Introductory Remarks about the Course I. About the course ith Chinas entry into WTO and increasingly frequent contacts interms of global economy and culture, more and more qualified translators andinterpreters are needed to advance the urse of Modemizations in thiscountry. Translation teaching has been play ing a crucial role in their trainingand from a college students point of view, translation is a very useful skillto graduate with.(The importance of translation teaching) Translation didnt become an independent course until 1978(twoyears after the end of the disastrous "Great Culture Revolution")when Chinabegan to adopt its policy of reform and pening-up. In the past, however, themain objectives of using translation tasks in foreign language teaching hadbeen to illustrate and explain grammatical points and drill certain constructionsspecially designed for this purpose. Today in China, translation is compulsory course for undergraduates in foreign language departments, We havecome to realize that the level of translation reflects the comprehensiveabilities required in foreign language study including listening, speaking, reading and writing and serves as an effective means to test a learner'spractical ability concerned. (The importance of translation) This course attempts to outline(give a general description) brieflythe knowledge and skills which must underlie the practical abilities of thewould-be translator, which mainly include: translation criteria criterion HJ a ) translation process, translation methods, translation techniques, etc. Translation has its completesystem of basic theories, specific Ispa'sifik principles andconcrete techniques and skills. It is never a kind of work that any one cancasually do who knows some foreign language and depends simply upon This course is to teach students basic theories, specific principles andconcrete techniques and skills, and to train students mainly to the ability of putting English into Chinesethrough practice. sis will be on practice. So students should learn basic theories, specific principles andconcrete techniques and skills. the main objectives oftranslation cours Il, Required textbooks and reference books Sun Zhili, A New Course book on English-Chinese Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education Press, 2011 heng Zhaowei etal. A Concise Course book On Translation. NationalDefense Industry Press 3. Xu Jianping etal. A Practical Course of English-Chinese and Chinese-EnglishTranslation. Qin Hua University Press, 2003 4 Zhang Peiji etal. Textbook for Translating English into Chinese. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1980 5. Guo Zhuzhang etal. d Practical Course in Translation behreen English andChinese. Wu Han: Wu Han University Press, 2003 6陈定安,《英汉比较与翻译》中国对外翻译出版公司,1998 Ⅲ Course Requ Students are expected to attend all classsessions the time during which a school holds classes) If you are absent, a note (a writtenexplanation) must be presented to explain the reason for the absence. When youmiss classes, remember it is your responsibility to find out what you missed. lf you are absent three times, please come tosee me immediately Assignments are due on the day announced inclass. All assignments must be submitted ON TIME. Late assignmentswill notbe accepted So prepare your assignments in advance. All class assignments will be written on the paper arranged by ourdepartment. Ⅳ. Grading: You will be evaluated on your attendance, participation in class, class assignments, and translation ability Attendance, participation, class assignments, translation ability.-30% Final Exam . 70% The passing grade for this course is 60. According touniversity regulations make-up exams are not permitted for those who get under60. That means those who score below 60 faiL. Grades are nonnegotiable I ni gau jabl under any circumstances Good English ability is an advantage in this course, but fulfillingthe requirements is the only way to achieve a high final grade. If you have problems with amy aspect of this course, please do not hesitateto see me as soon as possible Phone number: 136291 1688 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Translation Chapter 2 The Process of Translation Chapter 3 The Methods of Translation Chapter 4 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese on between Parts ofspeech in English-Chinese Translation Chapter 6 Translation of English passiveinto Chinese Chapter 7 Amplification vs Omission (Affirmation vs Negation) Chapter9 Breaking and Combining Sentences Chapter 10 Abstract vs Concrete
