COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING ANTENNAS FOR BASE STATIONS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS ZHI NING CHEN,Ph.D.,DoE KWAI-MAN LUK,Ph.D
ABOUT THE EDITORS 心2芝 of Cor Southeast n R for Infocom junct pro Researchi sity of Singapore 260 and Applications(Wiley,2007),Uit ra wideband wireless com 2006) for Portable Der ce 2007.He for Co 9006) g Handbook nted and filed patents with ensed industry deals.He is the Award 2008.IEEE AP-S Hong ent Award 2006 IR Quart erly Best Paper Award 2004,and IEEE iWAT 2005 Best Poster Award Dr.Chen is a Fellow of the IEEE.Inc.and an IEEE AP-S Distinguished Lecturer(www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/-chenzn). DR.KWAI-MAN LUK received his Ph.D.in electrical er ity of Hong K g.He is The and ring De recent tsinclude design of patch. nator antennas micr wave and antenna meas and dielect al metics.He is the author earch books and the thor of c 950i and 200 co s He has re the design of a wideband patch antenn ith obe.Herece in Chiba in December 1994 and the Best Paper Award at the 2008 Inte rnational Symposium on Antennas and Propagation held in Taipei in October 2008. He was the Technical Prog ram Chairperson of the 1997 Progress in osium (PIERS 1997),the General Vice Chairperson of the 1997 and 2008 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference,and the nan of 2006 IEEE Region Ten confere nce.He is a deputy editor in-chief of the Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. Professor Luk is a Fellow of the IEEE.Inc.:a Fellow of the Chinese Institute of Electronics,PRC:a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology UK;and a Fellow of the Electromagnetics Academy,U.S
ABOUT THE EDITORS DR. ZHI NING CHEN received his Ph.D. from the Institute of Communications Engineering and his DoE from the University of Tsukuba. Since 1988, he has worked at the Institute of Communications Engineering, Southeast University, City University of Hong Kong, University of Tsukuba, and the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. He is currently Principal Scientist and Department Head for RF & Optical at the Institute for Infocomm Research in Singapore. He is concurrently holding guest/adjunct professor appointments at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Southeast University, Nanjing University, Tongji University, and National University of Singapore. He is also technical advisor at Compex Systems. As a key member of numerous international organizations, Dr. Chen has organized many events. He is the founder of the International Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT). He has published over 260 papers as well as authored and edited the following books: Broadband Planar Antennas: Design and Applications (Wiley, 2007), Ultra Wideband Wireless Communication (Wiley, 2006), and Antennas for Portable Devices (Wiley, 2007). He also contributed chapters to Ultra Wideband Antennas and Propagation for Communications, Radar, and Imaging (Wiley, 2006) as well as Antenna Engineering Handbook, Fourth Edition (McGraw-Hill, 2007). He holds 26 granted and filed patents with 15 licensed industry deals. He is the recipient of the CST University Publication Award 2008, IEEE AP-S Honorable Mention Student Paper Contest 2008, IES Prestigious Engineering Achievement Award 2006, I2 R Quarterly Best Paper Award 2004, and IEEE iWAT 2005 Best Poster Award. Dr. Chen is a Fellow of the IEEE, Inc. and an IEEE AP-S Distinguished Lecturer (www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/~chenzn). DR. KWAI-MAN LUK received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from The University of Hong Kong. He is currently Head and Chair Professor of the Electronic Engineering Department at City University of Hong Kong. His recent research interests include design of patch, planar, and dielectric resonator antennas; microwave and antenna measurements; and computational electromagnetics. He is the author of two books, a contributing author to nine research books, and the author of over 250 journal papers and 200 conference papers. He has recently been awarded two U.S. patents and ten PRC patents on the design of a wideband patch antenna with an L-shaped probe. He received the Japan Microwave Prize at the 1994 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference held in Chiba in December 1994 and the Best Paper Award at the 2008 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation held in Taipei in October 2008. He was the Technical Program Chairperson of the 1997 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS 1997), the General ViceChairperson of the 1997 and 2008 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, and the General Chairman of 2006 IEEE Region Ten Conference. He is a deputy editorin-chief of the Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. Professor Luk is a Fellow of the IEEE, Inc.; a Fellow of the Chinese Institute of Electronics, PRC; a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology, UK; and a Fellow of the Electromagnetics Academy, U.S
Contents at a Glance Chapter 1.Fundamentals of Antennas 1 Chapter 2.Base Station Antennas for Mobile Radio Systems 31 chaper3.AeRi&eiaBenCemrnkaieonsr 95 Chapter 4.Advanced Antennas for Radio Base Stations 129 Chapter 5.Antenna Issues and Technologies for Enhancing System Capacity 177 205 Chapter 7.Antennas for WLAN(WiFi)Applications 241 291 Index 349
