Contents 11-11 Lubrication 603 13-17 Force Analysis-Worm Gearing 714 11-12 Mounting and Enclosure 604 Problems 720 Problems 608 14 Spur and Helical Gears 733 12 Lubrication and Journal 14-1 The Lewis Bending Equation 734 Bearings 617 14-2 Surface Durability 743 12-1 Types of Lubrication 618 14-3 AGMA Stress Equations 745 12-2 14-4 Viscosity 619 AGMA Strength Equations 747 12-3 Petroff's Equation 621 14-5 Geometry Factors I and J(ZI and Y)751 12-4 Stable Lubrication 623 14-6 The Elastic Coefficient Cp(Zg)756 12-5 Thick-Film Lubrication 624 14-7 Dynamic Factor K 756 12-6 Hydrodynamic Theory 625 14-8 Overload Factor Ko 758 12-7 Design Considerations 629 14-9 Surface Condition Factor C(Zg)758 12-8 14-10 The Relations of the Variables 631 Size Factor Ks 759 12-9 14-11 Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Load-Distribution Factor Ki(KH)759 Bearings 645 14-12 Hardness-Ratio Factor CH 761 12-10 Clearance 648 14-13 Stress Cycle Life Factors Yy and Zy 762 12-11 Pressure-Fed Bearings 650 14-14 Reliability Factor KR(Yz)763 12-12 Loads and Materials 656 14-15 Temperature Factor Kr(Ya)764 12-13 Bearing Types 658 14-16 Rim-Thickness Factor KB 764 12-14 Thrust Bearings 659 14-17 Safety Factors SF and SH 765 12-15 Boundary-Lubricated Bearings 660 14-18 Analysis 765 Problems 669 14-19 Design of a Gear Mesh 775 Problems 780 13 Gears-General 673 15 Bevel and Worm Gears 785 13-1 Types of Gear 674 13-2 15-1 Bevel Gearing-General 786 Nomenclature 675 13-3 15-2 Bevel-Gear Stresses and Strengths 788 Conjugate Action 677 13-4 15-3 AGMA Equation Factors 791 Involute Properties 678 13-5 15-4 Straight-Bevel Gear Analysis 803 Fundamentals 678 13-6 Contact Ratio 684 15-5 Design of a Straight-Bevel Gear Mesh 806 13-7 15-6 Interference 685 Worm Gearing-AGMA Equation 809 13-8 15-7 The Forming of Gear Teeth 687 Worm-Gear Analysis 813 13-9 15-8 Designing a Worm-Gear Mesh 817 Straight Bevel Gears 690 13-10 15-9 Buckingham Wear Load 820 Parallel Helical Gears 691 13-11 Worm Gears 695 Problems 821 13-12 Tooth Systems 696 13-13 16 Gear Trains 698 Clutches,Brakes,Couplings, 13-14 Force Analysis-Spur Gearing 705 and Flywheels 825 13-15 Force Analysis-Bevel Gearing 709 16-1 Static Analysis of Clutches and Brakes 827 13-16 Force Analysis-Helical 16-2 Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and Gearing 712 Brakes 832
Contents xiii 11–11 Lubrication 603 11–12 Mounting and Enclosure 604 Problems 608 12 Lubrication and Journal Bearings 617 12–1 Types of Lubrication 618 12–2 Viscosity 619 12–3 Petroff’s Equation 621 12–4 Stable Lubrication 623 12–5 Thick-Film Lubrication 624 12–6 Hydrodynamic Theory 625 12–7 Design Considerations 629 12–8 The Relations of the Variables 631 12–9 Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings 645 12–10 Clearance 648 12–11 Pressure-Fed Bearings 650 12–12 Loads and Materials 656 12–13 Bearing Types 658 12–14 Thrust Bearings 659 12–15 Boundary-Lubricated Bearings 660 Problems 669 13 Gears—General 673 13–1 Types of Gear 674 13–2 Nomenclature 675 13–3 Conjugate Action 677 13–4 Involute Properties 678 13–5 Fundamentals 678 13–6 Contact Ratio 684 13–7 Interference 685 13–8 The Forming of Gear Teeth 687 13–9 Straight Bevel Gears 690 13–10 Parallel Helical Gears 691 13–11 Worm Gears 695 13–12 Tooth Systems 696 13–13 Gear Trains 698 13–14 Force Analysis—Spur Gearing 705 13–15 Force Analysis—Bevel Gearing 709 13–16 Force Analysis—Helical Gearing 712 13–17 Force Analysis—Worm Gearing 714 Problems 720 14 Spur and Helical Gears 733 14–1 The Lewis Bending Equation 734 14–2 Surface Durability 743 14–3 AGMA Stress Equations 745 14–4 AGMA Strength Equations 747 14–5 Geometry Factors I and J (ZI and YJ) 751 14–6 The Elastic Coefficient Cp (ZE) 756 14–7 Dynamic Factor Kv 756 14–8 Overload Factor Ko 758 14–9 Surface Condition Factor Cf (ZR) 758 14–10 Size Factor Ks 759 14–11 Load-Distribution Factor Km (KH) 759 14–12 Hardness-Ratio Factor CH 761 14–13 Stress Cycle Life Factors YN and ZN 762 14–14 Reliability Factor KR (YZ) 763 14–15 Temperature Factor KT (Yθ) 764 14–16 Rim-Thickness Factor KB 764 14–17 Safety Factors SF and SH 765 14–18 Analysis 765 14–19 Design of a Gear Mesh 