Introductory Remarks about the Course Ⅰ. About the course With China’s entry into WTO and increasingly frequent contacts interms of global economy and culture, more and more qualified translators andinterpreters are needed to advance the course of Modernizations in thiscountry. Translation teaching has been playing a crucial role in their trainingand from a college student’s point of view, translation is a very useful skillto graduate with. (The importance of translation teaching) Translation didn’t become an independent course until 1978 (twoyears after the end of the disastrous “Great Culture Revolution”) when Chinabegan to adopt its policy of reform and opening-up. In the past, however, themain objectives of using translation tasks in foreign language teaching hadbeen to illustrate and explain grammatical points and drill certain constructionsspecially designed for this purpose. Today in China, translation is acompulsory course for undergraduates in foreign language departments. We havecome to realize that the level of translation reflects the comprehensiveabilities required in foreign language study including listening, speaking,reading and writing and serves as an effective means to test a learner’spractical ability concerned. (The importance of translation) This course attempts to outline (give a general description) brieflythe knowledge and skills which must underlie the practical abilities of thewould-be translator, which mainly include: translation criteria （ criterion 的 复 数 ） , translation process,translation methods, translation techniques, etc. Translation has its completesystem of basic theories, specific [spə'sifik] principles andconcrete techniques and skills. It is never a kind of work that any one cancasually do who knows some foreign language and depends simply upon adictionary. This course is to teach students basic theories, specific principles andconcrete techniques and skills,and to train students mainly to the ability of putting English into Chinesethrough practice. Emphasis will be on practice. So students should learn basic theories, specific principles andconcrete techniques and skills.（the main objectives oftranslation course） Ⅱ.Required textbooks and reference books: 1.Sun Zhili, A New Course book on English-Chinese Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education Press, 2011 2.Cheng Zhaowei etal. A Concise Course book On Translation. NationalDefense Industry Press 3.Xu Jianping etal. A Practical Course of English-Chinese and Chinese –EnglishTranslation. Qin Hua University Press, 2003 4.Zhang Peiji etal. Textbook for Translating English into Chinese. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1980 5.Guo Zhuzhang etal. A Practical Course in Translation between English andChinese. Wu Han: Wu Han University Press, 2003 6.陈定安，《英汉比较与翻译》中国对外翻译出版公司，1998 Ⅲ.Course Requirements ·Students are expected to attend all classsessions. (the time during which a school holds classes) · If you are absent, a note (a writtenexplanation) must be presented to explain the reason for the absence. When youmiss classes, remember it is your responsibility to find out what you missed. ·If you are absent three times, please come tosee me immediately. ·Assignments are due on the day announced inclass. All assignments must be submitted ON TIME. Late assignmentswill notbe accepted. So prepare your assignments in advance. All class assignments will be written on the paper arranged by ourdepartment. Ⅳ. Grading: You will be evaluated on your attendance, participation in class,class assignments, and translation ability. Attendance,participation, class assignments, translation ability …30% Final Exam…70% The passing grade for this course is 60. According touniversity regulations make-up exams are not permitted for those who get under60. That means those who score below 60 fail. Grades are notnegotiable [ ni'gəuʃjəbl ] under any circumstances! Good English ability is an advantage in this course, but fulfillingthe requirements is the only way to achieve a high final grade. If you have problems with any aspect of this course, please do not hesitateto see me as soon as possible. Phone number:13629116883 Ⅴ.Tentative syllabus: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Translation Chapter 2 The Process of Translation Chapter 3 The Methods of Translation Chapter 4 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Chapter 5 Transformation between Parts ofSpeech in English-Chinese Translation Chapter 6 Translation of English passiveinto Chinese Chapter 7 Amplification vs. Omission Chapter 8 Positive vs. NegativeExpressions (Affirmation vs. Negation) Chapter9 Breaking and Combining Sentences Chapter 10 Abstract vs. Concrete Chapter 11 Styles（文体） vs. Translation
