Instructor( professor ): Li Yan Introductory Remarks about the course I. Themain objectives ofthecourse This course is to teach students basic theories, specific principles andconcrete techniques and skills, and to train students mainly to the ability of putting Chinese into Englishthrough practice. Emphasis will be on practice. So students should learn basic theories, specific principles andconcrete techniques and skills. Il. Required tey Cheng Hongwei, Li Yadan A New Course book on Chinese-English Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 201 . Zhuhui, A Course book in Chinese-EnglishTranslation Chongqin: Chongqin University Press, 2004 3. Cheng Zhaowei etal. A Concise Course book On Translation. NationalDefense Industry Press, 2006 4.LuRuichang, etal. Textbook for Translating Chinese into English. Xi'an: Shaan xi People's press, 200 Ill. Requirements Students are expected to attend all classsessions .lf you are absent, a note(a writtenexplanation)must be presented to explain the reason for the absence. When youmiss classes, remember it is your responsibility to find out what you missed. .lf you are absent three times, please come tosee me immediately .Assignments are due on the day announced inclass. All assignments must be submitted ON TIME. Late assignmentswill notbe accepted. So prepare your assignments in advance. All class assignments will be written on the paperarranged by our department. IV Grading You will be evaluated on your attendance, participation in class, class assignments, and translation ability endance, participation, class assignments, translation.30% Mid-term exam 20% Final Exam . 50% The passing grade for this course is 70. That means those whoscore below 70 fail. Grades are not negotiable under any circumstances Good English ability is an advantage in this course, but fulfillingthe requirements is the only way to achieve a high final grade. you have problems with amy aspect of this course, please do nothesitate to see me as soon as possible V. Tentativesvllabus Chapter 1 Anintroduction to Chinese-English Translation Chapter 2Culture, Language and Translation (I)A Contrastive Study of Differences in Thought Patterns Between English andChinese 2)A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Chapter 4 AContrastive Study between English and Chinese Chapter lExical Translation Chapter 6 Chinglish(or False Friend)in Chinese-English Translation Chapter pAragraph Translation Chapter liTerary Translation 延安大学外国语学院教师教案(首页 主讲教师 教授 课程性质 汉译英课程是英语教育专业学生的一门专业技能必修课,开设在 第四学期,为学位课程
Instructor ( professor)： Li Yan Introductory Remarks about the Course Ⅰ. Themain objectives ofthecourse This course is to teach students basic theories, specific principles andconcrete techniques and skills,and to train students mainly to the ability of putting Chinese into Englishthrough practice. Emphasis will be on practice. So students should learn basic theories, specific principles andconcrete techniques and skills. Ⅱ.Required textbooks and reference books: 1. Cheng Hongwei, Li Yadan A New Coursebook on Chinese - English Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2011 2.Zhuhui, A Course book in Chinese - EnglishTranslation. Chongqin: Chongqin University Press, 2004 3.Cheng Zhaowei etal. A Concise Course book On Translation. NationalDefense Industry Press,2006 4.LuRuichang, etal. Textbook for Translating Chinese into English. Xi’an :Shaan’xi People’s press, 2001. Ш.Requirements ·Students are expected to attend all classsessions. ·If you are absent, a note (a writtenexplanation) must be presented to explain the reason for the absence. When youmiss classes, remember it is your responsibility to find out what you missed. ·If you are absent three times, please come tosee me immediately. ·Assignments are due on the day announced inclass. All assignments must be submitted ON TIME. Late assignmentswill notbe accepted. So prepare your assignments in advance. ·All class assignments will be written on the paperarranged by our department. IV. Grading You will be evaluated on your attendance, participation in class,class assignments, and translation ability. Attendance,participation, class assignments, translation …30% Mid-term exam 20% Final Exam…50% The passing grade for this course is 70. That means those whoscore below 70 fail. Grades are not negotiable under any circumstances! Good English ability is an advantage in this course, but fulfillingthe requirements is the only way to achieve a high final grade. If you have problems with any aspect of this course, please do nothesitate to see me as soon as possible. V.Tentativesyllabus: Chapter 1 AnIntroduction to Chinese-English Translation Chapter 2Culture, Language and Translation Chapter 3 (1) A Contrastive Study of Differences in Thought Patterns Between English andChinese (2) A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Chapter 4 AContrastive Study between English and Chinese Chapter 5Lexical Translation Chapter 6 Chinglish(or False Friend) in Chinese-English Translation Chapter 7 Waysto Translate Idioms Chapter 8Sentence Translation Chapter 9Paragraph Translation Chapter 10Non-Literary Translation Chapter 11Literary Translation 延安大学外国语学院教师教案（首页） 主讲教师 李艳 职称 教授 课程性质 汉译英课程是英语教育专业学生的一门专业技能必修课，开设在 第四学期，为学位课程