775 Problems 780 15 Bevel and Worm Gears 785 15–1 Bevel Gearing—General 786 15–2 Bevel-Gear Stresses and Strengths 788 15–3 AGMA Equation Factors 791 15–4 Straight-Bevel Gear Analysis 803 15–5 Design of a Straight-Bevel Gear Mesh 806 15–6 Worm Gearing—AGMA Equation 809 15–7 Worm-Gear Analysis 813 15–8 Designing a Worm-Gear Mesh 817 15–9 Buckingham Wear Load 820 Problems 821 16 Clutches, Brakes, Couplings, and Flywheels 825 16–1 Static Analysis of Clutches and Brakes 827 16–2 Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and Brakes 832 bud29281_fm_i-xxii_1.qxd 12/24/09 3:38 PM Page xiii epg Disk1:Desktop Folder:TEMPWORK:Don't-Delete Jobs:MHDQ196/Budynas:
xiy Mechanical Engineering Design 16-3 External Contracting Rim Clutches and Part 4 Analysis Tools 952 Brakes 840 16-4 Band-Type Clutches and Brakes 844 19 Finite-Element Analysis 953 16-5 Frictional-Contact Axial Clutches 845 16-6 19-1 Disk Brakes 849 The Finite-Element Method 955 16-7 19-2 Cone Clutches and Brakes 853 Element Geometries 957 16-8 19-3 Energy Considerations 856 The Finite-Element Solution Process 959 16-9 19-4 Temperature Rise 857 Mesh Generation 962 16-10 Friction Materials 861 19-5 Load Application 964 16-11 Miscellaneous Clutches and Couplings 864 19-6 Boundary Conditions 965 16-12 19-7 Flywheels 866 Modeling Techniques 966 Problems 871 19-8 Thermal Stresses 969 19-9 Critical Buckling Load 969 17 Flexible Mechanical 19-10 Vibration Analysis 971 19-11 Elements 879 Summary 972 Problems 974 17-1 Belts 880 17-2 Flat-and Round-Belt Drives 883 20 Statistical 17-3 V Belts 898 17-4 Considerations 977 Timing Belts 906 17-5 Roller Chain 907 20-1 Random Variables 978 17-6 Wire Rope 916 20-2 Arithmetic Mean,Variance, 17-7 Flexible Shafts 924 and Standard Deviation 980 20-3 Problems 925 Probability Distributions 985 20-4 Propagation of Error 992 18 20-5 Power Transmission Linear Regression 994 Problems 997 Case Study 933 18-1 Design Sequence for Power Transmission 935 18-2 Appendixes Power and Torque Requirements 936 18-3 Gear Specification 936 A Useful Tables 1003 18-4 Shaft Layout 943 B Answers to Selected 18-5 Force Analysis 945 Problems 1059 18-6 Shaft Material Selection 945 18-7 Shaft Design for Stress 946 Index 1065 18-8 Shaft Design for Deflection 946 18-9 Bearing Selection 947 18-11 Key and Retaining Ring Selection 948 18-12 Final Analysis 951 Problems 951
xiv Mechanical Engineering Design 16–3 External Contracting Rim Clutches and Brakes 840 16–4 Band-Type Clutches and Brakes 844 16–5 Frictional-Contact Axial Clutches 845 16–6 Disk Brakes 849 16–7 Cone Clutches and Brakes 853 16–8 Energy Considerations 856 16–9 Temperature Rise 857 16–10 Friction Materials 861 16–11 Miscellaneous Clutches and Couplings 864 16–12 Flywheels 866 Problems 871 17 Flexible Mechanical Elements 879 17–1 Belts 880 17–2 Flat- and Round-Belt Drives 883 17–3 V Belts 898 17–4 Timing Belts 906 17–5 Roller Chain 907 17–6 Wire Rope 916 17–7 Flexible Shafts 924 Problems 925 18 Power Transmission Case Study 933 18–1 Design Sequence for Power Transmission 935 18–2 Power and Torque Requirements 936 18–3 Gear Specification 936 18–4 Shaft Layout 943 18–5 Force Analysis 945 18–6 Shaft Material Selection 945 18–7 Shaft Design for Stress 946 18–8 Shaft Design for Deflection 946 18–9 Bearing Selection 947 18–11 Key and Retaining Ring Selection 948 18–12 Final Analysis 951 Problems 951 Part 4 Analysis Tools 952 19 Finite-Element Analysis 953 19–1 The Finite-Element Method 955 19–2 Element Geometries 957 19–3 The Finite-Element Solution Process 959 19–4 Mesh Generation 962 19–5 Load Application 964 19–6 Boundary Conditions 965 19–7 Modeling Techniques 966 19–8 Thermal Stresses 969 19–9 Critical Buckling Load 969 19–10 Vibration Analysis 971 19–11 Summary 972 Problems 974 20 Statistical Considerations 977 20–1 Random Variables 978 20–2 Arithmetic Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation 980 20–3 Probability Distributions 985 20–4 Propagation of Error 992 20–5 Linear Regression 994 Problems 997 Appendixes A Useful Tables 1003 B Answers to Selected Problems 1059 Index 1065 bud29281_fm_i-xxii_1.qxd 12/24/09 6:46 PM Page xiv epg Disk1:Desktop Folder:TEMPWORK:Don't-Delete Jobs:MHDQ196/Budynas:
Preface Objectives This text is intended for students beginning the study of mechanical engineering design.The focus is on blending fundamental development of concepts with practi- cal specification of components.Students of this text should find that it inherently directs them into familiarity with both the basis for decisions and the standards of industrial components.For this reason,as students transition to practicing engineers, they will find that this text is indispensable as a reference text.The objectives of the text are to: Cover the basics of machine design,including the design process,engineering mechanics and materials,failure prevention under static and variable loading,and characteristics of the principal types of mechanical elements Offer a practical approach to the subject through a wide range of real-world applica- tions and examples Encourage readers to link design and analysis Encourage readers to link fundamental concepts with practical component specification. New to This Edition Enhancements and modifications to the ninth edition are described in the following summaries: New and revised end-of-chapter problems.This edition includes 1017 end-of- chapter problems,a 43 percent increase from the previous edition.Of these prob- lems,671 are new or revised,providing a fresh slate of problems that do not have years of previous circulation.Particular attention has been given to adding problems that provide more practice with the fundamental concepts.With an eye toward both the instructor and the students,the problems assist in the process of acquiring knowledge and practice.Multiple problems with variations are available for the basic concepts,allowing for extra practice and for a rotation of similar problems between semesters. Problems linked across multiple chapters.To assist in demonstrating the linkage of topics between chapters,a series of multichapter linked problems is introduced. Table 1-1 on p.24 provides a guide to these problems.Instructors are encouraged to select several of these linked problem series each semester to use in homework assignments that continue to build upon the background knowledge gained in previous assignments.Some problems directly build upon the results of previous problems,which can either be provided by the instructor or by the students'results from working the previous problems.Other problems simply build upon the back- ground context of previous problems.In all cases,the students are encouraged to see the connectivity of a whole process.By the time a student has worked through XV
Objectives This text is intended for students beginning the study of mechanical engineering design. The focus is on blending fundamental development of concepts with practical specification of components. Students of this text should find that it inherently directs them into familiarity with both the basis for decisions and the standards of industrial components. For this reason, as students transition to practicing engineers, they will find that this text is indispensable as a reference text. The objectives of the text are to: • Cover the basics of machine design, including the design process, engineering mechanics and materials, failure prevention under static and variable loading, and characteristics of the principal types of mechanical elements • Offer a practical approach to the subject through a wide range of real-world applications and examples • Encourage readers to link design and analysis • Encourage readers to link fundamental concepts with practical component specification. New to This Edition Enhancements and modifications to the ninth edition are described in the following summaries: • New and revised end-of-chapter problems. This edition includes 1017 end-ofchapter problems, a 43 percent increase from the previous edition. Of these problems, 671 are new or revised, providing a fresh slate of problems that do not have years of previous circulation. Particular attention has been given to adding problems that provide more practice with the fundamental concepts. With an eye toward both the