延安大学外国语学院教师教案(首页) 主讲教师 李艳 职称 授 翻译理论与实践课程是英语教育专业学生的一门专业技能必修课,开设在 课程性质 第五学期 教学目的 使学生能够掌握翻译基本理论、方法、技巧,并培养学生逐步提高英译 汉、汉译英的能力 授课内容 第一讲翻译概论 1、翻译的定义2、翻译的种类3、翻译的标准 教学重点 4、翻译工作者应具备的能力 教学难点 翻译的定义、翻译的标准 课时分配 教学方法 讲练结合,师生互动。 教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 如何理解严复的“信”、“ “雅”翻译标准 作业与辅导(内 容、时间) Translate the passage"Life in the violin Case(on P. 153)into Chinese ①《新编英汉翻译教程》孙致礼,上海外语教育出版社,2011 ②《简明翻译教程》成昭伟等,国防工业出版社,2006 考文 ③《英汉翻译教程》张培基等,上海外语教育出版社,1980 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Translation I About the definition What do we mean by translation? In the first place, the term needs alittle clarifying. Take literally, it can be given three meanings, according toconcrete contexts I)translating: the to translate; the activity rather than the tangible( that can be perceived by touching)object), )a translation: the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translatedtext), 3)translation: the abstract concept which encompasses(include or comprise)both the process of translating and the product of thatprocess. As far as the definition is concerned, it is very easy for us toquote one from some authoritative dictionaries, e.g. "to turn from one languageinto another (The Oxford English Dictionary), "to turn into one's own oranother language (Webster's Third New Intemational Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage), "to change (speech or writing) from one language into another( Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) What is the common point of the three definitions mentioned above? Itis"the change of one language into another Nidas(American translation theorist) definition is"Translatingconsists in reproducing in the receptor language of the closest naturalequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, andsecondly in terms of style(Eugene A Nida). So he attaches the importance to"message, the meaning and the style that a language conveys. So translation in its very enseis communication In practice, the change of one language into another is only thesurface work, while the transfer of culture information ranks first in atranslator's job. In this sense, translation Translation is a communicative act between different languages and culturesachieved through selecting the nearest equivalent in the target language formessage units in the source Definition of translation in the text book:翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明,特别是推动译语文化 兴旺昌盛的目的。 So, it has been agreed that translation involves at least two essentials: language and culture. Therefore, the purpose of translation far more than achieving"equivalence or"equivalence effect"is to promote cultural exchange andsocial progress. Linguistic exchanges between cultures are as a matter of fact, culture exchanges
延安大学外国语学院教师教案（首页） 主讲教师 李艳 职称 教授 课程性质 翻译理论与实践课程是英语教育专业学生的一门专业技能必修课，开设在 第五学期。 教学目的 使学生能够掌握翻译基本理论、方法、技巧，并培养学生逐步提高英译 汉、汉译英的能力 授课内容 第一讲翻译概论 教学重点 1、翻译的定义 2、翻译的种类 3、翻译的标准 4、翻译工作者应具备的能力 教学难点 翻译的定义、翻译的标准 课时分配 两学时 教学方法 讲练结合，师生互动。 教学手段 常规教学。 思考题目 如何理解严复的“信”、“达”、“雅”翻译标准 作业与辅导（内 容、时间） Translate the passage “Life in the violin Case (on P.153) into Chinese” 参考文献 ①《新编英汉翻译教程》孙致礼，上海外语教育出版社，2011 ②《简明翻译教程》成昭伟等， 国防工业出版社，2006 ③《英汉翻译教程》张培基等，上海外语教育出版社，1980 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Translation Ⅰ. About the definition What do we mean by translation? In the first place, the term needs alittle clarifying. Take literally, it can be given three meanings, according toconcrete contexts: 1)translating: the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible(that can be perceived by touching) object); 2)a translation: the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translatedtext); 3) translation: the abstract concept which encompasses(include or comprise) both the process of translating and the product of thatprocess. As far as the definition is concerned, it is very easy for us toquote one from some authoritative dictionaries, e.g. “to turn from one languageinto another (The Oxford English Dictionary)”; “to turn into one’s own oranother language”(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage); “to change (speech or writing) from one language into another(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)”. What is the common point of the three definitions mentioned above? Itis “the change of one language into another”. Nida’s (American translation theorist) definition is “Translatingconsists in reproducing in the receptor language of the closest naturalequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, andsecondly in terms of style (Eugene A. Nida)”. So he attaches the importance to “message”,the meaning and the style that a language conveys. So translation in its very senseis communication. In practice, the change of one language into another is only thesurface work, while the transfer of culture information ranks first in atranslator’s job. In this sense, translation may be defined as follows: Translation is a communicative act between different languages and culturesachieved through selecting the nearest equivalent in the target language formessage units in the source language. Definition of translation in the text book: 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化 兴旺昌盛的目的。 So, it has been agreed that translation involves at least two essentials:language and culture. Therefore, the purpose of translation far more than achieving“equivalence” or “equivalence effect” is to promote cultural exchange andsocial progress. Linguistic exchanges between cultures are as a matter of fact,culture exchanges