使学生掌握翻译在中国、翻译的性质和类型、翻译的单位、汉英 教学目的翻译的标准、以及汉英翻译对译者素养的要求 授课内容 第一章绪论 教学重点 翻译在中国、翻译的性质和类型、汉英翻译的标准 教学难点 汉英翻译的标准 课时分配 四学时 教学方法 讲练结合,师生互动 教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 课本P19练习 作业与辅导(内 容、时间) 课本P19练习 ①《汉英翻译教程》陈宏嶶等,上海外语教育出版社,201. ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭伟,国防工业出版社,2006 ③《汉英翻译教程》朱徽,重庆大学出版社,2004 参考文献 ④《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌等,陕西人民出版社,2001 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Chinese-English Translation Translation in China Threepeaks of translation in history 1. The Translation of Buddhist[ nudist】佛教的 Classics: TheFirst Peak Buddhism b originated in India and began to penetrate to China toward themiddle of the first century, leaving a permanent influence on China's religion, philosophy and social life Several important figures are worth mentioninghere 1.1.1 Zhi Qian(支谦)( Zhi Qian made great contribution to translation theory)(佛经翻译的第一阶段、草创时期) It is generally acknowledged that Zhi Qian in the Three Kingdomsperiods wrote the first essay on translation norm thirty years(222-254)he translated about thirty volumes Buddhist scriptures圣经 in a literal manner. In the essay" ' Preface to Fa Ju Ji嘿”(《法句经》序), he put forward his norms thatthe translator of Buddhist classics should“ "follow the original intention ofthe author without any embroidery(粉飾)”(因循本旨,不加文饰). And it might be in his period of time that there appeared adiscussion on literal translation and 1.1.2 Dao an(道安)(佛经翻译的第二阶段、发展时期 In the fifth century(the Easter Jin Dynasty), the earliest statetranslation school yichang(if)was founded and the translation of Buddhist classics was carriedout on a large scale.Dao An(314-385)was appointed its director E s, who advocatedstrict literal translation and made translation a profession. He suggested thata translator should"translate according to the original without any additionand deduction”(案本而传,不令有损言游字). Around374, Dao An compiled A Comprehensive Catalogue of the Sutras[su: tra]经典(《综理众经目 k)). bibliography of all translations done before, the first of its kind in thehistory of Chinese Buddhism 113 Kumarajiva(鸠摩罗什) dia by birth, the famous monk Kumarajiva(350-409) was invited to Chang' an in 401, a center bustling( t f x t with Buddhist activities. His task was toretranslate the most influential scriptures and produce definitive editionswith authoritative interpretations. It is he who firstly suggested thattranslators should sign their names in translated works. Kumarajiva's translations, generally speaking, were more faithful to the original due to his years ofassiduous [a'sidjuasI勤勉的刻苦的 effort and study Zang(玄奘)(佛经翻译的第三阶段、全盛时期) Journey to the We《西游记》; A Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》; Three kingdoms《三国演义》; Outlaws of the Marsh《水浒》; Outlay犯法后躲臧起来的人,Mars沼 泽、湿地) In the Tang Dynasty, Xuan Zang(600-664), the most eminent figure ofthe first peak in translation history, arrived in India after countless trialsand brought back to the capital Chang an 657 collections of sutras[surtr b3%.&5in the original Inthe 19 years preceding his death, he translated 75 collections( 1, 335volumes)of them, which is more than half the total translations of Buddihist scripturesdone in the dynasty. Xuan Zang tried mamy translation methods and developed hisepoch-makingl'ipak'meikinlalB Reacriteria that translation"must be faithful and intelligible易理解的 to the populace ['popjulas平民,大眾”(既须求真,又须喻俗 1.2 Thetranslation of books on science and technology: The second peak(科技翻译:中国的士大夫和传教士联手将欧洲的宗教、晢学、科技和文学等“西学”介绍到中国 The second peak, lasting for a span of 200 years, began in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties around the 1]th century. With thearrival of Jesuit ['dzezjuit I ries from Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium and Poland, China came into contact [kontakt] with the Western world gradually. Many missionaries had their worksor
教学目的 使学生掌握翻译在中国、翻译的性质和类型、翻译的单位、汉英 翻译的标准、以及汉英翻译对译者素养的要求。 授课内容 第一章绪论 教学重点 翻译在中国、翻译的性质和类型、汉英翻译的标准 教学难点 汉英翻译的标准 课时分配 四学时 教学方法 讲练结合，师生互动。 教学手段 常规教学。 思考题目 课本P.19 练习一 作业与辅导（内 容、时间） 课本P.19 练习一 参考文献 ①《汉英翻译教程》陈宏薇等，上海外语教育出版社，2011. ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭伟，国防工业出版社，2006 ③《汉英翻译教程》朱徽，重庆大学出版社，2004. ④《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌等， 陕西人民出版社，2001. Chapter 1 An Introduction toChinese-English Translation Ⅰ. Translation in China 1. Threepeaks of translation in history 1.1 TheTranslation of Buddhist ['budist ]佛教的Classics: TheFirst Peak Buddhism 佛教originated in India and began to penetrate to China toward themiddle of the first century, leaving a permanent influence on China’s religion,philosophy and social life. Several important figures are worth mentioninghere: 1.1.1 Zhi Qian (支谦) (Zhi Qian made great contribution to translation theory)（佛经翻译的第一阶段、草创时期） It is generally acknowledged that Zhi Qian in the Three Kingdomsperiods wrote the first essay on translation norms. In over thirty years(222-254) he translated about thirty volumes of Buddhist scriptures 圣经in a literal manner.In the essay “Preface to Fa Ju Jing” (《法句经》序)，he put forward his norms thatthe translator of Buddhist classics should “follow the original intention ofthe author without any embroidery（粉飾）”（因循本旨，不加文饰）. And it might be in his period of time that there appeared adiscussion on literal translation and free translation, a core issue in thedevelopment of translation theory. 