instructor and the students, the problems assist in the process of acquiring knowledge and practice. Multiple problems with variations are available for the basic concepts, allowing for extra practice and for a rotation of similar problems between semesters. • Problems linked across multiple chapters. To assist in demonstrating the linkage of topics between chapters, a series of multichapter linked problems is introduced. Table 1–1 on p. 24 provides a guide to these problems. Instructors are encouraged to select several of these linked problem series each semester to use in homework assignments that continue to build upon the background knowledge gained in previous assignments. Some problems directly build upon the results of previous problems, which can either be provided by the instructor or by the students’ results from working the previous problems. Other problems simply build upon the background context of previous problems. In all cases, the students are encouraged to see the connectivity of a whole process. By the time a student has worked through Preface xv bud29281_fm_i-xxii_1.qxd 12/24/09 3:38 PM Page xv epg Disk1:Desktop Folder:TEMPWORK:Don't-Delete Jobs:MHDQ196/Budynas:
xvi Mechanical Engineering Design a series of linked problems,a substantial analysis has been achieved,addressing such things as deflection,stress,static failure,dynamic failure,and multiple component selection.Since it comes one assignment at a time,it is no more daunting than regular homework assignments.Many of the linked problems blend very nicely with the transmission case study developed throughout the book,and detailed in Chap.18. Content changes.The bulk of the content changes in this edition falls into categories of pedagogy and keeping current.These changes include improved examples,clari- fied presentations,improved notations,and updated references.A detailed list of content changes is available on the resource website,www.mhhe.com/shigley. A few content changes warrant particular mention for the benefit of instructors familiar with previous editions. Transverse shear stress is covered in greater depth(Sec.3-11 and Ex.3-7). The sections on strain energy and Castigliano's method are modified in presenta- tion of equations and examples,particularly in the deflections of curved members (Secs.4-7 through 4-9). The coverage of shock and impact loading is mathematically simplified by using an energy approach(Sec.4-17). The variable orev is introduced to denote a completely reversed stress,avoiding confusion with oa,which is the amplitude of alternating stress about a mean stress (Sec.6-8). The method for determining notch sensitivity for shear loading is modified to be more consistent with currently available data(Sec.6-10). For tension-loaded bolts,the yielding factor of safety is defined and distinguished from the load factor (Sec.8-9). The presentation of fatigue loading of bolted joints now handles general fluctuating stresses,treating repeated loading as a special case (Sec.8-11). The notation for bearing life now distinguishes more clearly and consistently be- tween life in revolutions versus life in hours (Sec.11-3). The material on tapered roller bearings is generalized to emphasize the concepts and processes,and to be less dependent on specific manufacturer's terminology (Sec.11-9). Streamlining for clarity to the student.There is a fine line between being compre- hensive and being cumbersome and confusing.It is a continual process to refine and maintain focus on the needs of the student.This text is first and foremost an educational tool for the initial presentation of its topics to the developing engi- neering student.Accordingly,the presentation has been examined with attentive- ness to how the beginning student would likely understand it.Also recognizing that this text is a valued reference for practicing engineers,the authors have en- deavored to keep the presentation complete,accurate,properly referenced,and straightforward. connect Connect Engineering The 9th edition also features McGraw-Hill Connect Engineering,a Web-based assign- ment and assessment platform that allows instructors to deliver assignments,quizzes, and tests easily online.Students can practice important skills at their own pace and on their own schedule
