规模经济( Economy of Scale): Economy of scale in transportation is the cost per unit of weight decrease as the size of a shipment increases σ距离经济( Economy of Distance): Economy of distance refers to decreased transportation cost per unit of weight as distance increases. It is often referred to as the tapering principle
6-11 F规模经济（Economy of Scale）：Economy of scale in transportation is the cost per unit of weight decrease as the size of a shipment increases. F距离经济（Economy of Distance）：Economy of distance refers to decreased transportation cost per unit of weight as distance increases. It is often referred to as the tapering principle
Transportation is influenced by 1) transportation costs are affected by node location (2)Inventory requirements are influenced by mode (3) Packaging requirements are dictated by mode (4) Materials handling equipment are dictated by they type of carrier (5) Maximum consolidation of loads achieved with order-management technology reduces costs (6) Customer service goals influence carrier choice 6-12
6-12 – Transportation is influenced by: – （1）transportation costs are affected by node location – （2）Inventory requirements are influenced by mode – （3）Packaging requirements are dictated by mode – （4）Materials handling equipment are dictated by they type of carrier – （5）Maximum consolidation of loads achieved with order-management technology reduces costs – （6）Customer service goals influence carrier choice
2.五种基本的运输方式 Five Basic transportation modes 4 Modes of Transportation 运输方式 6-13
6-13 2. 五种基本的运输方式 Five Basic Transportation Modes Modes of Transportation 运输方式 Water 水运 Inland water & sea Air 航空 Rail 铁路 Road 公路（Truck） Pipelines 管道
Transportation Modes Rail---Nation's important carrier, cost- effective for shipping bulk(大/批量、散装) products Truck-Flexible in routing(a& time schedules, efficient for short-hauls a of high value goods Water.- Low cost for shipping bulky(大重的),一 low-value goods, slowest form Pipeline--Ship petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals from sources to markets o)F Air---High cost, ideal when speed is needed hi or to ship hig h-value, low-bulk items
6-14 Transportation Modes Truck---Flexible in routing (行程安排) & time schedules, efficient for short-hauls(拖运距离) of high value goods Water---Low cost for shipping bulky (大/重的), low-value goods, slowest form Pipeline---Ship petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals from sources to markets Air---High cost, ideal when speed is needed or to ship high-value, low-bulk items Rail---Nation’s important carrier, cost- effective for shipping bulk (大/批量、散装) products
Choosing Transportation Modes Checklist for Choosing o Transportation Modes 1.cost成本 2. Speed速度 ∽3. Reliability可靠性 Capability能力一 √5. Capacity容量 6. Flexibi1l活性 o achieve the right goods. in the riaht ace. at the right time. at the right price nd in the riaht condition 6-15
6-15 1. Cost 成本 2. Speed 速度 3. Reliability 可靠性 4. Capability 能力 5. Capacity 容量 Checklist (清单) for Choosing Transportation Modes To achieve the right goods, in the right place, at the right time, at the right price and in the right condition. Choosing Transportation Modes 6. Flexibility 灵活性