第一章：量子力学基础TheFoundation of OuantumMechanics
第一章： 量子力学基础 The Foundation of Quantum Mechanics
S 1.1 I日量子论(TheOld Quantum Theory)1.1.1经典物理学(ClassicalMechanics)所遇到的问题十九世纪末期，经典物理学“完美”的理论机械运动一Newton力学电磁现象和光一Maxwell方程热现象一→热力学和统计物理学（Boltzmann&Gibbs)"The more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered, andthese are now so firmly established that the possibility of their ever being supplanted in consequenceof new discoveries is exceedingly remote... Our future discoveries must be looked for in the sixthplace of decima"Albert.A.Michelson(迈克耳逊）speech at the dedication of Ryerson Physics Lab, U. of Chicago 1894"There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precisemeasurement"Albert A. Michelson becamethefirsAmencan-toreceiveaNobelPrizeinphysics,1907-Kelvin,LordWilliamThomson
§1.1 旧量子论(The Old Quantum Theory) 1.1.1 经典物理学(Classical Mechanics)所遇到的问题 十九世纪末期，经典物理学 “完美”的理论 机械运动→Newton力学 电磁现象和光→Maxwell方程 热现象→热力学和统计物理学(Boltzmann &Gibbs) “The more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered, and these are now so firmly established that the possibility of their ever being supplanted in consequence of new discoveries is exceedingly remote. Our future discoveries must be looked for in the sixth place of decima” Albert. A. Michelson(迈克耳逊) speech at the dedication of Ryerson Physics Lab, U. of Chicago 1894 “There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement” - Kelvin, Lord William Thomson Albert A. Michelson became the first American to receive a Nobel Prize in physics, 1907
Kelvin勋爵1900年4月27日(inthemeetingoftheRoyalInstitutionofGreatBritain)宣告物理学的大厦已经建成，以后只需对这座大厦作点小小的修补工作就行了；另一方面他又认为“动力学理论断言热和光都是运动的方式，可是现在.. The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory, which asserts heat and light to bemodesofmotion,isatpresentobscuredbytwocloudsThe first came into existence with the undulatory theory of light ... it involved the questionHow could the Earth move through an elastic solid, such as essentially is the luminiferousether?'The second is the Maxwell-Boltzmann current doctrine regarding the partition of energy ...黑体辐射Michelson-Morley实验相对论量子论Kelvin,LordWiliamThomson(1824-1907)
. The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory, which asserts heat and light to be modes of motion, is at present obscured by two clouds. The first came into existence with the undulatory theory of light . it involved the question 'How could the Earth move through an elastic solid, such as essentially is the luminiferous ether?' The second is the Maxwell-Boltzmann current doctrine regarding the partition of energy . Kelvin勋爵 1900年4月27日(in the meeting of the Royal Institution of Great Britain) 宣告物理学的大厦已经建成，以后只需对这座大厦作点小小的修补工 作就行了；另一方面他又认为“动力学理论断言热和光都是运动的方式， 可是现在 相对论 量子论 Michelson-Morley实验 黑体辐射 Kelvin, Lord William Thomson(1824-1907)
口经典物理学的一些基本观点①质量恒定，不随速度改变②物体的能量是连续变化③物体有确定的运动轨道④光现象只是一种波动经典物理学的研究范围：质量m>>原子分子速度√<<光速mom=口高速领域V→C相对论力学/1-(v/c)2量子力学口微观领域E=meAlbertEinstein(1879-1955)
①质量恒定，不随速度改变 ②物体的能量是连续变化 ③物体有确定的运动轨道 ④光现象只是一种波动 经典物理学的研究范围： 质量m >>原子分子 速度v <<光速 ❑ 高速领域 v → c Albert Einstein (1879-1955) ❑ 微观领域 ❑ 经典物理学的一些基本观点 ( ) 0 2 1 m m v c = − E = mc2 相对论力学 量子力学
1.1.2黑体辐射和能量量子化(BlackbodyRadiationandQuantizationofEnergy)1859年，Kirchhof定义理想模型一绝对黑体在任何温度下能够完全吸收外来的辐射而不进行反射和透射的理想物体Kirchhoff证明：黑体与热辐射达到平衡时，辐射能量密度随频率变化曲线的形状和位置只与黑体的绝对温度有关，而与空腔的形状及组成物质无关amxT=2.898x10-3K·m1893年，Wien发现黑体辐射的位移律2000K1896年Wien假设黑体辐射是由一些服从Maxwell速率分布的分子发射出来的，得到(_u-r,on)rd1800X了辐射能量密度与波长的经验关系式：1600F8元hc-hclAkT4000Wilhelm Wien(1864-1928)n5(10~m)1911年获Nobel物理奖
1.1.2 黑体辐射和能量量子化 (Blackbody Radiation and Quantization of Energy) 1859年，Kirchhoff 定义理想模型—绝对黑体 在任何温度下能够完全吸收外来的辐射而不进行反射和透射的理想物体 Kirchhoff证明：黑体与热辐射达到平衡时，辐射能量密度随频率变化曲线的形状和位 置只与黑体的绝对温度有关，而与空腔的形状及组成物质无关 3 max T 2.898 10 K m − = Wilhelm Wien(1864-1928) 1911年获Nobel物理奖 1893年，Wien发现黑体辐射的位移律 1896年Wien假设黑体辐射是由一些服从 Maxwell速率分布的分子发射出来的，得到 了辐射能量密度与波长的经验关系式： / 5 8π e hc hc kT − = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 1200K 1400K 1600K 1800K / (10 3J·m −4) /(10−6m) 2000K