a series of linked problems, a substantial analysis has been achieved, addressing such things as deflection, stress, static failure, dynamic failure, and multiple component selection. Since it comes one assignment at a time, it is no more daunting than regular homework assignments. Many of the linked problems blend very nicely with the transmission case study developed throughout the book, and detailed in Chap. 18. • Content changes. The bulk of the content changes in this edition falls into categories of pedagogy and keeping current. These changes include improved examples, clari- fied presentations, improved notations, and updated references. A detailed list of content changes is available on the resource website, www.mhhe.com/shigley. A few content changes warrant particular mention for the benefit of instructors familiar with previous editions. • Transverse shear stress is covered in greater depth (Sec. 3–11 and Ex. 3–7). • The sections on strain energy and Castigliano’s method are modified in presentation of equations and examples, particularly in the deflections of curved members (Secs. 4–7 through 4–9). • The coverage of shock and impact loading is mathematically simplified by using an energy approach (Sec. 4–17). • The variable σrev is introduced to denote a completely reversed stress, avoiding confusion with σa, which is the amplitude of alternating stress about a mean stress (Sec. 6–8). • The method for determining notch sensitivity for shear loading is modified to be more consistent with currently available data (Sec. 6–10). • For tension-loaded bolts, the yielding factor of safety is defined and distinguished from the load factor (Sec. 8–9). • The presentation of fatigue loading of bolted joints now handles general fluctuating stresses, treating repeated loading as a special case (Sec. 8–11). • The notation for bearing life now distinguishes more clearly and consistently between life in revolutions versus life in hours (Sec. 11–3). • The material on tapered roller bearings is generalized to emphasize the concepts and processes, and to be less dependent on specific manufacturer’s terminology (Sec. 11–9). • Streamlining for clarity to the student. There is a fine line between being comprehensive and being cumbersome and confusing. It is a continual process to refine and maintain focus on the needs of the student. This text is first and foremost an educational tool for the initial presentation of its topics to the developing engineering student. Accordingly, the presentation has been examined with attentiveness to how the beginning student would likely understand it. Also recognizing that this text is a valued reference for practicing engineers, the authors have endeavored to keep the presentation complete, accurate, properly referenced, and straightforward. Connect Engineering The 9th edition also features McGraw-Hill Connect Engineering, a Web-based assignment and assessment platform that allows instructors to deliver assignments, quizzes, and tests easily online. Students can practice important skills at their own pace and on their own schedule. xvi Mechanical Engineering Design bud29281_fm_i-xxii_1.qxd 12/24/09 3:38 PM Page xvi epg Disk1:Desktop Folder:TEMPWORK:Don't-Delete Jobs:MHDQ196/Budynas:
Preface xvii Additional media offerings available at www.mhhe.com/shigley include: Student Supplements Tutorials-Presentation of major concepts,with visuals.Among the topics covered are pressure vessel design,press and shrink fits,contact stresses,and design for static failure. MATLAB for machine design.Includes visual simulations and accompanying source code.The simulations are linked to examples and problems in the text and demonstrate the ways computational software can be used in mechanical design and analysis. Fundamentals of Engineering (FE)exam questions for machine design.Interactive problems and solutions serve as effective,self-testing problems as well as excellent preparation for the FE exam. Instructor Supplements(under