Ⅱ. Is Translation ea Some people think translation is easy: As long as you know somegrammatical rules of a foreign language you can translate with the help of a dictionary. Is it really so? Now look at the following seemingly easy sentences and see ifyou can translate them easily. Can you see what is wrong with the translationsprovided in brackets?) l) He is easily the best student in the class.她很容易地成了班上最好的学生。) 2) Thestranger robbed his wife(那个陌生人抢了他的妻子。) 3) I cant agree more.(我不能同意更多的了。) 4) They gave the boy the lie.(他们对男孩说谎。) 5) This is a very good price.(这是一个非常好的价钱。) 6) Her mother died of difficult labor.(他母亲劳累而死。) There doesnt seem to be any new words for most students and none ofthe sentences is very complicated in grammar. Now, lets analyze them one byone. ) He is easily the best student in the class(她很容易地成了班上最好的学生。) e is the best student in the class with ease.(她很轻松地成了班上最好的学生。) The word"easily" in Sentence I is not of the usual sense and can' tbe translated as容易地. It means“ by far". So the sentence should be translated as她绝对/无疑是班上最好的学生c 他比班上别的学生要好得多 2) Thestranger robbed his wife(那个陌生人抢了他的妻子。) The meaning of ft f ftj fin the translation of Sentence 2 is ambiguous. It may mean thestranger took away the woman and made her his own wife. But what was actuallytaken was not the woman but her money or personal belongings.. So a clear translationshould be那个陌生人抢了他妻子的钱(东西) 3) I cant agree more.(我不能同意更多的了。) entence 3 uses a negative form to express the meaningof the superlative degree. The translation is wrong because"agree" here is anintransitive verb( when used as a transitive verb, it often followed by athat-clause)and"more" is not its object but its adverbial. So the sentenceshould be translated as我完全同意, or more vividly我 4) They gave the boy the lie.(他们对男孩说谎。) Sentence4 is an idiomatic way to express certainideas. Here"give" does not mean" make somebody possess something", but rather scold"or" punish”.他们指责男孩说谎(他们指 责男孩编造的这个说谎言) 5) This is a very good price.(这是一个非常好的价钱。) e Some people tend to think a word in one language mayalways be turned into a corresponding word in another language. So they make anequation between"labor"and"1z".As a atter of fact, "labor"has some meaning that is not coveredby Chinese 20. In sentence 6 it means"give birth to a baby, emphasizing the process". So thesentence actually means it tif 亲死于难产。(劳累o苦工 canbe translated as"hard labor"or" hard work”.)Don' t be too sure of yourselves and consult thedictionary more. II. The classification of translation In view of language of translation, it can be classified into intralingual translation and interlingualtranslation Intralingualtranslation or rewording (change the wording of sthspoken or written)is an interpretation of verbal A Signs by means ofother signs of the same language, e. g...Interlingual translation isan interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language, e. g.. 2. In view of the way of translation, it canbe classified intointerpretation(consecutiveinterpretation and simultaneous interpretation) and translation. Consecutive interpretation: the interpreter takes notes while the speaker speaks then renders (interpret)a speech in a diffe ge after the speaker Simultaneous interpretation Simultaneous interpretation is used in varioussituations such as business conferences, graduation ceremonies, any situationwhere there is not pause 3. In view of the style (xi) of translation, it can be classified intoliterary translation and non-literary translation. Literary translation: translation of novels, poems, essays and plays. Non-literary translation: translation of political essays, news texts, scientific and technical texts, financial and commercial texts, practical writing N, The standard of translation he term"standard of translation"in fact covers two aspects: the principleof translation and criterion of translation. If the translator hopes to succeedin translation, he or she must ollow some principles; if the reader or criticwants to judge whether the translation is successful or not, he or she has todepend on certain criterion. Actually, the so-called principles andcriteria of translation are the two sides of the same thing. The former laysemphasis on the translator who should follow them while translating, while thelatter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluatetranslation works. There are five criteria mentioned here, butthe former two of them are influential criteria accepted by most of thetranslators There are two influential criteriaaccepted by most of the translators. 