1.1.2 Dao An (道安)（佛经翻译的第二阶段、发展时期） In the fifth century (the Easter Jin Dynasty), the earliest statetranslation school yichang (译场) was founded and the translation of Buddhist classics was carriedout on a large scale. Dao An (314-385) was appointed its director主管, who advocatedstrict literal translation and made translation a profession. He suggested thata translator should “translate according to the original without any additionand deduction” (案本而传，不令有损言游字). Around 374, Dao An compiled A Comprehensive Catalogue of theSutras['su:trə]经典(《综理众经目 录》 )， abibliography of all translations done before, the first of its kind in thehistory of Chinese Buddhism. 1.1.3Kumarajiva (鸠摩罗什) India by birth, the famous monk Kumarajiva (350-409) was invited toChang’an in 401, a center bustling(热闹繁忙)with Buddhist activities. His task was toretranslate the most influential scriptures and produce definitive editionswith authoritative interpretations. It is he who firstly suggested thattranslators should sign their names in translated works. Kumarajiva’s translations,generally speaking, were more faithful to the original due to his years ofassiduous [ə'sidjuəs]勤勉的,刻苦的effort and study. 1.1.4 XuanZang (玄奘)（佛经翻译的第三阶段、全盛时期） （Journey to the West《西游记》; A Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》;Three Kingdoms《三国演义》;Outlaws of the Marsh《水浒》; Outlaw犯法后躲藏起来的人，Marsh沼 泽、湿地） In the Tang Dynasty, Xuan Zang (600-664), the most eminent figure ofthe first peak in translation history, arrived in India after countless trialsand brought back to the capital Chang’an 657 collections of sutras['su:trə]佛经,经典in the original. Inthe 19 years preceding his death, he translated 75 collections (1,335volumes)of them, which is more than half the total translations of Buddihist scripturesdone in the dynasty. Xuan Zang tried many translation methods and developed hisepoch-making['i:pɔk'meikiŋ]划时代的criteria that translation “must be faithful and intelligible易理解的to the populace [ 'pɔpjuləs ]平民,大眾 ” (既须求真，又须喻俗). 1.2 Thetranslation of books on science and technology: The second peak（科技翻译：中国的士大夫和传教士联手将欧洲的宗教、哲学、科技和文学等“西学”介绍到中国 来。） The second peak, lasting for a span of 200 years, began in the lateMing and early Qing Dynasties around the 17th century. With thearrival of Jesuit [ 'dʒezjuit ] missionaries from Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Switzerland,Germany, Belgium and Poland, China came into contact ['kɔntækt] with the Western world gradually. Many missionaries had their worksor
translations published in China, and many concerned science and technologyranging from astronomy[a'stronamilx4, mathematics, physics and metallurgy me'taelad3i ]4to anatomy[ e'naetami]剖析,解剖學骨骸, biology生物学 and cartography ka: grafil地图制作制图法制图 Two important figures are worth mentioning here 12.1 XuGuangqi徐光启 xu guang qi Xu Guangqi( 1562-1633), a distinguished scientist and a seniorofficial of the late Ming Dynasty, played a remarkable role in introducing Westernscience into China when it was labeled as an unorthodox term by mosttraditional scholars. During his charge of the Hanlin Academy Ma #K P)in Beijing, the topacademie institution in China, Xu cooperated with the Italian Jesuit ['dzezjuit耶稣会信徒 Matteo ricci(利玛窦) in translating the I3 volumes of Euclid' s ju: kid Elements of Geometryldsi'omitri(《几何原本》), though only6 volumes( the partof plane geometry)were actually translated. Many of the terms in thetranslation are still in use today, such as point, line, straight line, curve H*, parallel lines, angle, right angle, acute anglet 角, obtuse ab'tjur angle钝角, triangle, quadrilateral[ kwodrr'laetar四边形,ct 122 ZhIzao(李之藻zdo) Living in thesame period as Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao( 1569-1630)was also an eminent scientists well as famous translator. Under the guidance of Matteo Ricci, Li acquiredplenty of Western knowledge and later became a Catholic[katolik天主教徒In613 Li Zhizao and Matteo Riccitranslated Tong Wen Suan Zhi((《同文算指》), whichillustrated how to perform written arithmetic operations书面算术运算, for example, addition, subtraction., multiplication, division, extraction of a root,ctk 13 The Translation of western classics: The third peak(鸦片战争后至“五四”前的西方政治思想和文学翻译) The Opium[aupjam) War(1840-1842) and the singing of the first unequal Treaty ofNanjing ushered A 1314, RE in the third peak oftranslation activity in China's history, lasting from the mid 19 century to the eve Ht y of the may 4th Movement, with emphasis on Western worksof social sciences, military sciences and literature. Some representativefigures include (林则徐) Respectfully regarded as a national hero against British opium tradeand"the first Chinese who opened his eyes to look at the outside world", LinZexu(1785-1850) a government official, was also an eminent organizer oftranslation activity during this period. He established a translation centre in Guangzhou to render some foreign works on history and geography into Chinese aswell as gather information from the Western press. 13.2 LiShanlan(李善兰 133 Lin Shu(林纡shu)(陈宏薇P8 Lin Shu(1852-1924), a traditional Chinese scholor, has been regarded as the pioneer of literary translation in China due to hislarge quantity of translations of Western novels. Interestingly, Lin Shu neverdid hid job independently, instead, he translated with the assistance ofinterpreters because he himself did not know amy foreign languages. He penned elegantclassical Chinese versions of a wide range of foreign works such as Uncle Tom s Cabin(《黑奴吁录》《汤姆叔叔的小屋》); David Copperfield(《块肉余生述》《大卫.