Chapter 16Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes18-1
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Sectionsto study16.1Overview of eukaryoticgene regulation16.2 Control of transcription initiation through promoters andenhancers16.3 Epigenetics: Control of transcription initiation throughDNAmethylation16.4Regulation after transcription18-2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 18-2 Sections to study Sections to study 16.1 Overview of eukaryotic gene regulation 16.1 Overview of eukaryotic gene regulation 16.2 Control of transcription initiation through promoters and 16.2 Control of transcription initiation through promoters and enhancers enhancers 16.3 Epigenetics Epigenetics: Control of transcription initiation through : Control of transcription initiation through DNA methylation methylation 16.4 Regulation after transcription 16.4 Regulation after transcription
DNA16.1 Overview ofI Initiation of transcriptioneukaryoticgenePrimaryRNAtranscriptsregulationTranscriptprocessing(splicing,polyadenylation,5capaddition)Mature RNA transcriptAAAA5'caplExportfromnucleusITranslationProtein productsModifications+LocalizationProteinactionFig.16.1
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Differences of gene regulation inChromatinNucleuseukaryotes compared with(DNA-proteincomplex)1.Chromatinremodelingprokaryotes0"Open"DNA(someDNAnotclosely2.Transcriptionboundtoproteins)Eukaryoticgenomes carry farmoreDNAPrimary transcriptchallenging for proteins to locate binding(pre-mRNA)3.RNAprocessingsequences.TailCapMature mRNAChromatin structure makes DNACytoplasmunavailable to transcription machinery.4.mRNA stabilityAdditional RNA processing events occur.Transcription and translation are spatiallyDegradedmRNAseparated.(mRNAlifespan5.Translationvaries)mRNA-Gene regulation needs to control cellulardifferentiation into hundreds of specializedPolypeptide6,Post-translationalmodification(folding,cell types.glycosylation,transport,activationdegradation ofActiveproteinprotein)2011Pearson Education,Inc
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 18-4 Differences of gene regulation in eukaryotes compared with prokaryotes Eukaryotic genomes carry far more DNA, Eukaryotic genomes carry far more DNA, challenging for proteins to locate binding challenging for proteins to locate binding sequences. sequences. Chromatin structure makes DNA Chromatin structure makes DNA unavailable to transcription machinery. unavailable to transcription machinery. Additional RNA processing events occur. Additional RNA processing events occur. Transcription and translation are spatially Transcription and translation are spatially separated. separated. Gene regulation needs to control cellular Gene regulation needs to control cellular differentiation into hundreds of specialized differentiation into hundreds of specialized cell types. cell types
TABLE18.1KeyRegulatoryDifferences BetweenEukaryotesandProkaryotesProkaryoteEukaryoteCharacteristicYesYesControloftranscriptionthroughspecificDNA-bindingproteinsYesYesReutilizationofsameDNA-bindingmotifsbydifferentDNA-bindingproteinsYesYesActivatorproteinsYesYesRepressorproteinsSpecificSpecificityofbindingtoDNAbyregulatoryproteinHighlyspecificStrongVerystrongAffinityofbindingNoYesRoleplayedbychromatinstructureYesRareCoordinatecontrolachievedwithoperonsNoYesDifferential splicingYesNoAttenuationNoYesmRNAprocessingNoYesDifferentialpolyadenylationNoYesDifferentialtransportofRNAfromnucleustocytoplasmNoYesRNAinterferencecarriedoutbymicro-RNAs18-5
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