1. One is set up by Yan Fu(2)on the basis of"faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance"(faithfulness: to be faithful to the contentof the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive as the original, elegance: to be elegant if a translator uses words or sentence pattens before Han Dynasty.X信、达、雅).(信:意义不倍(背本文,忠实于原文;达:尽译文 语言所能事以求原义明显,不拘泥于原文形式,信、达二者统一;雅:脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅。他认为只有译文本身采用“汉以前字法句法” 际上即所 谓上等的文言文,才算登大雅之堂。)(加上课本p8中间的内容评论) 2. The other is put forward by Lu Xun(鲁迅) on the basis of" ratherbeing faithful in thought than smooth in language"(宁信而不顺 3. The new China witnesses two important scholars on translation. One is Fu Lei and the other is Qian Zhongshu. The former suggests achieve thespiritof theoriginal or expression resemblance”(神似).(译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时一致起来,或称能达到“形似”和“神似”,这是翻译的高标准。Mr. QianZhongshu puts forward the ideas of" transfiguration or conversion" which aimed at" perfection″化境)(所谓“化境”‘就是原作向译文的“投胎转世”,文字形式虽然换了,而原文投胎的 思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本的化到了译文的境界里了,丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹,让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一样。化境是比传神更高的翻译标准。) They two follow the principle of faithfulness. 4. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there appeared another translator, the monk Dao An(Fi). He suggested"preaching according to the original without anydeduction or addition' (案本而传,不令有损言游字:按照原文的本意) In the history of western translation theories, there appeared a lotof translation theorists. Here we only mention some representative opinions ontranslation criteria. Alexander Fraster Tytler proposed the famous three principlesin his essay on the principles of translation, in which he thought that thetranslation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the originalwork; the style and the manner of writing should be of the same character withthat of the original; the translation should have all the ease of originalcomposition”(一、译作应完全 复写出原文的思想;二、译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质;三、译作应具备原创作品的通顺) Exactly the three principles based on faithfulness What's the common point of these translation criteria?
Ⅱ. Is Translation Easy? Some people think translation is easy: As long as you know somegrammatical rules of a foreign language you can translate with the help of a dictionary.Is it really so? Now look at the following seemingly easy sentences and see ifyou can translate them easily. (Can you see what is wrong with the translationsprovided in brackets?) 1) He is easily the best student in the class.(她很容易地成了班上最好的学生。) 2）Thestranger robbed his wife.(那个陌生人抢了他的妻子。) 3) I can’t agree more.（我不能同意更多的了。） 4) They gave the boy the lie.（他们对男孩说谎。） 5) This is a very good price.（这是一个非常好的价钱。） 6) Her mother died of difficult labor.（他母亲劳累而死。） There doesn’t seem to be any new words for most students and none ofthe sentences is very complicated in grammar. Now, let’s analyze them one byone. 1) He is easily the best student in the class. (她很容易地成了班上最好的学生。) He is the best student in the class with ease. (她很轻松地成了班上最好的学生。) The word “easily” in Sentence 1 is not of the usual sense and can’tbe translated as容易地. It means “by far”. So the sentence should be translated as她绝对/无疑是班上最好的学生or 他比班上别的学生要好得多. 2）Thestranger robbed his wife.(那个陌生人抢了他的妻子。) The meaning of 抢了他的妻子in the translation of Sentence 2 is ambiguous. It may mean thestranger took away the woman and made her his own wife. But what was actuallytaken was not the woman but her money or personal belongings. So a clear translationshould be 那个陌生人抢了他妻子的钱（东西）. 3) I can’t agree more.（我不能同意更多的了。） Sentence 3 uses a negative form to express the meaningof the superlative degree. The translation is wrong because “agree” here is anintransitive verb (when used as a transitive verb, it is often followed by athat-clause) and “more” is not its object but its adverbial. So the sentenceshould be translated as 我完全同意,or more vividly我举双手赞成. 4) They gave the boy the lie.（他们对男孩说谎。） Sentence 4 is an idiomatic way to express certainideas. Here “give” does not mean “make somebody possess something”, but rather“scold” or “punish”. 他们指责男孩说谎（他们指 责男孩编造的这个说谎言）. 5) This is a very good price.（这是一个非常好的价钱。） “Good” is a typical word whose meaning is often vague.Sentence 5 is an utterance by a customer. So it would be better to translate itsimply as 真便宜. 6) Her mother died of difficult labor.