What'sfiber: Processing requirements for fibers>Fibers are pulled (drawn) during spinning.Meltspinning? Wet spinning (polymer dissolvedin solvent,filamentsextrudedintonon-solvent)?Dry spinning (polymerdissolvedin solvent, solventevaporates)>Drawing orients amorphous regions, stronger fibersresult>Drawing makes fibers much stronger in direction ofdrawthan acrossit (anisotropic)
What’s fiber • Processing requirements for fibers ➢Fibers are pulled (drawn) during spinning • Melt spinning • Wet spinning (polymer dissolved in solvent, filaments extruded into non-solvent) • Dry spinning (polymer dissolved in solvent, solvent evaporates) ➢Drawing orients amorphous regions, stronger fibers result ➢Drawing makes fibers much stronger in direction of draw than across it (anisotropic)
What's fiberStructuralrequirementsforfibersSymmetrical,unbranchedpolymer·High crystallinitypromoteslinearmolecularalignment-thisis critical.High cohesiveenergy(intermolecularforces)VStrong intermolecularforcespromote·Hightenacity,fiberstrength,lowelongationhydrogen bonding:dipole-dipole:H8CH-NH-O.HO8'CENO08Ht8CENOO-H-0C-N=O1108-CH--CH-acrylicscellulosics proteins, nylonspolyesters
What’s fiber • Structural requirements for fibers ➢ Symmetrical, unbranched polymer • High crystallinity promotes linear molecular alignment – this is critical • High cohesive energy (intermolecular forces) ➢ Strong intermolecular forces promote • High tenacity, fiber strength, low elongation
History of chemical fibers> Motivation to manufacture man-made fibers.Imitate naturalfibers, eps. Silk: Improve the properties of naturalfibers, e.g.- Cotton and linen wrinkled from wear and washings- Silk required delicate handling.- Wool shrank, was irritating to the touch, and was eaten bymoths.> The early attempt:The earliestattemptin 1664,byHooke (English),. Thefirstpatentfor“"artificialsilk"was grantedinEnglandin1855toAudemarforthe spinningprocessofcellulosesolution.. SirJosephW.Swan experimentedwithforcinga cellulosesolutionthroughfineholesintoacoagulatingbath
History of chemical fibers ➢ Motivation to manufacture man-made fibers • Imitate natural fibers, eps. Silk • Improve the properties of natural fibers, e.g. – Cotton and linen wrinkled from wear and washings. – Silk required delicate handling. – Wool shrank, was irritating to the touch, and was eaten by moths. ➢ The early attempt • The earliest attempt in 1664, by Hooke (English), • The first patent for “artificial silk” was granted in England in 1855 to Audemar for the spinning process of cellulose solution . • Sir Joseph W. Swan experimented with forcing a cellulose solution through fine holes into a coagulating bath
Historyofchemicalfibers> Thefirst commercial productionThe first commercial man-made fiber was achieved by Frenchchemist de Chardonnet in 1889. His fabrics of “artificial silk"caused a sensation at the Paris Exhibition. Two years later hebuilt thefirst commercial rayon plant at Besancon, France, andsecured his fame as the “father of the rayon industry."> The subsequent man-made fibersthe American Viscose Company,formed by Samuel CourtauldsCo.,Ltd.,beganitsproductionofrayonin1910.- The first commercial textile uses for acetate in fiber form weredevelopedbytheCelaneseCompanyin1924
History of chemical fibers ➢ The first commercial production – The first commercial man-made fiber was achieved by French chemist de Chardonnet in 1889. His fabrics of “artificial silk” caused a sensation at the Paris Exhibition. Two years later he built the first commercial rayon plant at Besancon, France, and secured his fame as the “father of the rayon industry.” ➢ The subsequent man-made fibers – the American Viscose Company, formed by Samuel Courtaulds Co., Ltd., began its production ofrayon in 1910. – The first commercial textile uses for acetate in fiber form were developed by the CelaneseCompany in 1924
History of chemical fibers1959Spandex（氨1910Rayon(粘胶）1941Saran（偏氯纶）纶)1961Aramid（芳1924Acetate（醋酯）1946Metallic（金属）香族聚酰胺）1949Modacrylic1983PBI（聚苯并1930Rubber（橡胶）咪唑）（改性丙烯酸）1936Glass（玻璃）1949Olefin（聚烯烃）1983Sulfar1950Acrylic（丙烯1939Nylon（尼龙）1992Lyocell腈)1953Polyester （聚1939Vinylon（维纶）酯)
History of chemical fibers 1910 Rayon(粘胶) 1941 Saran（偏氯纶） 1959 Spandex（氨 纶） 1924 Acetate（醋酯） 1946 Metallic（金属） 1961 Aramid（芳 香族聚酰胺） 1930 Rubber（橡胶） 1949 Modacrylic （改性丙烯酸） 1983 PBI（聚苯并 咪唑） 1936 Glass（玻璃） 1949 Olefin（聚烯烃） 1983 Sulfar 1939 Nylon（尼龙） 1950 Acrylic（丙烯 腈） 1992 Lyocell 1939 Vinylon（维纶） 1953 Polyester（聚 酯）