v Contents at a Glance Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Antennas 1 Chapter 2. Base Station Antennas for Mobile Radio Systems 31 Chapter 3. Antennas for Mobile Communications: CDMA, GSM, and WCDMA 95 Chapter 4. Advanced Antennas for Radio Base Stations 129 Chapter 5. Antenna Issues and Technologies for Enhancing System Capacity 177 Chapter 6. New Unidirectional Antennas for Various Wireless Base Stations 205 Chapter 7. Antennas for WLAN (WiFi) Applications 241 Chapter 8. Antennas for Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Applications: RFID/UWB Positioning 291 Index 349
Contents Preface xiii Acknowledaments Introduction xvil Chapter 1.Fundamentals of Antennas 1 1.1 Basis Parameters and Definitions of Antennas 12 1.1.3 Radiation Patterns 1234 6910 1.1.7 Intermodulation 13 1.2mr iThis Book 12 Patch A 1.2.3 1515171 1.2.4 Planer Dipoles/Monopoles 20 13.2 em Matching 1.3.3 Measurement Systems for Intermodulation 112 1.4 System Calibration 28 1.5 Remarks 28 References 29 Chapter 2.Base Station Antennas for Mobile Radio Systems 31 2.1 Operational Requirements 2.2 2aerm8。PanoRiepPaapmemeere 23355 2.3 The Design of a Practical Base Station Antenna 44 2.3.1 Metho ds of Construction 2Dimensioning the Array 455 28 Multiband and Wideband Arrays Feed Networks vii
vii Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Antennas 1 1.1 Basis Parameters and Definitions of Antennas 1 1.1.1 Input Impedance and Equivalent Circuits 2 1.1.2 Matching and Bandwidth 3 1.1.3 Radiation Patterns 4 1.1.4 Polarization of the Antenna 6 1.1.5 Antenna Efficiency 9 1.1.6 Directivity and Gain 10 1.1.7 Intermodulation 13 1.2 Important Antennas in This Book 15 1.2.1 Patch Antennas 15 1.2.2 Suspended Plate Antennas 17 1.2.3 Planer Inverted-L/F Antennas 18 1.2.4 Planer Dipoles/Monopoles 20 1.3 Basic Measurement Techniques 21 1.3.1 Measurement Systems for Impedance Matching 21 1.3.2 Measurement Setups for Far-Zone Fields 22 1.3.3 Measurement Systems for Intermodulation 26 1.4 System Calibration 28 1.5 Remarks 28 References 29 Chapter 2. Base Station Antennas for Mobile Radio Systems 31 2.1 Operational Requirements 32 2.2 Antenna Performance Parameters 33 2.2.1 Control of Antenna Parameters 36 2.3 The Design of a Practical Base Station Antenna 44 2.3.1 Methods of Construction 44 2.3.2 Array Design 51 2.3.3 Dimensioning the Array 51 2.3.4 Multiband and Wideband Arrays 62 2.3.5 Feed Networks 67
viii Contents 2.3.6 Practical Cost/Performance Issues 238 Passive Intermodulation Products and Their Avoidance 239 otely Con 68112 rolled Electrical parameters 23104 ntennas for TD-SCDMA Systems 2212Ar It dia se Sta tion Antennas 2.3.13 RADHAZ 8g 5 Fu ure Directions References 3 Chapter 3.Antennas for Mobile Communications: CDMA.GSM.and WCDMA 的 3.1 3.1.2 Reguirem 3.2 Case Studies 98 3222 An Eight-Element-Shaped Beam Antenna Array 323A ze na Array 3.2.4 A Broadband Monopolar Antenna for Indoor Coverage 117 3.2.5 Conclusio gment Reference 127 Chapter 4.Advanced Antennas for Radio Base Stations 129 4.1 Benefits of Advanced Antennas 130 4.2 Advanced Antenna Technologies 131 4.3 Three-Sector Reference System 132 4.4 Three-Sector Omnidirectional Antenna 134 45Hgergoe7AeneDwesiy nntonea 130 “密 4.8.2 156 4.10 Fixed Multi 4.10.2 Migration Strategy 165 4.11 Steered Beam Array Antenna se Study 168 4.14 References
viii Contents 2.3.6 Practical Cost/Performance Issues 68 2.3.7 Passive Intermodulation Products and Their Avoidance 69 2.3.8 Use of Computer Simulation 71 2.3.9 Arrays with Remotely Controlled Electrical Parameters 72 2.3.10 Antennas for TD-SCDMA Systems 78 2.3.11 Measurement Techniques for Base Station Antennas 80 2.3.12 Array Optimization and Fault Diagnosis 83 2.3.13 RADHAZ 86 2.3.14 Visual Appearance and Planning Issues 87 2.3.15 Future Directions 91 References 93 Chapter 3. Antennas for Mobile Communications: CDMA, GSM, and WCDMA 95 3.1 Introduction 95 3.1.1 Requirements for Indoor Base Station Antennas 95 3.1.2 Requirements for Outdoor Base Station Antennas 96 3.2 Case Studies 98 3.2.1 An Eight-Element-Shaped Beam Antenna Array 98 3.2.2 A 90ç Linearly Polarized Antenna Array 106 3.2.3 A Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Array 111 3.2.4 A Broadband Monopolar Antenna for Indoor Coverage 117 3.2.5 A Single-Feed Dual-Band Patch Antenna for Indoor Networks 122 3.3 Conclusion 126 3.4 Acknowledgment 126 References 127 Chapter 4. Advanced Antennas for Radio Base Stations 129 4.1 Benefits of Advanced Antennas 130 4.2 Advanced Antenna Technologies 131 4.3 Three-Sector Reference System 132 4.4 Three-Sector Omnidirectional Antenna 134 4.5 Higher Order Receive Diversity 137 4.5.1 Field Trial 138 4.6 Transmit Diversity 139 4.7 Antenna Beamtilt 139 4.7.1 Case Study 146 4.8 Modular High-Gain Antenna 148 4.8.1 Case Study 150 4.8.2 Field Trial 153 4.9 Higher Order Sectorization 154 4.9.1 Case Study 156 4.10 Fixed Multibeam Array Antenna 157 4.10.1 Field Trials 161 4.10.2 Migration Strategy 165 4.11 Steered Beam Array Antenna 167 4.12 Amplifier Integrated Sector Antenna 168 4.12.1 Case Study 169 4.13 Amplifier Integrated Multibeam Array Antenna 171 4.14 Conclusion 173 References 174