（他母亲劳累而死。） Some people tend to think a word in one language mayalways be turned into a corresponding word in another language. So they make anequation between “labor” and “劳动”. As a matter of fact, “labor” has some meaning that is not coveredby Chinese 劳动.In sentence 6 it means “give birth to a baby, emphasizing the process”. So thesentence actually means 他母 亲死于难产。（劳累or苦工canbe translated as “hard labor ” or “hard work”.）Don’t be too sure of yourselves and consult thedictionary more. Ⅲ.The classification of translation 1. In view of language of translation, it can be classified into intralingual translation and interlingualtranslation. Intralingualtranslation or rewording (change the wording of sthspoken or written) is an interpretation of verbal用文字的signs by means ofother signs of the same language, e.g.….. Interlingual translation isan interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language, e.g.…... 2. In view of the way of translation, it canbe classified intointerpretation (consecutiveinterpretation and simultaneous interpretation) and translation. Consecutive interpretation: the interpreter takes notes while the speaker speaks then renders（interpret） a speech in a differentlanguage after the speaker. Simultaneous interpretation:Simultaneous interpretation is used in varioussituations such as business conferences, graduation ceremonies, any situationwhere there is not pause between each statement allowing time for theinterpreter to relay（传达） information to the interpretee. 3. In view of the style（文体） of translation, it can be classified intoliterary translation and non- literary translation. Literary translation:translation of novels, poems, essays and plays. Non- literary translation:translation of political essays, news texts, scientific and technical texts,financial and commercial texts, practical writing. Ⅳ. The standard of translation The term “standard of translation” in fact covers two aspects: the principleof translation and criterion of translation. If the translator hopes to succeedin translation, he or she must follow some principles; if the reader or criticwants to judge whether the translation is successful or not, he or she has todepend on certain criterion. Actually, the so-called principles andcriteria of translation are the two sides of the same thing. The former laysemphasis on the translator who should follow them while translating; while thelatter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluatetranslation works. There are five criteria mentioned here, butthe former two of them are influential criteria accepted by most of thetranslators. There are two influential criteriaaccepted by most of the translators. 1. One is set up by Yan Fu (严复) on the basis of “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” (faithfulness: to be faithful to the contentof the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive as the original; elegance:to be elegant if a translator uses words or sentence patterns before HanDynasty .)(信、达、雅). (信：意义不倍(背)本文，忠实于原文；达：尽译文 语言所能事以求原义明显，不拘泥于原文形式，信、达二者统一；雅：脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅。他认为只有译文本身采用“汉以前字法句法”——实际上即所 谓上等的文言文，才算登大雅之堂。) (加上课本p.8中间的内容评论) 2. The other is put forward by Lu Xun (鲁迅) on the basis of “ratherbeing faithful in thought than smooth in language”(宁信而不顺). 3. The new China witnesses two important scholars on translation.One is Fu Lei and the other is Qian Zhongshu. The former suggests “achieve the ‘spirit’ of theoriginal or expression resemblance”（神似）. (译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时一致起来，或称能达到“形似”和“神似”，这是翻译的高标准。)Mr. QianZhongshu puts forward the ideas of “transfiguration or conversion”which aimed at “perfection”(化境).（所谓“化境”‘就是原作向译文的“投胎转世”，文字形式虽然换了，而原文投胎的 思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本的化到了译文的境界里了，丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹，让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一样。化境是比传神更高的翻译标准。） They two follow the principle of faithfulness. 4. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there appeared another translator,the monk Dao An (释道安). He suggested “preaching according to the original without anydeduction or addition” (案本而传，不令有损言游字: 按照原文的本意). In the history of western translation theories, there appeared a lotof translation theorists. Here we only mention some representative opinions ontranslation criteria. Alexander Fraster Tytler proposed the famous three principlesin his essay on the principles of translation, in which he thought that “thetranslation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the originalwork; the style and the manner of writing should be of the same character withthat of the original; the translation should have all the ease of originalcomposition” (一、译作应完全 复写出原文的思想；二、译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质；三、译作应具备原创作品的通顺).Exactly the three principles are all based on faithfulness. What’s the common point of these translation criteria?
Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria(pl) are almostunanimously accepted, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy(忠实准确) and that ofsmoothness(流畅/通 Ji). We may also take these criteria asthe principles of translation in general. By faithfulness/ accuracy, we mean tobe faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning andviews, but also to the original form and style. Examples in the text bookP10-13 are arranged to illustrate and explain that. By smoothness, we mean notonly easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic(#]) expression in the targetlanguage, free from stiff formula and mechanical copy ing from dictionaries. Examples in the text book P10-13 are arranged to illustrate and explain that V.Thequalifications of a good translator( see students' book P13-14可以加上原来教案的内容 Ⅵ Exercises A. Fill in the following blanks with what you have learned in thefirst chapter. I. Yan Fu's 3-word translation criteriaare 3. The two words usedas the common criteria of translation in China today are 4. The criterion oftranslation put forward by Lu Xun(it )is by Mr Qian Zhongshu is by the monk Dao An by Fu Lei is (The criterion oftranslation put forward by Lu Xun(fit )is rather heingfaithfuLin thought thansmonth language: by Fu Lei is achievethe ' of the originalor pression resemblance: by Mr Qian Zhongshu is transfiguration or conversion: by the monk dao An is preaching according to the original without any _ deduction addition ) B. Answer the following questions. 1. what is meant by translation? 2. What was Karl Marxfond of saying about the importance of a foreign language? 4. What do you think should be thecriteria of translation C. Translate the following English into Chinese I source language and target language 2. Alexander Fraser Tytler 3. A History of Politics On Liberty 5. An Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations(by A. Smith) 6. Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays(by T H. Huxley) D. Translate the passage"Life in the violin Case(on P.153)into Chinese E. Read thewhole Chapter from Text book P3 to P. 14. 常用口令 起床!Get 快点儿! Bequick 集合!Fain! 一(二)列队! Onone rank( (two ranks)! 立正! Attention! 稍息! Atease! 向右看-齐! Right-dres! 向左看-齐! Left-dress! 向前-看!Eyes- front! 报数! Count off 点名! Call the roll!l 到!Here! 散开! Extend! 靠拢! Close! 向左转! Left-face( Left turn)! 向右-转! Right-face( Right turn)! 向后转! About-face( About turn)! 齐步走! Forward-march( March off 踏步-走! Mark time- march! 跑步走! Double(time) march! 便步-走! Atease-march
Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria (pl.) are almostunanimously accepted, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that ofsmoothness (流畅/通 顺). We may also take these criteria asthe principles of translation in general. By faithfulness/ accuracy, we mean tobe faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning andviews, but also to the original form and style. Examples in the text bookP10-13 are arranged to illustrate and explain that. By smoothness, we mean notonly easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic（地道的） expression in the targetlanguage, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.Examples in the text book P10-13 are arranged to illustrate and explain that. Ⅴ.Thequalifications of a good translator (see students’ book P.13-14)(可以加上原来教案的内容) Ⅵ.Exercises A. Fill in the following blanks with what you have learned in thefirst chapter. 1. Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteriaare_______, _______, and_________. 2. Translation in China has a long historyof some_______years. 3. The two words usedas the common criteria of translation in China today are _______, and_________. 4. The criterion oftranslation put forward by Lu Xun (鲁迅)is______________;byMr. Qian Zhongshu is ______________________; by the monk Dao An is _________________________________; by Fu Lei is________________ ___________. (The criterion oftranslation put forward by Lu Xun (鲁迅)is rather beingfaithful in thought than smooth in language; by Fu Lei is achievethe ‘spirit’ of the original or expression resemblance; by Mr.Qian Zhongshu is transfiguration or conversion; by the monk DaoAn is preaching according to the original without any deduction oraddition.) B. Answer the following questions. 1. What is meant by translation? 2. What was Karl Marxfond of saying about the importance of a foreign language? 3. What are the prerequisites for aqualified translator? 4. What do you think should be thecriteria of translation? C. Translate the following English into Chinese 1. source language and target language 2. Alexander Fraser Tytler 3. A History of Politics 4. On Liberty 5. An Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations(by A. Smith) 6. Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays (by T. H. Huxley) D. Translate the passage “Life in the violin Case (on P.153)into Chinese” E. Read thewhole Chapter from Text book P.3 to P.14. 常用口令 起床！Get up! 快点儿！ Bequick! 集合！Fall in! 一(二)列队！ Onone rank (two ranks)！ 立正！Attention! 稍息！ Atease! 向右看-齐！Right-dress! 向左看-齐！Left-dress! 向前-看！ Eyes-front! 报数！Count off! 点名！Call the roll! 到！Here! 散开！Extend! 靠拢！Close! 向左-转！Left-face (Left turn)！ 向右-转！Right-face (Right turn)！ 向后-转！About-face (About turn)！ 齐步-走！Forward-march (March off)！ 踏步-走！Mark time-march! 跑步-走！Double (time)-march! 便步-走！ Atease-march!
