Contents ix Chapter 5.Antenna Issues and Technologies for Enhancing System Capacity 177 5.1 Mobile Comm nunications in Japan 5.1.2 Wireless Access System 179 5.2.Design Considerations for Antennas from a Systems Point of View 182 am Ant m pate Metal conduct 532 5.3.3 SpotCell(Micro-Cell)Antenna 535 al Radiation Pattern 5.4 Conclusi 202 References 202 Chapter 6. New 205 6.2 ch Ante 6.2.1 Twin L-Shaped Probes Fed Patch Antenna 207 9 6.3 EeeepoXaAnt3 netebipgletan 6.3.1 Basic Principle 28 6.3.2 tary Ameg nnas Com posed 221 6.3.3 Complementar y Antennas with a Slot 6.3.4 uonical Mon ole Antenna Element dgment References Chapter 7.Antennas for WLAN(WiFi)Applications 241 7.2 245 Materials,Fabrication Process,Time to Market, 72.2yme0 t,an n Considerations of-the-Art De 731 Outdoor Point-to-Point Antennas Antennas ntenna 28 7.4 Embedded Antenna 2 742 Outdoor P2P Antenn a Array 7.4.4 oor P2 na Array
Contents ix Chapter 5. Antenna Issues and Technologies for Enhancing System Capacity 177 5.1 Introduction 177 5.1.1 Mobile Communications in Japan 177 5.1.2 Wireless Access System 179 5.2. Design Considerations for Antennas from a Systems Point of View 182 5.3 Case Studies 184 5.3.1 Slim Antenna 184 5.3.2 Narrow HPBW Antenna with Parasitic Metal Conductors 188 5.3.3 SpotCell (Micro-Cell) Antenna 194 5.3.4 Booster Antenna 196 5.3.5 Control of Vertical Radiation Pattern 196 5.4 Conclusion 202 References 202 Chapter 6. New Unidirectional Antennas for Various Wireless Base Stations 205 6.1 Introduction 205 6.2 Patch Antennas 207 6.2.1 Twin L-Shaped Probes Fed Patch Antenna 207 6.2.2 Meandering-Probe Fed Patch Antenna 210 6.2.3 Differential-Plate Fed Patch Antenna 212 6.3 Complementary Antennas Composed of an Electric Dipole and a Magnetic Dipole 219 6.3.1 Basic Principle 220 6.3.2 Complementary Antennas Composed of Slot Antenna and Parasitic Wires 221 6.3.3 Complementary Antennas with a Slot Antenna and a Conical Monopole 221 6.3.4 New Wideband Unidirectional Antenna Element 222 6.4 Conclusion 236 6.5 Acknowledgment 237 References 237 Chapter 7. Antennas for WLAN (WiFi) Applications 241 7.1 Introduction 241 7.1.1 WLAN (WiFi) 241 7.1.2 MIMO in WLANs 243 7.2 Design Considerations for Antennas 245 7.2.1 Materials, Fabrication Process, Time to Market, Deployment, and Installation 246 7.2.2 MIMO Antenna System Design Considerations 249 7.3 State-of-the-Art Designs 255 7.3.1 Outdoor Point-to-Point Antennas 255 7.3.2 Outdoor Point-to-Multiple-Point Antennas 260 7.3.3 Indoor Point-to-Multiple Point Antennas 260 7.4 Case Studies 264 7.4.1 Indoor P2MP Embedded Antenna 265 7.4.2 Outdoor P2P Antenna Array 270 7.4.3 Dual-Band Outdoor P2P Antenna Array 270 7.4.4 Outdoor P2P Diversity Grid Antenna Array 276
x Contents 7.4.5 Outdoor/Indoor P2MP HotSpot/HotZone Antenna 7.5 References chapera.AnpPakgpMcearaeRlbSpogtoa Positioning 291 8.1 Area Network (WPAN) 8 318 8.3 8.3.1D esign Considerations 8.3.2 Case Study:Six-Element Sectored Antenna Arrays 8.4 Conclusion References 349 Index 349
x Contents 7.4.5 Outdoor/Indoor P2MP HotSpot/HotZone Antenna 279 7.4.6 MIMO Antenna Array 282 7.4.7 Three-Element Dual-Band MIMO Antenna 286 7.5 Conclusion 287 References 288 Chapter 8. Antennas for Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Applications: RFID/UWB Positioning 291 8.1 Introduction 291 8.1.1 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) 292 8.1.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 296 8.1.3 Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Positioning 305 8.2 Antenna Design for RFID Readers 313 8.2.1 Design Considerations 313 8.2.2 Case Study 318 8.3 Antenna Design for Indoor Mono-Station UWB Positioning System 341 8.3.1 Design Considerations 341 8.3.2 Case Study: Six-Element Sectored Antenna Arrays 341 8.4 Conclusion 346 References 347 Index 349
Contributors Zhi Ning Chen Institute for Infocomm Research Brian Collins BSC Associates Ltd.and Queen Mary. University Anders Derneryd Ericsson Martin Johansson Ericsson AB Ericsson Research Yasuko Kimura NTT DoCoMo Ahmed A.Kishk University of Mississippi Ka-Leung Lau City University of Hon a Kong Kwai-Man Luk City University of Hong Kong Xianming Qing Institute for Infocomm Research Shie Ping See Institute for Infocomm Research Wee Kian Toh Institute for Infocomm Research Hang Wong City University of Hong kong
Contributors Zhi Ning Chen Institute for Infocomm Research Brian Collins BSC Associates Ltd. and Queen Mary, University of London Anders Derneryd Ericsson AB Ericsson Research Martin Johansson Ericsson AB Ericsson Research Yasuko Kimura NTT DoCoMo Ahmed A. Kishk University of Mississippi Ka-Leung Lau City University of Hong Kong Kwai-Man Luk City University of Hong Kong Xianming Qing Institute for Infocomm Research Shie Ping See Institute for Infocomm Research Wee Kian Toh Institute for Infocomm Research Hang Wong City University of Hong Kong