科波菲尔》) Oliver Twist (《贼史》《雾都孤儿》) 13.4 Yan Fu(严复) iving in the late Qing society constantly threatened by colonialexpansion and profoundly shocked by the humiliating Treaty of Shimonoseki ((x*8))of April 1895 withJapan, Yan Fu(1853-1921), became an active reformist and devoted to weavingviaI'vaia, 'vi: s dhis translation Western studies in the broad space of the Chinese language. The 1898 translation of Thomas Henry Huxley' s Evolution and Ethics(《天演论》)est his reputationthroughout the country, in which he rendered"natur and survival ofthe fittest"into物竟 天择,适者生存, a widely quoted saying coming down to this day. n the preface tothe translated Evolution and Ethics. Yan Fu set down the triple三个一组 translationcriteria, namely faithfulness( fB), expressiveness(i&)and elegance(i)", withwhich he opened a new chapter in the translation history of China. Yan Fu: Evolution and Ethics and other essays by T.H. Huxley(《天演论》) An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause ofthe Wealth of Nations by A. Smithi(《原富》) 2.tRanslation in Contemporary China Translation activity has taken on a new look ever since the May 4thMovement, the starting point of the new democratic revolution in China. For thesake of a concise discussion, we may divide the contemporary era into twoperiods 2.2.tRanslation in China between 1919-1949 Literary Translation was equally noteworthy during this period, which made a significant contribution to the introduction of foreign literatureand the development of Chinese literature. Classical Chinese in translation wasgradually replaced by a more simplified and easily- understood vernacular [va'naekjul]本地话,方言 Chinese baihua(白话), Hence a linguist progress In terms of the quality and quantity of literary translation, both improvedgreatly due to the unremitting efforts of many eminent translators including LuXun, Qu Qiubai, Maodun and Lin Yutang, who not only devoted to translationpractice but also advanced their own theory about such heated topics astranslation criteria, literal or free translation, ete. 2.2.2Translation in Present-day China Translation in China has stepped into a new era since the foundingof the People's Republic of China in 1949. National and regional organizationsfor translators were established and a large quantity of scientific andtechnical works was translated into Chinese to meet the demands of nationalsocial and economic construction. Meanwhile, the quality and quantity oftranslations from Chinese into foreign languages acquired encouragingachievements With the conclusion of the so-called"Great Cultural Revolution"and China's adoption of the policy of reform and opening-up, there were renewed ewf efforts in the fieldof translation studies and practice. Never before has so much been translatedby and for so many, be it of a literary, cultural, scientific, economic ortechnological nature. In the last few decades, a number of scholars in China introducedvarious translation principles in view of new discoveries in such branches assemiotics, social-linguistics, intercultural communication, etc. Accordingly, translation theories have witnessed dramatic changes in may areas like notionsof equivalence, faithfulness ts, cultural interaction and conflicts Looking back on the history of translation in China, we find that, on one hand, the long history of translation is worth taking pride in; on theother hand, it is hard to find a systematic translation theory to guidetranslation practice although there do exist some prescriptive explanations onhow to translate. By comparing the situation with Western studies in thisfield, we have to admit that China still has a long way to go in itsdevelopment of translation theory and practice. With its booming /HfE B, KR B economy and theexpansion of its political influence in the intemational community, China nowis facing a new challenge in translation studies. Il. Thenature and classification of translation(see students'book) translation(see students'book IV. Thestandard of translation(see students'book 1. One is set upby Yan Fu(1)on the basis of"faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance"(faithfulness to be faithful to the contentof the original expressiveness: to be as expressive as the original; elegance to be elegant if a translator uses words or sentence patterns before Han Dynasty x, i Z).(fE
