羊,从而为圣经译者改“以猪译羊”为“以羊译羊“创造了客观条件! 不过,如果事不凑巧,当时当地还没有羊,那么上述圣经译者 又如何摆脱翻详上的困境呢?.那.,那也许只好去请教上 帝了。阿门! 5
从“谁得糊涂”到词语之模棱两可与翻译难 现在有些人似乎深牾糊涂哲学之三昧,甚至不惜高悬郑板桥 的手迹(复制品)“难得糊涂”,决心以“模糊科学”为依据,要“从我 做起”一糊涂一番。不问是“模糊“还是“糊涂”,当然是为一定效 益(首先当然是经济效益)服务的: 模糊或糊涂之道,其一就是干脆不下定义.例如,美国参议院 于988年以三分之的多数通过了《内线证券交易防治法案》,从 证券界人十(如美国证券交易委员会主席Ruder先生和证券同业 公会总顾问Fitzpatrick先生)认为必须明确-一何谓“内线(幕)交 易”?— 1.Both Mr.Ruder and Mr.Fitzpatrick,however,voiced skep ticism about the effectiveness of the bounty provisions of the bill, and they expressed regret thut the neu lau does not legally define what constitutes insider trading. Internutional Herull Tribune,()ciober 24,1988,p.7 其实,这一要求早已由有关单位出面向国家提出过了: 2.The SEC had urged Congress to issue a legai definition on insider trading.· -International Herald Tribune,()ctober 24,1988,p.7 这种要求明确,其动机是害的检察官扩入打击面: 3.The Securities Industry Association and others argue that the lack of a definition gives prosecutors enforcement powers that are too hroad,and does not give traders a clear idea of what is legal and what is illegal. -Ibid. 6
然而该法案的共同起草人、密歇根州l民主党人John D.I)in g山等人却害怕有了明确的定义反而给内线交易者及其代理律师 钻空子大开方便之门故宁可含混过去一有了明确的定义,检察 方面反而被动一被捆住手脚: 4.those who opposed including a specific definition in the bill,particularly Mr.Dingell,argued that any definition would make it easier for lawyers and traders to avoid technical violutions of the law und creute legal loopholes 所以修辞学不但要教人如何行文其体明确,还得教人如何含 糊其词或行文模棱两可的本事。否则,就是片面的, 比如说,目下律师对当事人所拟合同,提意见,总是说这点不 明确、那点不其体,而当事人却颇有不接受的:其所以然之“,就是 当事人的利益要求合同不明确不其体! 又如为了写推荐书或介绍书而能既不得罪被推荐(或介绍)人 又可不负法律和道义责任,则椎荐人唯有掌握模棱两可、含糊其词 的修辞手段才能八面玲珑,两头讨好: 5.Writing letters of recommendation can he hazardous -tell the truth and you might be sued if the contents are negative.Robert Thornton,a professor at Lohigh University has a collection of "vir- tually litigation proof"phraced called Lericon of Intentionally Am- biguous Recommendations,or LIAR.Here are some examples: ¥To describe an inept candidate一“】enthusiastically recom- mend this candidate with no)qualifcations whatsoever.”[竭诚毫无 保留地推荐该员/竭诚推荐:该员毫无资格〕 To describe as unproductive candidare not worth considera- tion-"I assure you that no person would be better for the job. 〔担任此职,肯定没有人会更合适了/肯定不会有人能较好胜任此 职的〕 To describe an applicant not worth consideration -"I would 7
urge you to waste no time in making this candidate an offer of em- ployment.”〔“请台端勿失时机,从速聘用此君/请台端毋腈聘用此 君而浪费时间] 不过,要写出模棱两可的原文固然很雄一有待于高手:而要 把模棱两可的英文译成汉文那就更难了一也许还得有待于翻译 大师的手笔了。余也不敏、只得退辟三舍,但这个翻译任务还是存 在的一一随着改革开放的深化,这一任务势必更为艰巨呵。故寄 厚望于读者诸君。 8
翻译的“Nosci证r a socii这”规则 词义于上下文中才见其分晓;离开上下文,词义往往就无法判 定。或者说,具体词义须具体认定:具体词义必作具体理解;其钵 词义应作具体翻译。这就令人联想到拉丁文中的-一条词语理解或 解释规则:Noscitur a sociis,这句话译成英语就是:“The meaning of a word can be gathered from its context. 例如,“pay”既可指政党,也可表示“社交叙会”。那么,究竟 是前一义,还是后一义?一这就得取决于其体七下文或具体场 合了。 同理,“party girl"可以指“党的女儿”或“女党员”,(girl parti- zan)也可j以指经岸参加社交活动的“派对姑娘”或“社交女郎”。例 如在下列引文中,“party girl”就显然不是指什么“党的女儿” 了一 She didn't remain scrawny.She grew taller and curvier,and practiced to improve on a natural allure.Then she moved to glamorous post-war Johannesburg,in 1947, soon after her 16th birthday.Here she blossomed into a perpetual party girl. -True Deteciive,September 1989,p.43 所引上下文,特别是其中的“scrawny”、“taller'”、“curvier”、 “natural”、“allure'”.“glamorous'”和“blossomed into'”等问,规定了句 中的“party girl”只能是个“社交姑娘"或“交际花”之类的角色。您 说呢? 9