thyleneEthylene is ananesthetic gas witharapidonset ofactionand arapid recovery from its anesthetic effects.Itprovidesadequate analgesia but has poor muscle-relaxantproperties.The advantages of ethylene include minimalbronchospasm,laryngospasm,andpostanesthesiavomiting.A disadvantage ofethyleneishypoxia.This gasissuppliedinredcylinders.Mixturesofethyleneandoxygenareflammableandexplosive面Nitrous Oxide国Nitrous oxide is themost commonlyused anesthetic gas?It is a weak anesthetic and is usually used in combinationwithother anesthetic drugs.Itdoesnotcauseskeletalmusclerelaxation.The chief dangerintheuseof nitrousoxideishypoxemia.NitrousoxideisnonexplosiveandissuppliedinbluecylindersCompany Logo
Company Logo Ethylene Ethylene is an anesthetic gas with a rapid onset of action and a rapid recovery from its anesthetic effects. It provides adequate analgesia but has poor muscle-relaxant properties. The advantages of ethylene include minimal bronchospasm, laryngospasm, and postanesthesia vomiting. A disadvantage of ethylene is hypoxia. This gas is supplied in red cylinders. Mixtures of ethylene and oxygen are flammable and explosive. Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide is the most commonly used anesthetic gas. It is a weak anesthetic and is usually used in combination with other anesthetic drugs. It does not cause skeletal muscle relaxation. The chief danger in the use of nitrous oxide is hypoxemia. Nitrous oxide is nonexplosive and is supplied in blue cylinders
Enflurane口Enflurane(Ethrane)isavolatileliguidanestheticthatis7deliveredbyinhalation.Inductionandrecoveryfromanesthesiaarerapid.Musclerelaxationforabdominalsurgeryisadequate,butgreaterrelaxationmaybenecessaryand may require the use of a skeletalmuscle relaxant.Enfluranemayproducemildstimulationofrespiratoryandbronchialsecretionswhenusedalone.Hypotensionmayoccurwhenanesthesiadeepens国Halothane口Halothane(Fluothane)isavolatileliguidgivenbyinhalationforinductionandmaintenanceofanesthesia.Inductionandrecoveryfromanesthesiaarerapid,andthedepthofanesthesiacanberapidlyaltered.Halothanedoesnotirritatetherespiratorytract,andanincreaseintracheobronchialsecretionsusuallydoesnotoccurHalothaneproducesmoderatemusclerelaxation,butskeletalmusclerelaxantsmay be usedincertaintypesofsurgeries.This anestheticmay begivenwith a mixture ofnitrousoxideandoxygen.Company Logo
Company Logo Enflurane Enflurane (Ethrane) is a volatile liquid anesthetic that is delivered by inhalation. Induction and recovery from anesthesia are rapid. Muscle relaxation for abdominal surgery is adequate, but greater relaxation may be necessary and may require the use of a skeletal muscle relaxant. Enflurane may produce mild stimulation of respiratory and bronchial secretions when used alone. Hypotension may occur when anesthesia deepens. Halothane Halothane (Fluothane) is a volatile liquid given by inhalation for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Induction and recovery from anesthesia are rapid, and the depth of anesthesia can be rapidly altered. Halothane does not irritate the respiratory tract, and an increase in tracheobronchial secretions usually does not occur. Halothane produces moderate muscle relaxation, but skeletal muscle relaxants may be used in certain types of surgeries. This anesthetic may be given with a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen
Isoflurane口Isoflurane(Forane)is avolatile liguid given byinhalation.Itis口usedforinductionandmaintenanceofanesthesia.Methoxyflurane口Methoxyflurane(Penthrane),avolatileliguid,provides口analgesia and anesthesia.Itis usually used in combinationwithnitrous oxidebutmay also be usedalone.Itdoesnotproducegood musclerelaxation,and a skeletalmusclerelaxantmayberequired.口Desflurane Desflurane(Suprane),a volatileliquid,isusedforinductionandmaintenanceofanesthesia.Aspecialvaporizerisusedtodeliverthisanestheticbecausedeliverybymaskresultsinirritationoftherespiratorytract.Company Logo
Company Logo Isoflurane Isoflurane (Forane) is a volatile liquid given by inhalation. It is used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane (Penthrane), a volatile liquid, provides analgesia and anesthesia. It is usually used in combination with nitrous oxide but may also be used alone. It does not produce good muscle relaxation, and a skeletal muscle relaxant may be required. Desflurane Desflurane (Suprane), a volatile liquid, is used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. A special vaporizer is used to deliver this anesthetic because delivery by mask results in irritation of the respiratory tract
FentanylandDroperidolThenarcoticanalgesicfentanyl(Sublimaze)andthe)maybeneuroleptic(majortranquilizer)droperidol(lnapsine)usedtogetherasasingledrugcalledInnovar.Thecombinationofthesetwodrugsresultsinneuroleptanalgesiawhichischaracterizedbygeneralquietness,reducedmotoractivity,and profound analgesia.Completeloss ofconsciousnessmaynotoccurunlessotheranestheticdrugsare used.Acombinationoffentanyl and droperidol may beusedforthetranquilizingeffectandanalgesiaforsurgicalanddiagnosticprocedures.Itmayalsobeusedasapreanestheticfor the inductionof anesthesia and in themaintenanceofgeneral anesthesia.Droperidolmaybe usedaloneasatranquilizer,asanantiemetictoreducenauseaandvomitingduringtheimmediatepostanesthesiaperiod,asan inductiondrug,andasanadjuncttogeneralanesthesiaFentanylmaybeusedaloneasasupplementtogeneralorregionalanesthesia.It may alsobe administeredalone orwith otherdrugs as a preoperative drug and as an analgesicduringthe immediatepostoperative (recoveryroom)periodCompany Logo
Company Logo Fentanyl and Droperidol The narcotic analgesic fentanyl (Sublimaze) and the neuroleptic (major tranquilizer) droperidol (Inapsine) may be used together as a single drug called Innovar. The combination of these two drugs results in neuroleptanalgesia, which is characterized by general quietness, reduced motor activity, and profound analgesia. Complete loss of consciousness may not occur unless other anesthetic drugs are used. A combination of fentanyl and droperidol may be used for the tranquilizing effect and analgesia for surgical and diagnostic procedures. It may also be used as a preanesthetic for the induction of anesthesia and in the maintenance of general anesthesia. Droperidol may be used alone as a tranquilizer, as anantiemetic to reduce nausea and vomiting during the immediate postanesthesia period, as an induction drug, and as an adjunct to general anesthesia. Fentanyl may be used alone as a supplement to general or regional anesthesia. It may also be administered alone or with other drugs as a preoperative drug and as an analgesic during the immediate postoperative (recovery room) period
SkeletalMuscleRelaxants口 The various skeletal musclerelaxants that may beused during general anesthesia are listed in Table35-3.Thesedrugs are administered to producerelaxation of the skeletal musclesduring certaintypes of surgeries,suchasthose involvingthechestorabdomen.They may alsobeused tofacilitate the insertion of anendotracheal tubeTheir onset of action is usually rapid (45 seconds to a fewminutes),and the duration of action is30minutesormore.Company Logo
Company Logo Skeletal Muscle Relaxants The various skeletal muscle relaxants that may be used during general anesthesia are listed in Table 35-3. These drugs are administered to produce relaxation of the skeletal muscles during certain types of surgeries, such as those involving the chest or abdomen. They may also be used to facilitate the insertion of an endotracheal tube. Their onset of action is usually rapid (45 seconds to a few minutes), and the duration of action is 30 minutes or more