to make the translation concise and clear without affecting the communication of the meaning of the original text when literal translation cannot make the readers of the translated language understand the meaning of the original text. The examples of paraphrasing used in the translation process are as follows. Example 3 ST: As a quick review, think-pair-share is a collaborative approach where students work together in pairs or small groups to answer a question or solve a problem.(Oakley et al, 2021, p.81) TT: 我们简单回顾一下，参与式教学法是一种合作方式，学生成对或成 组进行合作，回答或解决问题。 Analysis: The term “think-pair-share” in the source text is a cooperative learning technique that encourages individual participation by involving all the students in one class to think about a question, pair up to discuss it, and then share their opinions in the class. In this sentence, if literal translation is adopted, it should be translated into “思考-成组-分享”. However, target readers would be confused if it was translated this way because they don’t even know this is a teaching strategy. Suppose that we added up the hidden information in the former translation, then it will be “思考-成组-分享式教学法”, which is a little bit redundant for it’s frequently used in the whole text. Therefore, the translator translated it into “参与式教学法” for it asks every student to take participation in the class via the adoption of the strategy. It seems a perfect translation for “think-pair-share” in the target text which makes the meaning well delivered with concise and clear words. Example 4
ST:At the beginning of this chapter,we mentioned an extensive that found classrooms with active learning performed impressively better than classrooms using traditional"talk and chalk"methods of lecture.(Oakley et al,2021,p.79) TT:在本章开头，我们提到一项大规模的荟萃分析，由此发现采用主动学 习法的班级要比采用传统满堂灌教学法的班级表现得更加出色。 Analysis:On Freetranslation Idioms,the translator found that"talk and chalk" is"a style of teaching in which the teacher writes on a blackboard(with chalk)and lectures the class,and it is often used to criticize such traditional teaching methods as opposed to more informal or interactive methods."So,it would be reasonable to consider"talk and chalk"opposition against the classes in the new era which embrace diversity and informal ideas.Therefore,the translator used“满堂灌for the translation of the"talk and chalk"class in the target text,which not only confirmed to the meaning of the source text,but also adhered to the idiomatic expressions used in the target text. 4.1.2 Literal Translation with Annotation Literal translation with annotation consists of two steps,of which the first one is to transfer the meaning according to its literal meaning and the second step is to add some background information to make the translation understandable for the target readers.Literal translation with annotation is adopted when a corresponding word or phrase couldn't be found in the target language due to the differences in culture and expression Example 5 ST:But as Jennifer Gonzalez of the popular blog Cult of Pedagogy points out It's not so much that particular bits of information are vital in and of themselves- although some certainly are.(Oakley et al,2021,p.54) TT:詹尼弗·冈萨雷斯(Jennifer Gonzalez)是一档颇受欢迎的博客教育学 信徒的博主，然而，她指出：并不是说某些特定信息本身就至关重要，尽管有 些的确如此。 (C)1994-2022 China Academie Joumal Electronie Publishing House.All rights reserved.http://www.enki.net
1 ST: At the beginning of this chapter, we mentioned an extensive that found classrooms with active learning performed impressively better than classrooms using traditional “talk and chalk” methods of lecture.(Oakley et al, 2021, p.79) TT: 在本章开头，我们提到一项大规模的荟萃分析，由此发现采用主动学 习法的班级要比采用传统满堂灌教学法的班级表现得更加出色。 Analysis: On Freetranslation Idioms, the translator found that “talk and chalk” is “a style of teaching in which the teacher writes on a blackboard (with chalk) and lectures the class, and it is often used to criticize such traditional teaching methods as opposed to more informal or interactive methods.” So, it would be reasonable to consider “talk and chalk” opposition against the classes in the new era which embrace diversity and informal ideas. Therefore, the translator used “满堂灌” for the translation of the “talk and chalk” class in the target text, which not only confirmed to the meaning of the source text, but also adhered to the idiomatic expressions used in the target text. 4.1.2 Literal Translation with Annotation Literal translation with annotation consists of two steps, of which the first one is to transfer the meaning according to its literal meaning and the second step is to add some background information to make the translation understandable for the target readers. Literal translation with annotation is adopted when a corresponding word or phrase couldn’t be found in the target language due to the differences in culture and expression. Example 5 ST: But as Jennifer Gonzalez of the popular blog Cult of Pedagogy points out: It’s not so much that particular bits of information are vital in and of themselves— although some certainly are.(Oakley et al, 2021, p.54) TT: 詹尼弗•冈萨雷斯（Jennifer Gonzalez）是一档颇受欢迎的博客教育学 信徒的博主，然而，她指出：并不是说某些特定信息本身就至关重要，尽管有 些的确如此