translations published in China, and many concerned science and technologyranging from astronomy[ə'strɔnəmi]天文学, mathematics, physics and metallurgy [ me'tælədʒi ]冶金學to anatomy [ ə'nætəmi ]剖析,解剖學,骨骸, biology生物学and cartography[kɑ:'tɔgrəfi]地图制作,制图法,制图. Two important figures are worth mentioning here: 1.2.1 XuGuangqi(徐光启xú guāng qǐ) Xu Guangqi(1562-1633), a distinguished scientist and a seniorofficial of the late Ming Dynasty, played a remarkable role in introducing Westernscience into China when it was labeled as an unorthodox term by mosttraditional scholars. During his charge of the Hanlin Academy(翰林院) in Beijing, the topacademic institution in China, Xu cooperated with the Italian Jesuit ['dʒezjuit]耶稣会信徒Matteo Ricci(利玛窦) in translating the 13 volumes of Euclid’s ['ju:klid]Elements of Geometry[dʒi'ɔmitri] (《几何原本》)，though only 6 volumes(the partof plane geometry) were actually translated. Many of the terms in thetranslation are still in use today, such as point, line, straight line, curve曲线, parallel lines,angle, right angle, acute angle锐 角, obtuse [əb'tju:s]angle钝角, triangle, quadrilateral[.kwɔdri'lætərəl]四边形, etc. 1.2.2 LiZhizao(李之藻zǎo) Living in thesame period as Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao(1569-1630) was also an eminent scientistas well as famous translator. Under the guidance of Matteo Ricci, Li acquiredplenty of Western knowledge and later became a Catholic['kæθəlik]天主教徒. In 1613 Li Zhizao and Matteo Riccitranslated Tong Wen Suan Zhi (《同文算指》)，whichillustrated how to perform written arithmetic operations书面算术运算, for example, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,extraction of a root, etc. 1.3TheTranslation of Western Classics: The Third Peak（鸦片战争后至“五四”前的西方政治思想和文学翻译） The Opium ['əupjəm] War (1840-1842) and the singing of the first unequal Treaty ofNanjing ushered['ʌʃə]引导,展示 in the third peak oftranslation activity in China’s history, lasting from the mid 19thcentury to the eve前夕of the may 4th Movement, with emphasis on Western worksof social sciences, military sciences and literature. Some representativefigures include: 1.3.1 LinZexu (林则徐) Respectfully regarded as a national hero against British opium tradeand “the first Chinese who opened his eyes to look at the outside world”, LinZexu (1785-1850), a government official, was also an eminent organizer oftranslation activity during this period. He established a translation centre inGuangzhou to render some foreign works on history and geography into Chinese aswell as gather information from the Western press. 1.3.2 LiShanlan（李善兰） 1.3.3 Lin Shu（林纾shū）(陈宏薇P.8) Lin Shu (1852-1924), a traditional Chinese scholor,has been regarded as the pioneer of literary translation in China due to hislarge quantity of translations of Western novels. Interestingly, Lin Shu neverdid hid job independently, instead, he translated with the assistance ofinterpreters because he himself did not know any foreign languages. He penned elegantclassical Chinese versions of a wide range of foreign works such as UncleTom’s Cabin (《黑奴吁录》《汤姆叔叔的小屋》)；DavidCopperfield (《块肉余生述》《大卫.科波菲尔》);OliverTwist （《贼史》《雾都孤儿》) 1.3.4 Yan Fu（严复） Living in the late Qing society constantly threatened by colonialexpansion and profoundly shocked by the humiliating Treaty of Shimonoseki (《马关条约》) of April 1895 withJapan, Yan Fu (1853-1921), became an active reformist and devoted to weavingvia ['vaiə, 'vi:ə]经由his translation Western studies in the broad space of the Chinese language.The 1898 translation of Thomas Henry Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics (《天演论》) established his reputationthroughout the country, in which he rendered “natural selection and survival ofthe fittest” into 物竟 天择，适者生存，a widely quoted saying coming down to this day. In the preface tothe translated Evolution and Ethics, Yan Fu set down the triple三个一组translationcriteria, namely, “faithfulness(信), expressiveness(达) and elegance(雅)”，withwhich he opened a new chapter in the translation history of China. Yan Fu：Evolution and Ethics and other essays byT.H. Huxley(《天演论》)；An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause ofthe Wealth of Nations by A. Smith(《原富》). 2.2Translation in Contemporary China Translation activity has taken on a new look ever since the May 4 thMovement, the starting point of the new democratic revolution in China. For thesake of a concise discussion, we may divide the contemporary era into twoperiods. 2.2.1Translation in China between 1919-1949 Literary Translation was equally noteworthy during this period,which made a significant contribution to the introduction of foreign literatureand the development of Chinese literature. Classical Chinese in translation wasgradually replaced by a more simplified and easily-understood vernacular [və'nækjulə]本地话,方言Chinese baihua,(白话)， Hence a linguistic progress.In terms of the quality and quantity of literary translation, both improvedgreatly due to the unremitting efforts of many eminent translators including LuXun, Qu Qiubai, Maodun and Lin Yutang, who not only devoted to translationpractice but also advanced their own theory about such heated topics astranslation criteria, literal or free translation, etc. 2.2.2Translation in Present-day China Translation in China has stepped into a new era since the foundingof the People’s Republic of China in 1949. National and regional organizationsfor translators were established and a large quantity of scientific andtechnical works was translated into Chinese to meet the demands of nationalsocial and economic construction. Meanwhile, the quality and quantity oftranslations from Chinese into foreign languages acquired encouragingachievements. With the conclusion of the so-called “Great Cultural Revolution” andChina’s adoption of the policy of reform and opening-up, there were renewed更新 efforts in the fieldof translation studies and practice. Never before has so much been translatedby and for so many, be it of a literary, cultural, scientific, economic ortechnological nature. In the last few decades, a number of scholars in China introducedvarious translation