Electron Configurations of Ions The Octet rule:Atoms are most stable if they have a filled or empty outer shell of electrons lose e filled Ca Atoms gain e→the outer shell empty share e 20 Ca 1s22s22p3s23p4s2 16S:1s22s22p3s23p Ca2+:1s22s22p3s23p 16S2-:1s22s22p3s23p Octet rule:Atoms gain,lose or share electrons until they surrounded by eight valence electrons
Electron Configurations of Ions The Octet rule: Atoms are most stable if they have a filled or empty outer shell of electrons outer s shel hare gain e e e A l lose empty fille toms the d → Octet rule: Atoms gain, lose or share electrons until they surrounded by eight valence electrons 2 2 2 2 6 0 6 2 Ca s s p s p :1 2 2 3 3 4 s 2 2 2 6 0 2 6 2 Ca s s :1 2 2 p 3 3 s p + 2 2 6 2 4 16 S s s :1 2 2 p 3 3 s p 2 6 2 2 2 6 1 6 S :1 2 2 s s p 3 s 3 p −
The lonic bond lonization energy of an atom or ion:the minimum energy required to remove an e from a ground state of an isolated gaseous atom or ion.(Section 7.4) 11e △E 10e- Loses an electron 11p+ Nat ion Na atom 17e- 18e 17e* Cains an electron 6) Cl atom △E Ch ion Electron affinity:the energy change that occurs when an e is added to a gaseous atom or ion,(Section 7.5)
Na atom Na+ ion Ionization energy of an atom or ion: the minimum energy required to remove an e from to remove an e from a ground state a ground state of an isolated of an isolated gaseous atom gaseous atom or ion. (Section 7.4) The Ionic Bond ∆E Na atom Cl- Cl atom ion Electron affinity: the energy change that occurs when an e is added to a an e is added to a gaseous atom gaseous atom or ion. (Section 7.5) ∆E
Trends in first ionization energy EIE0 H 1312 He 2372 2500 Li Be 520 899 V Ne F 2081 2000 Na 496 Mg B 801 1086 1402 1314 1681 738 K3Iaua 1500 Ca A! S Ar 419 590 578 786 1012 Ci 1000 1251 1521 1000 Rb Ga 579 Ge 762 As 403 9 Se Br Kr uonezro 549 n 1351 500 Cs 3 Ba 5 Sn 709 Sb 9 1140 503 TI 834 Te 589 Pb 86 Xe 716 1008 Bi 1170 o 1A 7 Rn 2A 81 1037 3A 4A Increasing ionization energy 5A 6A 7A Increasing ionization energy 8A Copyright 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall,Inc
Trends in first ionization energy EIE>0
2500 First ionization energy versus He atomic number Ne 2000 F (Iow/[)K3Iua uonezruo!sI Ar 1500 Kr Xe 1000 Be C bB 500 Na K Rb 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Atomic number Copyright2009 Pearson Prentice Hall,Inc
First ionization energy versus atomic number 。 。
2500 He A comparison of the first ionization energies of metals ys.nonmetals Ne 2000 (IOw/[)K3aua uonezruo!s.I Ar 1500 Kr Xe 100 925 500 Li Na K Rb 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Atomic number Copyright 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall,Inc
A comparison of the first ionization energies of metals vs. nonmetals