译者注：教育学信徒(Cult of Pedagogy)是一档由多位教有者组建的教有学博客， 旨在帮助世界各地的教有者在课堂教学中表现得更出色。 Analysis:Here"Cult of Pedagogy"is a popular blog run by Jennifer Gonzalez and a group of people who commit themselves to supporting educators.On the website,www.cultofpedagogy.com,Jennifer Gonzalez mentioned that she"hopes to create a vibrant,encouraging.stimulating community of teachers,supporting each other toward excellence."Under this circumstance,the translator holds the idea that Jennifer was trying to set up a website to equip the educators in the world with proper teaching methods and help each other under the guidance of pedagogy.She believes that pedagogy could help people toward excellence,she takes pedagogy as the God of teaching methods,and those educators were like cults who worship the pedagogy god.Therefore,the translation of“教育学信徒”was adopted in the target text,and background information is added as an annotation to help with the understanding of the source text. Example 6 ST:You realize from the new discussion that students are confusing the Civil War with civil rights.(Oakley et al,2021,p.56) T下：通过这次讨论，你意识到学生将南北战争和民权运动混为一谈了。 译者注：非裔美国人民权运动(African-American Civil Rights Movement,.又译为“美 国黑人民权运动")，美国民权运动的一部分，于1950年兴起，直至1970年，乃是经由 非暴力的抗议行动，争取非裔美国人民权的群众斗争。 Analysis:In this sentence,special attention should be paid to the difference between"the Civil War"and"civil rights"as what has been confused by the students in the source text.As for Chinese readers who has some knowledge of American history,.it'seasy to understand“the Civil War”,which is“美国内战”or we can say “南北战争”.However,it's not easy to understand what“civil rights”is.After searching the net,the translator found that "civil rights"is short for "African- American Civil Rights Movement",which lasts from the 1950s to 1970s,and it's a part of the American Civil Rights Movement that asking civil rights for African- (C)1994-2022 China Academie Joumal Electronie Publishing House.All rights reserved.http://www.enki.net
1 译者注：教育学信徒（Cult of Pedagogy）是一档由多位教育者组建的教育学博客， 旨在帮助世界各地的教育者在课堂教学中表现得更出色。 Analysis: Here “Cult of Pedagogy” is a popular blog run by Jennifer Gonzalez and a group of people who commit themselves to supporting educators. On the website, www.cultofpedagogy.com, Jennifer Gonzalez mentioned that she “hopes to create a vibrant, encouraging, stimulating community of teachers, supporting each other toward excellence.” Under this circumstance, the translator holds the idea that Jennifer was trying to set up a website to equip the educators in the world with proper teaching methods and help each other under the guidance of pedagogy. She believes that pedagogy could help people toward excellence, she takes pedagogy as the God of teaching methods, and those educators were like cults who worship the pedagogy god. Therefore, the translation of “教育学信徒” was adopted in the target text, and background information is added as an annotation to help with the understanding of the source text. Example 6 ST: You realize from the new discussion that students are confusing the Civil War with civil rights. (Oakley et al, 2021, p.56) TT: 通过这次讨论，你意识到学生将南北战争和民权运动混为一谈了。 译者注：非裔美国人民权运动（African-American Civil Rights Movement，又译为“美 国黑人民权运动”），美国民权运动的一部分，于 1950 年兴起，直至 1970 年，乃是经由 非暴力的抗议行动，争取非裔美国人民权的群众斗争。 Analysis: In this sentence, special attention should be paid to the difference between “the Civil War” and “civil rights” as what has been confused by the students in the source text. As for Chinese readers who has some knowledge of American history, it’s easy to understand “the Civil War”, which is “美国内战” or we can say “南北战争”. However, it’s not easy to understand what “civil rights” is. After searching the net, the translator found that “civil rights” is short for “AfricanAmerican Civil Rights Movement”, which lasts from the 1950s to 1970s, and it’s a part of the American Civil Rights Movement that asking civil rights for African-
Americans.Therefore,the translator translated it into“非裔美国人民权运动”，and then use annotation for adding some background information to make it understandable to the target readers and also enrich their knowledge during the process of teaching methods of learning. 4.2 Translating Metaphors Metaphor is to understand and experience one thing in terms of another. Newmark(2001,84)mentioned in his book"the main and one serious purpose of metaphor is to describe an entity,event or quality more comprehensively and concisely and in a more complex way than is possible by using literal language. Owing to the pervasiveness of metaphor,writers with different cultures often use it in their writings,as it is conducive to producing a vivid and concise expression Since these metaphors used by the source text author have unique cultural meanings and may be uncommon in Chinese,the translator must pay attention to target readers' understanding and responses.The translation approaches she mainly uses are literal translation and conversion ofmetaphor to sense,which means translating the implied meaning hiding behind the metaphor without retaining its image or vehicle 4.2.1 Literal Translation Newmark (2001)mentioned in his book Approaches to Translation that "provided that the image has comparable frequency and currency in the appropriate register"(p.88),reproducing the same image in the TT could be adopted for the translation of metaphor.In the case of dealing with the translation of metaphor between two different languages if they share the same or have something in common both in the vehicle and its implied meaning.literal translation could be adopted to transform the meaning of the source text and also retain its metaphor in the target text.Examples are as follows. Example7 ST:Diffuse thinking allows a student's brain to work behind the scenes. (C)1994-022 China Academie Jourmal Electronie Publishing House.All rights reserved.http://www.enki.net