principles in view of new discoveries in such branches assemiotics, social-linguistics, intercultural communication, etc. Accordingly,translation theories have witnessed dramatic changes in many areas like notionsof equivalence, faithfulness, contexts, cultural interaction and conflicts. Looking back on the history of translation in China, we find that,on one hand, the long history of translation is worth taking pride in; on theother hand, it is hard to find a systematic translation theory to guidetranslation practice although there do exist some prescriptive explanations onhow to translate. By comparing the situation with Western studies in thisfield, we have to admit that China still has a long way to go in itsdevelopment of translation theory and practice. With its booming兴旺的,繁荣的economy and theexpansion of its political influence in the international community, China nowis facing a new challenge in translation studies. II. Thenature and classification of translation (see students’ book) III. Theunits of translation (see students’ book) IV. Thestandard of translation (see students’ book) 1. One is set upby Yan Fu (严复) on the basis of “faithfulness ,expressiveness and elegance” (faithfulness: to be faithful to the contentof the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive as the original; elegance:to be elegant if a translator uses words or sentence patterns before HanDynasty .)(信、达、雅). (信：
意义不倍(背)本文,忠实于原文:达:尽译文语言所能事以求原义明显,不拘泥于原文形式,信、达二者统一:雅:脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古 雅。他认为只有译文本身采用“汉以前字法句法”——实际上即所谓上等的文言文,才算登大雅之堂。)(加上课本p.8中间的内容评论) 2. The other is put forward by lu Xun(鲁迅) on the basis of" Rather being faithful in thoughtthan smooth in language"(宁信而不顺 3. The new China witnesses two importantscholars on translation. One is Fu Lei and the other is Qian Zhongshu. Theformer suggests achieve the'spiritof the original orexpression resemblance”(神似).(译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时一致起来,或称能达到“形似”和“神似”,这是翻译的高 标准。 Mr Qian Zhongshu puts forward the ideasof" "transfiguration or conversion” which aimed at“ perfection(化境).(所谓“化境”‘就是原作向译文 的“投胎转世”,文字形式虽然换了,而原文投胎的思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本的化到了译文的境界里了,丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹,让读者读 译作就完全像在读原作一样。化境是比传神更高的翻译标准。) They two follow the principle offaithfulness 4. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, thereappeared another translator, the monk Dao An(ig). He suggested"preaching according to the original without deduction oraddition(案本而传,不令有损言游字:按照原文的本意) In the history of western translationtheories, there appeared a lot of translation theorists. Here we only mentions criteria. Alexander Fraster Tytlerproposed the famous three principles in his essay on the principles oftranslation, in which he thought that the translation should give acomplete transcript of the ideas of the original work; the style and the mannerof writing should be of the same character with that of the original; thetranslation should have all the ease of original composition”(一、译作应完全复写出原文的思想:二、译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质:三、译作应具备原 作品的通顺, Exactly the three principles are allbased on faithfulness What's the common point of thesetranslation criteria? Despite the variety of opinions, twocriteria (pl )are almost unanimously accepted, namely, the criterion offaithfulness/accuracy (B3E/ME )and that of smoothness(DTE/EN We may also take these criteria as theprinciples of translation in general. By faithfulness/ accuracy, we mean to befaithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. Examples in the text book P1o-13 arearranged to illustrate and explain that. By smoothness, we mean not only easyand readable rendering, but also idiomatic (ftin g) expressionin the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copy ing fromdictionaries. Examples in the text book P10-13 are arranged to illustrate andexplain that. V. Thequalifications of a good translator(see students'book Exercises: 1.Text book P 19 2中国翻译史可大致分为那几个阶段? 你印象最深的翻译家是谁?他对翻译事业最突出的贡献是什么? Translate the following passage into English:“友好与和平”,陈宏薇,《新实用汉英翻译教程》,上海外语教育出版社,2001.5 友好与和平 中国之所以坚持独立自主的和平外交立场,是因为在历史上她饱受帝国主义侵略战争带来的的苦难,更珍惜今天来之不易的和平生 与支持各国人民共同努力维护 说这种愿望与世界各国人民的和平愿望是一致的。人们都知道 临和平与发展两大课题,各 国人民都需要一个安宁平静的和平环境,以发展经济,改善生活。只有如此才能和平保障发展,发展促进和平 eaceful, independent foreign policy, because she suffered agreat deal from imperialist invasion for almost a century, and thus shecherishes her hard-earned peaceful fe all the more and would give moresympathy and support to the concerted efforts of all the people to maintainworld pe ossibleto speed up its socialist cons and raise the peopl dsby means of reform and the open evelopment, China needs not only national stability but also apeaceful international environment, especially peaceful surroundings. This isalso the hope of all the people in the world Peace and development are the twomajor tasks facing the world today. all the world peoples hope for a peacefulinternational situation so that they can develop their economies and improveliving conditions Peace is the guarantee for development and development inturn promotes peace 延安大学外国语学院教师教案(首页 主讲教师 职称 教授 课程性质|技能必修课,开设在第六学周,为学位课程 使学生了解文化、语言与翻译的关系,并培养学生翻译中的跨文 教学目的化意识 授课内容 第二章文化、语言与翻译 教学重点文化的定义与分类,文化、语言与翻译的关系 教学难点 文化、语言与翻译的关系 课时分配 二学时 教学方法 讲练结合,师生互动