password protection) Solutions manual.The instructor's manual contains solutions to most end-of-chapter nondesign problems. PowerPoint slides.Slides of important figures and tables from the text are provided in PowerPoint format for use in lectures. .C.O.S.M.O.S.A complete online solutions manual organization system that allows instructors to create custom homework,quizzes,and tests using end-of-chapter problems from the text. Electronic Textbooks Ebooks are an innovative way for students to save money and create a greener environ- ment at the same time.An ebook can save students about half the cost of a traditional textbook and offers unique features like a powerful search engine,highlighting,and the ability to share notes with classmates using ebooks. McGraw-Hill offers this text as an ebook.To talk about the ebook options,contact your McGraw-Hill sales rep or visit the site www.coursesmart.com to learn more. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the many reviewers who have contributed to this text over the past 40 years and eight editions.We are especially grateful to those who provided input to this ninth edition: Amanda Brenner,Missouri University of Science and Technology C.Andrew Campbell,Conestoga College Gloria Starns,lowa State University Jonathon Blotter,Brigham Young University Michael Latcha,Oakland University Om P.Agrawal,Southern Illinois University Pal Molian,lowa State University Pierre Larochelle,Florida Institute of Technology Shaoping Xiao,University of lowa Steve Yurgartis,Clarkson University Timothy Van Rhein,Missouri University of Science and Technology
Additional media offerings available at www.mhhe.com/shigley include: Student Supplements • Tutorials—Presentation of major concepts, with visuals. Among the topics covered are pressure vessel design, press and shrink fits, contact stresses, and design for static failure. • MATLAB® for machine design. Includes visual simulations and accompanying source code. The simulations are linked to examples and problems in the text and demonstrate the ways computational software can be used in mechanical design and analysis. • Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam questions for machine design. Interactive problems and solutions serve as effective, self-testing problems as well as excellent preparation for the FE exam. Instructor Supplements (under password protection) • Solutions manual. The instructor’s manual contains solutions to most end-of-chapter nondesign problems. • PowerPoint® slides. Slides of important figures and tables from the text are provided in PowerPoint format for use in lectures. • C.O.S.M.O.S. A complete online solutions manual organization system that allows instructors to create custom homework, quizzes, and tests using end-of-chapter problems from the text. Electronic Textbooks Ebooks are an innovative way for students to save money and create a greener environment at the same time. An ebook can save students about half the cost of a traditional textbook and offers unique features like a powerful search engine, highlighting, and the ability to share notes with classmates using ebooks. McGraw-Hill offers this text as an ebook. To talk about the ebook options, contact your McGraw-Hill sales rep or visit the site www.coursesmart.com to learn more. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the many reviewers who have contributed to this text over the past 40 years and eight editions. We are especially grateful to those who provided input to this ninth edition: Amanda Brenner, Missouri University of Science and Technology C. Andrew Campbell, Conestoga College Gloria Starns, Iowa State University Jonathon Blotter, Brigham Young University Michael Latcha, Oakland University Om P. Agrawal, Southern Illinois University Pal Molian, Iowa State University Pierre Larochelle, Florida Institute of Technology Shaoping Xiao, University of Iowa Steve Yurgartis, Clarkson University Timothy Van Rhein, Missouri University of Science and Technology Preface xvii bud29281_fm_i-xxii_1.qxd 12/24/09 4:29 PM Page xvii epg Disk1:Desktop Folder:TEMPWORK:Don't-Delete Jobs:MHDQ196/Budynas: