In February200l,a rough seguencedraft was completed.Error ratenature1/10,000with somegaps.OReprinted by permission trorTIGR, a U.S.government-fundedNature409:15hFebrularynumanC2001MacmllanPublishersLidgenomeorganizationCelera,a private companyScienceIn2003,97% coveragewas completedIn 2006, 99% coverage was completedTHEHUMANGENOMEamJ.Craig VenterFrancis Collins10-16
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 10-16 In February 2001, a rough sequence draft was completed. Error rate 1/10,000 with some gaps. TIGR, a U.S. government-funded organization Celera, a private company In 2003, 97% coverage was completed. In 2006, 99% coverage was completed. Francis Collins J. Craig Venter
By2002, the genomes of 8 model organisms were sequenced.By mid-2005, more than 50 eukaryotic and 230 prokaryoticgenomes had been sequenced.10-17
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 10-17 By 2002, the genomes of 8 model organisms were sequenced. By mid-2005, more than 50 eukaryotic and 230 prokaryotic genomes had been sequenced
TABLE10.1Number of Species with Finished Whole-Genome Sequences Deposited at theNational Center for Biotechnology Information as of February 1,2010WholeInGenomeTotalOrganismProgress10582354Prokaryotes34125669Mammals1252Birds1214151732Fishes36743Insects23Flatworms5121426Roundworms01Amphibians110Reptiles1111829OtheranimalsPlants2588113Fungi129912205458Protists1121403Total2730413310-18
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TABLE10.2A Comparison of the Developmental Complexity and Genome Featuresof Model OrganismsGenome# of GenesDateOrganismSize*Number ofDevelopmentalper Million bpGenomeTypeSpeciesComplexity(Megabases)GenesSequencedFinishedBacterium4.643244905Escherichia coli19971-cell prokaryoteYeastSaccharomyces1-cell eukaryote12.0762014831996cerevisiaeWormCaenorhabditis1000.cells10021,1881971998elegansFlyDrosophila117-50,000cells18022,6062000melanogaster1010cellsMustard weedArabidopsis thaliana125221200033,500Rice (draft)5×100cellsOryza sativa466/42029,437127-155/82-1282002Mouse101fcellsMus musculus320061,81810-1320051014cellsHumanHomo sapiens32001845,4162003"Haploidgenomesize, includingheterochromaticDNANote:Forthe sequenced genomes of model organisms,gene numbers are taken from the original sequence publications; most numbers have since changed slightyForrice,two different strainshavebeen sequenced:Oryza sativa L.ssp.Japonica and Oryza sativa L.ssp.Indica.10-19
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Sequencing long regions of DNAPrimerwalkingShotgun sequencing10-20
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 10-20 Sequencing long regions of DNA Sequencing long regions of DNA Primer walking Primer walking Shotgun sequencing Shotgun sequencing