意义不倍(背)本文，忠实于原文；达：尽译文语言所能事以求原义明显，不拘泥于原文形式，信、达二者统一；雅：脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古 雅。他认为只有译文本身采用“汉以前字法句法”——实际上即所谓上等的文言文，才算登大雅之堂。) (加上课本p.8中间的内容评论) 2. The other is put forward by Lu Xun (鲁迅) on the basis of “rather being faithful in thoughtthan smooth in language”(宁信而不顺). 3. The new China witnesses two importantscholars on translation. One is Fu Lei and the other is Qian Zhongshu. Theformer suggests “achieve the ‘spirit’ of the original orexpression resemblance”（神似）. (译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时一致起来，或称能达到“形似”和“神似”，这是翻译的高 标准。)Mr. Qian Zhongshu puts forward the ideasof “transfiguration or conversion” which aimed at “perfection”(化境).（所谓“化境”‘就是原作向译文 的“投胎转世”，文字形式虽然换了，而原文投胎的思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本的化到了译文的境界里了，丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹，让读者读 译作就完全像在读原作一样。化境是比传神更高的翻译标准。） They two follow the principle offaithfulness. 4. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, thereappeared another translator, the monk Dao An (释道安).He suggested “preaching according to the original without any deduction oraddition” (案本而传，不令有损言游字: 按照原文的本意). In the history of western translationtheories, there appeared a lot of translation theorists. Here we only mentionsome representative opinions on translation criteria. Alexander Fraster Tytlerproposed the famous three principles in his essay on the principles oftranslation, in which he thought that “the translation should give acomplete transcript of the ideas of the original work; the style and the mannerof writing should be of the same character with that of the original; thetranslation should have all the ease of original composition” (一、译作应完全复写出原文的思想；二、译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质；三、译作应具备原创 作品的通顺).Exactly the three principles are allbased on faithfulness. What’s the common point of thesetranslation criteria? Despite the variety of opinions, twocriteria (pl.) are almost unanimously accepted, namely, the criterion offaithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅/通顺). We may also take these criteria as theprinciples of translation in general. By faithfulness/ accuracy, we mean to befaithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views,but also to the original form and style. Examples in the text book P10-13 arearranged to illustrate and explain that. By smoothness, we mean not only easyand readable rendering, but also idiomatic（地道的） expressionin the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying fromdictionaries. Examples in the text book P10-13 are arranged to illustrate andexplain that. V. Thequalifications of a good translator (see students’ book) Exercises: 1.Text book P.19 2.中国翻译史可大致分为那几个阶段？ 3.你印象最深的翻译家是谁？他对翻译事业最突出的贡献是什么？ 4.Translate the following passage into English: “友好与和平”，陈宏薇，《新实用汉英翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，2001.5 友好与和平 中国之所以坚持独立自主的和平外交立场，是因为在历史上她饱受帝国主义侵略战争带来的的苦难，更珍惜今天来之不易的和平生活，更同情与支持各国人民共同努力维护 世界和平。中国是个发展中国家，正致力于通过改革开放，加快社会主义现代化建设，努力提高人民生活水平。为了实现既定的经济社会规划与目标，中国不仅需要国内的 安定，也需要有一个和平的国际环境，特别是和平的周边环境。可以说这种愿望与世界各国人民的和平愿望是一致的。人们都知道，当今世界面临和平与发展两大课题，各 国人民都需要一个安宁平静的和平环境，以发展经济，改善生活。只有如此才能和平保障发展，发展促进和平。 Peaceand Friendship China insists on a peaceful, independent foreign policy, because she suffered agreat deal from imperialist invasion for almost a century, and thus shecherishes her hard – earned peaceful life all the more and would give moresympathy and support to the concerted efforts of all the people to maintainworld peace.Being a developing country, China is trying in every way possibleto speed up its socialist construction and raise the people’s living standardsby means of reform and the open policy.To achieve the goal set for her economicand social development, China needs not only national stability but also apeaceful international environment, especially peaceful surroundings. This isalso the hope of all the people in the world.Peace and development are the twomajor tasks facing the world today. All the world peoples hope for a peacefulinternational situation so that they can develop their economies and improveliving conditions. Peace is the guarantee for development and development inturn promotes peace. 延安大学外国语学院教师教案（首页） 主讲教师 李艳 职称 教授 课程性质 翻译理论与实践（汉译英）课程是英语教育专业学生的一门专业 技能必修课，开设在第六学期，为学位课程。 教学目的 使学生了解文化、语言与翻译的关系，并培养学生翻译中的跨文 化意识。 授课内容 第二章文化、语言与翻译 教学重点 文化的定义与分类，文化、语言与翻译的关系 教学难点 文化、语言与翻译的关系 课时分配 二学时 教学方法 讲练结合，师生互动
教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 课本P32练习二 作业与辅导(内 容、时间) 课本P32练习 ①《汉英翻译教程》陈宏薇,上海外语教育出版社,2004 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭伟,国防工业出版社,2006 参考文献 ③《汉英翻译教程》朱徽,重庆大学出版社,2004 ④《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌等,陕西人民出版社,1983 Chapter2 Culture, Language and Translation(有参考资料) There exists an intimate relationship between culture, language andtranslation. How to treat their relationship properly is of great importance totranslator L. Thelmplication (aX)of Culture (see students book P 20-24) book P20-24 Ill. TheRelationship between Culture, Language and In fact, language plays a vital role in culture, Without language, culture would not be possible. Nida has pointed out, Culture is certainly a significant part of our lives. Language isnot only a distinctive feature of culture, it also distinguishes humans fromanimals and it is an absolutely indispensable means of transmitting culturefrom one generation to the ne On the other hand, as a peculiar tool for human communication, everylanguage is a part of culture.