Preface Wireless communication has undergone rapid development during the past four decades Starting with the first ge neration wireless comr uni. ation in the 1970s,the indust ed to the second generation in is entering the fourth generation.Applications range from cellular mobile phones to healthcare and radio frequency identifications,to name just a few. Base station antennas are important components of any wireless com munication system.The wide range of applications poses stringent spe fications in efficie ncy,sectorial di and adaptabilt addition,factors suc aiual attractiveness ve tromagnetic impact on environment,and,above all,cost are important considerations.The art of designing base station antennas is thus at the forefront of antenna technology and presents challenging problems ook,Anter anas for Base Stations in Wireless Communications edited by Zhi Ning Chen and Kwai-Man Luk,is a timely and unique con- tribution that addresses the background,fundamental principles,and practical solutions to many challenges in base station antenna design. Both Dr.Chen and Dr.Luk are well known and have done distinguished work in the field.They hav ve assembled an international to contribute to the book. which covers all of the h authors,who are from industry,research institutions,and universities, have extensive experience in the research,development,and applica- tion of antennas in wireless communications.They provide perspectives from diverse backgrounds and,in many instances,describe their own enges of designi ing base station antennas. will be a welcome add ion to the library of anyone inter ested in the forefront of antenna technology. -Kai Fong Lee University of Mississippi Oxford,Mississi May 2009 到
xiii Preface Wireless communication has undergone rapid development during the past four decades. Starting with the first generation wireless communications in the 1970s, the industry progressed to the second generation in the 1990s, the third generation in the 2000s, and at present, is entering the fourth generation. Applications range from cellular mobile phones to healthcare and radio frequency identifications, to name just a few. Base station antennas are important components of any wireless communication system. The wide range of applications poses stringent speci- fications in power efficiency, sectorial directivity, polarization diversity, and adaptability. In addition, factors such as visual attractiveness, electromagnetic impact on environment, and, above all, cost are important considerations. The art of designing base station antennas is thus at the forefront of antenna technology and presents challenging problems requiring innovative solutions. This book, Antennas for Base Stations in Wireless Communications, edited by Zhi Ning Chen and Kwai-Man Luk, is a timely and unique contribution that addresses the background, fundamental principles, and practical solutions to many challenges in base station antenna design. Both Dr. Chen and Dr. Luk are well known and have done distinguished work in the field. They have assembled an international group of experts to contribute to the book, which covers all of the relevant issues. The authors, who are from industry, research institutions, and universities, have extensive experience in the research, development, and application of antennas in wireless communications. They provide perspectives from diverse backgrounds and, in many instances, describe their own solutions to the challenges of designing base station antennas. This book will be a welcome addition to the library of anyone interested in the forefront of antenna technology. —Kai Fong Lee University of Mississippi Oxford, Mississippi May 2009
Acknowledgments We are very excited about the publication of Antennas for Base Stations in Wireless Communications.This project has presented many chal lenges,such as gathe ring the ideas e eded to write a uniqu book organiin the coteeectivey,finding the appropriate coors working on agreements,consolidating all the chapters and moderating the book's contents,and writing our own chapters.Our grateful thanks are due to all the authors for contributing chapters to this book.They have expended muchffort and time toco a very short period.Also,we w ld like t场 opportunit 6 thank all the people involved in this project,especially Wendy Rinaldi Editorial Director at McGraw Hill,for her professional support and patience to make this project a huge success.Finally,we would like to thank our families,namely.Chen's wife Lin Liu and his twin sons.Shi feng and Shi Ya,as well as Luk's wife Jennifer and his sons,Alec and ng and support when we had t ork on this project past midnight and during many weekends and holidays
xv Acknowledgments We are very excited about the publication of Antennas for Base Stations in Wireless Communications. This project has presented many challenges, such as gathering the ideas needed to write a unique book, organizing the content effectively, finding the appropriate contributors, working on agreements, consolidating all the chapters and moderating the book’s contents, and writing our own chapters. Our grateful thanks are due to all the authors for contributing chapters to this book. They have expended much effort and time to complete this hard task within a very short period. Also, we would like to take this opportunity to thank all the people involved in this project, especially Wendy Rinaldi, Editorial Director at McGraw Hill, for her professional support and patience to make this project a huge success. Finally, we would like to thank our families, namely, Chen’s wife Lin Liu and his twin sons, Shi Feng and Shi Ya, as well as Luk’s wife Jennifer and his sons, Alec and Lewis, for their understanding and support when we had to work on this project past midnight and during many weekends and holidays