The second edition ofthe Fermentation andBiochemica1 Engineer￾ing Handbook, like the previous edition, is intended to assist the develop￾ment, design and production engineer who is engaged in the fermentation industry. Particular emphasis is give to those unit operations most frequently encountered in the commercial production ofchemicals and pharmaceuticals via fermentation

Copyright 8 1997 by Noyes Publications No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-29055 Printed in the United States

Capital cost projects begin when a need is defined that cannot be satisfied in existing facilities. Thus begins the life cycle of a capital project (Fig. 1). Once started, the project will progress through all of the following phases or be canceled. It all starts with the recognition of a need that will require capital plant. In the conceptual phase of the project, multiple approaches will be evaluated and one or more plans will be evaluated for meeting these needs

The purpose ofthis chapter is to review various forms of solids dryers and auxiliary components. It is intended to be a practical guide to dryer selection (as opposed to the theory of drying, which is addressed in various technical manuals referenced in the bibliography). From a microscopic

The drying operation is often the final step of a manufacturing process. Indirect drying will be discussed in this section; it is the process of removing liquid by conductive heat transfer. Sometimes drymg is apart ofthe manufacturing process itself, as in the case of seasoning oftimber or in paper making, but generally, the reasons for carrying out a drying operation are:

The widespread use of advanced control and process automation for biochemical applications has been lagging as compared with industries such as refining and petrochemicals whose feedstocks are relatively easy to characterize and whose chemistry is well understood and whose measure￾ments are relatively

Environmental laws and regulations including permits are reviewed in this chapter. Included are the Federal Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA), the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) regulations, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) or, as it is also known, the Solid Waste Disposal

Historically, sterile bulk pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, prior to filling operations, have followed general bulk pharmaceutical guidelines. As technology and equipment have improved

Common, everyday water is a major consideration in a pharmaceu￾tical plant. The final product or any of its intermediate materials can only be as contaminant-free as the water available at that stage. Water may be an ingredient or used principally to wash and rinse product contact components and equipment. Water is also used to humidiethe air, to generate clean steam for sterilization, to cool or heat, as a solvent, for drinking and sanitary uses, etc. To better control this critical media

The solids-liquid separation process can be accomplished by filtration or centrifugation. Centrifuges magnify the force of gravity to separate phases, solids from liquids or one liquid from another. There are two general types of centrifuges: Sedimentation Centrifuges-where a heavy phase settles out from a lighter phase