( See students'book P. 22 The relationship between language and culture is dialectical FI iE]. The role of language withinculture and the influence of the culture on the meanings of words and idiomsare so pervasivelpo: 'veisiv) a EH]that scarcely any text can be adequately understood without careful study of its culture background, Juri Lotman, the former Sovietsemiotician, declares firmly no language can exist unless it is steeped in the context ofculture, and no culture can exist which does not have at its center, thestructure of natural languages. In this sense, learning a language is learning the culture of thecountry where the language is spoken The intimate relationship between languageand culture leads naturally to that between culture and translation Translation is representation in one language of what is written or said inanother language. It's a bilingual art because two different languages are involvedin this activity. As is stressed above, language and culture are closelyconnected and understanding one requires understanding the other, translaningas to be regarded as an intercultural activity as well. After all, thetranslator must analyze the SL within certain cultural contexts carefully so asto use appropriate words in appropriate order to represent in the targetculture the object or process the original writer deseribes. Indeed, translation is a very importantmedium for culture exchange between people using different languages Translation, a bilingual art, seemingly a mere interlingual transformation, isin nature an intercultural Assignment: Write a passage on the topic "TheRelationship among Language, Culture and Translation"on about 300 words 延安大学外国语学院教师教案(首页) 主讲教师 课程性质 译理论与实践(汉译英)课程 业学生的一门专业 技能必修课,开设在第六学期 通过对比研究不同民族思维方式 教学目的|文化交际障 生能够减少和消除 授课内容 第三章中英思维方式对比 教学重点中国人重整体、偏重综合思维,英美人重个体、偏重分析思维 教学难点 中国人重直觉,英美人重实证 课时分配 学时 教学方法 讲练结合,师生互动 教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 课本P32练习
教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 课本P.32 练习二 作业与辅导（内 容、时间） 课本P.32 练习二 参考文献 ①《汉英翻译教程》陈宏薇，上海外语教育出版社，2004 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭伟，国防工业出版社，2006 ③《汉英翻译教程》朱徽，重庆大学出版社，2004 ④《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌等， 陕西人民出版社，1983 Chapter 2Culture, Language and Translation(有参考资料) There exists an intimate relationship between culture, language andtranslation. How to treat their relationship properly is of great importance totranslators. I. TheImplication（含义） of Culture（see student’s book P.20-24） II. TheClassification of Culture（see student’s book P.20-24） III. TheRelationship between Culture, Language and Translation In fact, language plays a vital role in culture. Without language,culture would not be possible. Nida has pointed out, … Culture is certainly a significant part of our lives. Language isnot only a distinctive feature of culture, it also distinguishes humans fromanimals and it is an absolutely indispensable means of transmitting culturefrom one generation to the next. On the other hand, as a peculiar tool for human communication, everylanguage is a part of culture. (See students’ book P.22) The relationship between language and culture is dialectical辩证的. The role of language withinculture and the influence of the culture on the meanings of words and idiomsare so pervasive[pə:'veisiv]普遍的that scarcely any text can be adequately understood without acareful study of its culture background. Juri Lotman, the former Sovietsemiotician, declares firmly that … no language can exist unless it is steeped in the context ofculture; and no culture can exist which does not have at its center, thestructure of natural languages. In this sense, learning a language is learning the culture of thecountry where the language is spoken. The intimate relationship between languageand culture leads naturally to that between culture and translation.Translation is representation in one language of what is written or said inanother language. It’s a bilingual art because two different languages are involvedin this activity. As is stressed above, language and culture are closelyconnected and understanding one requires understanding the other, translatingas to be regarded as an intercultural activity as well. After all, thetranslator must analyze the SL within certain cultural contexts carefully so asto use appropriate words in appropriate order to represent in the targetculture the object or process the original writer describes. Indeed, translation is a very importantmedium for culture exchange between people using different languages.Translation, a bilingual art, seemingly a mere interlingual transformation, isin nature an intercultural activity in its works of comparing, introducing andabsorbing. Assignment: Write a passage on the topic “TheRelationship among Language, Culture and Translation” on about 300 words. 延安大学外国语学院教师教案（首页） 主讲教师 李艳 职称 教授 课程性质 翻译理论与实践（汉译英）课程是英语教育专业学生的一门专业 技能必修课，开设在第六学期，为学位课程。 教学目的 通过对比研究不同民族思维方式的异同，使学生能够减少和消除 跨文化交际障碍。 授课内容 第三章中英思维方式对比 教学重点 中国人重整体、偏重综合思维，英美人重个体、偏重分析思维。 教学难点 中国人重直觉，英美人重实证。 课时分配 三学时 教学方法 讲练结合，师生互动 教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 课本P.32 练习二