快步走! Quickmarch! 右转弯-走! Right-wheel! 左转弯-走! Left-wheel! 向前三步走! Threesteps forward march 前进! Advance! 立定!Ha! 各就位,预备,跑! Ready! Set! Go! 解散! Dismiss! 军队口令 散开排列 Open Order- March 密集排列 Close order- March 暂散 Squad will fallout- Fall out 解散 Squad will dismiss- Dismiss 右半转 Inclining at the halt- Right incline 左半转 Inclining at the halt- Left incline 开步操 Bythe left- Quick march 行进中向前敬礼 Saluting to the front- Salute 行进中向左敬礼 Saluting to the left- Salute 行进中向右敬礼 Saluting to the right- Salute 向右注目礼 Bythe right- Eyes right 向左注目礼 Bythe left- Eyes left 取(拿)枪! Take arms! 肩枪! Shoulder arms! 枪放下! Order arms! 卧到!Down! 装子弹!Load! 退子弹! Unload! 射击!Fire! 起立! Getup( Standup)! 用炮! Prepare for action! 收炮! March order! 架炮! Seat/Mount gun! 置炮! Lay gun! 就炮! Take posts! 炮后集合! Fall in rear of piece! 延安大学外国语学院教师教案(首页 主讲教师 职称 翻译理论与实践课程是英语教育专业学生的一门专业技能必修课,开设在 课程性质 第五学期 教学目 使学生能够掌握翻译过程的三个阶段:理解、表达、审校
快步走！Quickmarch! 右转弯-走！Right-wheel! 左转弯-走！Left-wheel! 向前三步走！Threesteps forward march 前进！Advance! 立定！Halt! 各就位，预备，跑！Ready! Set! Go! 解散！Dismiss! 军队口令 散开排列Open Order –March 密集排列Close Order –March 暂散Squad will fallout – Fall out 解散Squad will dismiss – Dismiss 右半转Inclining at the halt – Right incline 左半转Inclining at the halt – Left incline 开步操 Bythe left –Quick March 行进中向前敬礼Saluting to the front – Salute 行进中向左敬礼Saluting to the left – Salute 行进中向右敬礼Saluting to the right – Salute 向右注目礼 Bythe right –Eyes right 向左注目礼 Bythe left –Eyes left 取(拿)枪！Take arms! 肩枪！Shoulder arms! 枪放下！Order arms! 卧到！Down! 装子弹！Load! 退子弹！Unload! 射击！Fire! 起立！Getup (Standup)！ 用炮！Prepare for action! 收炮！March order! 架炮！Seat/Mount gun! 置炮！Lay gun! 就炮！Take posts! 炮后集合！Fall in rear of piece! 延安大学外国语学院教师教案（首页） 主讲教师 李艳 职称 教授 课程性质 翻译理论与实践课程是英语教育专业学生的一门专业技能必修课，开设在 第五学期。 教学目的 使学生能够掌握翻译过程的三个阶段：理解、表达、审校