(c)222221.3212121.221.1115.3Chromosome 7at15.21515.115.1118three different141414.11313levels of banding13OUE1212resolution11.311.311.111.111.111.2111.2111.2211.2211.211.2311.2321.1121.112121.221.321.322.1222222.222.331.131.1p: shorter arm31.231.23131.31q: longer arm31.331:332:2323232.3333334343435353536.1363636.210-11Fig.10.2c36.3
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 10-11 Chromosome 7 at Chromosome 7 at three different three different levels of banding levels of banding resolution. resolution. Fig. 10.2 c p: shorter arm q: longer arm
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)(a)FluorescentprobesFluorescentdye1.Dropcellsontoaglassslide2.Gently denature DNA by treating3.AddhybridizationprobeslabeledwithbrieflywithDNasefluorescentdyeandwashawayunhybridizedprobe.(b)FluorescencemicroscopeEyepieceBarrierfilter2(furtherblockageofstrayUVrays)UVsourceMirrortoUVlight;transparenttovisiblelightObjectivelensBarrierfilter1(blocksdangerous short UV rays,Objectallows needed long UVraystopassthrough)4.Exposetoultraviolet(UV)lightTakepictureoffluorescentchromosomesF1g.10.4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 10-12 Fig. 10.4 Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
TheHuman Genome ProjectnatureHuman genome:3x109bpProposed in1985Reprintedbypermssiontrom409:15thFebry2001humanO2001MacmillanPubiishers LidgenomeStartedin1990,15-year timescale, S 3 billion dollars U.S.Sciencegovernmentfunding.THEHUMANGENOMEo Reprinted Ful cover of Scienoe 2/16/0t02001:AnoricsnAssociationtorfeAaancenantofScl
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 10-13 The Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project Human genome: 3109 bp. Proposed in 1985. Started in 1990, 15-year time scale, $ 3 billion dollars U.S. government funding
SixobjectivesofHGP1. To generate genetic, physical, and sequence maps of the humangenome.2元To sequence thegenomes ofmodel organisms.3. To develop improved technologies for mapping and sequencing4. To develop computational tools for capturing, storing,analyzing,displaying,and distributing map and sequenceinformation.5.To sequenceESTs and eventuallyfull-length cDNAs expressedin different cell types of humans and mice.6. To consider the ethical, legal, and social challenges posed bygenomic information.10-14
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 10-14 Six objectives of HGP Six objectives of HGP 1. To generate genetic, physical, and sequence maps of the human genome. 2. To sequence the genomes of model organisms. 3. To develop improved technologies for mapping and sequencing. 4. To develop computational tools for capturing, storing, analyzing, displaying, and distributing map and sequence information. 5. To sequence ESTs and eventually full-length cDNAs expressed in different cell types of humans and mice. 6. To consider the ethical, legal, and social challenges posed by genomic information
Model organisms: Organisms used in genomic analysis becausethey have many genetic mechanisms and cellular pathways incommon with each other and with humans.These organisms lendthemselves well to classical breeding experiments and directmanipulation ofthegenome.BacteriaRoundwormYeastFruit flyZebrafishMousePlant10-15
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 10-15 Model organisms: Organisms used in genomic analysis because they have many genetic mechanisms and cellular pathways in common with each other and with humans. These organisms lend themselves well to classical breeding experiments and direct manipulation of the genome. Yeast Roundworm Fruit fly Mouse Plant Bacteria Zebrafish