1 Americans. Therefore, the translator translated it into “非裔美国人民权运动”, and then use annotation for adding some background information to make it understandable to the target readers and also enrich their knowledge during the process of teaching methods of learning. 4.2 Translating Metaphors Metaphor is to understand and experience one thing in terms of another. Newmark(2001, 84) mentioned in his book “the main and one serious purpose of metaphor is to describe an entity, event or quality more comprehensively and concisely and in a more complex way than is possible by using literal language.” Owing to the pervasiveness of metaphor, writers with different cultures often use it in their writings, as it is conducive to producing a vivid and concise expression. Since these metaphors used by the source text author have unique cultural meanings and may be uncommon in Chinese, the translator must pay attention to target readers’ understanding and responses. The translation approaches she mainly uses are literal translation and conversion of metaphor to sense, which means translating the implied meaning hiding behind the metaphor without retaining its image or vehicle. 4.2.1 Literal Translation Newmark (2001) mentioned in his book Approaches to Translation that “provided that the image has comparable frequency and currency in the appropriate register” (p. 88), reproducing the same image in the TT could be adopted for the translation of metaphor. In the case of dealing with the translation of metaphor between two different languages if they share the same or have something in common both in the vehicle and its implied meaning, literal translation could be adopted to transform the meaning of the source text and also retain its metaphor in the target text. Examples are as follows, Example 7 ST: Diffuse thinking allows a student’s brain to work behind the scenes
randomly exploring new connections while she's taking a break,or eating lunch,or clowning around during recess.(Oakley et al,2021,p.95) T下发散思维让学生的大脑能够在一些场景背后学习，比如在休息时、 吃午饭时、或者在课间四下搞怪扮丑时随意探索新连接。 Analysis:In the sentence above,the phrase"clowning around"means"acting like a clown around”in English,while in Chinese,we have the expression of“搞怪 扮丑"for the translation of“clowning”that share both the form and the meaning as what it is in the source text.Therefore,the translator adopted literal translation here as the translation can match the target language perfectly.A similar example is as follows, Example 8 ST:Unfortunately,it can be easy to fall into the trap of wanting to use the group activity to quickly check your email or get ready for the next part of the lesson.(Oakley et al,2021,p.71) TT:不幸的是，你很容易掉入陷阱，想要利用学生进行小组活动的时间来 快速检查邮箱、或为这节课下面的内容做准备。 Analysis:In the sentence above,the phrase "fall into the trap"means "get trapped"in English,and there is also an expression in Chinese which goes like 入陷阱”that share both the form and the meaning as what it is in the source text. Therefore,the translator adopted literal translation here as the translation can match the target language perfectly. 4.2.2 Conversion of Metaphor to Sense Owing to the differences between English and Chinese in grammar and expression ways,circumstances are there when appropriate expressions couldn't be found to in the TT to keep the original annotation while make the meaning well transferred.Therefore,conversion of metaphor to sense could be adopted during the translation process according to Newmark to give out the meaning of the metaphor directly.Examples are as follows, (C)1994-2022 China Academie Joumal Electronie Publishing House.All rights reserved.http://www.enki.net
1 randomly exploring new connections while she’s taking a break, or eating lunch, or clowning around during recess. (Oakley et al, 2021, p.95) TT: 发散思维让学生的大脑能够在一些场景背后学习，比如在休息时、 吃午饭时、或者在课间四下搞怪扮丑时随意探索新连接。 Analysis: In the sentence above, the phrase “clowning around” means “acting like a clown around” in English, while in Chinese, we have the expression of “搞怪 扮丑” for the translation of “clowning” that share both the form and the meaning as what it is in the source text. Therefore, the translator adopted literal translation here as the translation can match the target language perfectly. A similar example is as follows, Example 8 ST: Unfortunately, it can be easy to fall into the trap of wanting to use the group activity to quickly check your email or get ready for the next part of the lesson.(Oakley et al, 2021, p.71) TT: 不幸的是，你很容易掉入陷阱，想要利用学生进行小组活动的时间来 快速检查邮箱、或为这节课下面的内容做准备。 Analysis: In the sentence above, the phrase “fall into the trap” means “get trapped” in English, and there is also an expression in Chinese which goes like “掉 入陷阱” that share both the form and the meaning as what it is in the source text. Therefore, the translator adopted literal translation here as the translation can match the target language perfectly. 4.2.2 Conversion of Metaphor to Sense Owing to the differences between English and Chinese in grammar and expression ways, circumstances are there when appropriate expressions couldn’t be found to in the TT to keep the original annotation while make the meaning well transferred. Therefore, conversion of metaphor to sense could be adopted during the translation process according to Newmark to give out the meaning of the metaphor directly. Examples are as follows