1.1 Zhi Qian(支谦) (佛经翻译的第一阶段、草创时期) Three Kingdoms periods the first essay on translation norms ° reface to Fa Ju Jing (《法句经》序) (222-254): about thirty volumes of Buddhist scriptures in a literal manner. In the essay, Preface to Fa Ju Jing norms the translator of Buddhist classics should "follow the original intention of the author without any embroidery ”(因循本旨,不加文饰) a discussion on literal translation and free translation a core issue in the development of translation theory
1.1 Zhi Qian (支谦) （佛经翻译的第一阶段、草创时期） Three Kingdoms periods the first essay on translation norms： “Preface to Fa Ju Jing” (《法句经》序) (222-254)： about thirty volumes of Buddhist scriptures in a literal manner. In the essay ， “Preface to Fa Ju Jing” norms ： the translator of Buddhist classics should “follow the original intention of the author without any embroidery ”（因循本旨，不加文饰） a discussion on literal translation and free translation, a core issue in the development of translation theory
1.2 Dao an(道安) 佛经翻译的第二阶段、发展时期 the earliest state translation school yichang(译场) (314-385) its director advocated strict literal translation and made translation a profession A translator should translate according to the original without any addition and deduction (案本而传,不令有损言游字) Around 374, Dao An compiled A Comprehensive Catalogue of the Sutras(《综理众经自录》 a bibliography of all translations done before, the first of its kind in the history of Chinese Buddhism
1.2 Dao An (道安) 佛经翻译的第二阶段、发展时期 the earliest state translation school： yichang (译场) (314-385) its director, advocated strict literal translation and made translation a profession. A translator should “translate according to the original without any addition and deduction” (案本而传，不令有损言游字). Around 374, Dao An compiled A Comprehensive Catalogue of the Sutras (《综理众经目录》 )， a bibliography of all translations done before, the first of its kind in the history of Chinese Buddhism
1.3 Kumarajiva(鸠摩罗什) Kumarajiva (350-409) India by birth, the famous monk Kumarajiva(350-409)was invited to Chang'an in 401, a center bustling with Buddhist activities His task was to retranslate the most influential scriptures and produce definitive editions with authoritative interpretations It is he who firstly suggested that translators should sign their names in translated works. Kumarajiva's translations generally speaking, were more faithful to the original due to his years of assiduous effort and study
1.3 Kumarajiva (鸠摩罗什) Kumarajiva (350-409) India by birth, the famous monk Kumarajiva (350-409) was invited to Chang’an in 401, a center bustling with Buddhist activities His task was to retranslate the most influential scriptures and produce definitive editions with authoritative interpretations. It is he who firstly suggested that translators should sign their names in translated works. Kumarajiva’s translations, generally speaking, were more faithful to the original due to his years of assiduous effort and study
1.4 Xuan Zang(玄奘 (佛经翻译的第三阶段、全盛时期) 《西游记》 Journey to the West 《红楼梦》 A Dream of the Red mansions 《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms 《水浒》 Outlaws of the marsh Out/law 犯法后躲藏起来的人 Marsh 沼泽、湿地)
1.4 Xuan Zang (玄奘) （佛经翻译的第三阶段、全盛时期） 《西游记》 Journey to the West 《红楼梦》 A Dream of the Red Mansions 《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms 《水浒》 Outlaws of the Marsh Outlaw： 犯法后躲藏起来的人， Marsh： 沼泽、湿地）
In the Tang Dynasty, Xuan Zang (600-664), the most eminent figure of the first peak in translation history, arrived India after countless trials and brought back to the capital Chang'an 657 collections of sutras in the original. In the 19 years preceding his death, he translated 75 collections(1, 335volumes)of them, which is more than half the total translations of Buddihist scriptures done in the dynasty. Xuan Zang tried many translation methods and developed his epoch-making criteria that translation"must be faithful and intelligible to the populace (既须求真,又须喻俗)
In the Tang Dynasty, Xuan Zang (600-664), the most eminent figure of the first peak in translation history, arrived in India after countless trials and brought back to the capital Chang’an 657 collections of sutras in the original. In the 19 years preceding his death, he translated 75 collections (1,335volumes) of them, which is more than half the total translations of Buddihist scriptures done in the dynasty. Xuan Zang tried many translation methods and developed his epoch-making criteria that translation “must be faithful and intelligible to the populace ” (既须求真，又须喻俗)