Protective Immunity To Bacteria 1. The first lines of host defense General Factors Mechanical and chemical barriers Intact skin and mucosa Epithelial cilia Body fluid stomach acid, tears LOW pH(skin, vagina, etc. Blood-brain barrier Placental barrier
1. The first lines of host defense General Factors Mechanical and chemical barriers – Intact skin and mucosa – Epithelial cilia – Body fluid stomach acid, tears – Low pH (skin, vagina, etc.) Blood-brain barrier Placental barrier Protective Immunity To Bacteria
Eyos 1. Wash ing by tears 2. Lysozyme Respiratory tract Mucus 2, Ciliated epithelium 3. Antibody 4. Phagocytosis Skin 1, Anatomic barrier; sweat, sebum 2. Antimicrobial secretions: lactic Digestive tract acid, free fatty acids 1. Stomach acidity 3. Low H〔Gs 2. Normal flora 4. Commensal microbes 3. Intestine.Alkaline pH 4. Mechanical flushing 5. Enzymes cg. Lysozyme 6. Bacteriocins (colon Genitourinary tract 1. Wash ing by urine Immunity differs in the organs and sites 2. Acidity of urine 3. Lysozyme Germ free? 4. vaginal lactic acid Cell? Cytokines? Immune response
Immunity differs in the organs and sites Germ free? Cell? Cytokines? Immune response ?
Fever >379 Age Infant VS. early adulthood vs. aged Nutritional status Hormones -Hepatitis E is exacerbated by pregnancy Genetic factors -Host species resistance Normal microbiota Transplantation of bacteria Commensal bacteria ColIcIns, occupy ecological nIche Non-pathogenic probiotic organism lactobacilli. bifidobacteria 培菲康 bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, enterococcus treatment for dsybateriosis
Fever >37 ºC Age Infant vs. early adulthood vs. aged Nutritional status Hormones -Hepatitis E is exacerbated by pregnancy Genetic factors -Host species resistance Normal microbiota Commensal bacteria - colicins, occupy ecological niche Non-pathogenic “probiotic” organism - lactobacilli, bifidobacteria Transplantation of bacteria 培菲康 bifidobacteria， Lactobacillus acidophilus ，enterococcus - treatment for dsybateriosis
Ref Some protective factors found in body tissues and fluids Group Name Major Sources Activity against Enzymes lysozyme Serum Bacteria leukocytes Basic b-lysin Platelets Gram positive bacteria peptides and Phagocytin Neutrophils proteins Leukin Neutrophils Plakin Iron binding Transferrin Serum Bacteria proteins actoferrin Leukocytes milk Basic amines Spermine Pancreas Gram positive bacteria spermidine kidney, prostate Complement Serum Bacteria, viruses, protozoa components Peroxide Myeloperoxidase; Neutrophils Bacteria, viruses, protozoa xanthine oxidase milk Interferon Most cells but iruses, intracellular parasites not neutrophils activation of macrophages
Group Name Major Sources Activity against Enzymes Lysozyme Serum; leukocytes Bacteria Basic peptides and proteins b-lysin Phagocytin Leukin Plakin Platelets Neutrophils Neutrophils Gram positive bacteria Iron binding proteins Transferrin Lactoferrin Serum, Leukocytes, milk Bacteria Basic amines Spermine; spermidine Pancreas, kidney, prostate Gram positive bacteria Complement components Serum Bacteria, viruses, protozoa Peroxide Myeloperoxidase; xanthine oxidase Neutrophils, milk Bacteria, viruses, protozoa Interferon Most cells but not neutrophils Viruses, intracellular parasites, activation of macrophages Some protective factors found in body tissues and fluids Ref
Innate Immune Activation of complement MbL binds mannose and Pathways fucose residues on the surface of many pathogens(virus bacteria etc Lectin Pathway Classical Pathway Alternative Pathway MBL Ficolins IgG, IgM, pentraxins Microbial Membrane early events Cleavage of C3 by C3 convertase late events Inflammation Induction of Attack on Promotion of Chemoattraction phagocytosis membranes antibody production (C3a, C5a) C3b (C5b,C6,C7,C8,C9) (C3b) Chemotaxis Phagocytosis lysis C2004 New Science Press ltd
Innate Immune Activation of Complement Pathways Chemotaxis Phagocytosis lysis MBL binds mannose and fucose residues on the surface of many pathogens (virus, bacteria etc.)