Chapter Three Morphology (一)目的与要求 Students will leamn 1.What morphology is about; 2.Open class and closed class:intemal structure of words and rule for word formation 3.Morphemes-the minimal units of meaning 4.Word structures 5.Derivational and inflectional morphemes 6.Morphological rules of word formation 7.Derivation 8.Compounds Students will be able to analyze the formation of English words and be more efficient in memorizing English words. (仁)教学内容 1.主要内容 3.1 Introduction What is Morphology?Morphology is used to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure. 3.2 Open class and closed class In English,nouns,verbs,adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary.They are the content words of a language.which are sometimes called open class words,since we can regularly add new words to these classes. The other syntactic categories include ""functional"words Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of relatively few words and have been referred to as being closed class words since new words are not usually added to them. 3.3 Morphemes-the minimal units of meaning Linguists define word as the smallest free form found in language.A free form is simply an element that does not have to occur in a fixed position with respect to its neighboring element;in many cases,it can even appear in isolation. The most important component of a word structure is the morpheme-the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.Morphemes may have different forms.The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs. 3.4 Analyzing word structures To analyze the interal structure of words,it is important to identify first each of
11 Chapter Three Morphology (一) 目的与要求 Students will learn: 1. What morphology is about; 2. Open class and closed class; internal structure of words and rule for word formation 3. Morphemes—the minimal units of meaning 4. Word structures 5. Derivational and inflectional morphemes 6. Morphological rules of word formation 7. Derivation 8. Compounds Students will be able to analyze the formation of English words and be more efficient in memorizing English words. (二) 教学内容 1. 主要内容 3.1 Introduction What is Morphology? Morphology is used to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure. 3.2 Open class and closed class In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are the content words of a language, which are sometimes called open class words, since we can regularly add new words to these classes. The other syntactic categories include “grammatical” or “functional” words. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of relatively few words and have been referred to as being closed class words since new words are not usually added to them. 3.3 Morphemes—the minimal units of meaning Linguists define word as the smallest free form found in language. A free form is simply an element that does not have to occur in a fixed position with respect to its neighboring element; in many cases, it can even appear in isolation. The most important component of a word structure is the morpheme—the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme, whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme. Morphemes may have different forms. The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs. 3.4 Analyzing word structures To analyze the internal structure of words, it is important to identify first each of
the component morphemes and then to classify them in terms of their contribution to the meaning and functions of the larger word. Roots and affixes.Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixes.The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning and typically belong to a lexical category,whereas affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes. 3.5 Derivational and inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes are those morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words.Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers.signifving such concepts as tense. number,case,aspect and so on. 3.6 Morphological rules of word formation The ways words are formed are called morphological rules.These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words. Some of the morphological rules can be used quite freely to form new words.We call them productive morphological rules. 3.7 Derivation Derivation is an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its bases.Once formed,derived words become independent lexical items and receive their own entry in a speaker's mental lexicon. 3.8 Compounds Another way to form new words,or compound words,to be exact,is by stringing words together (3.8-1 Comparison between formation of Chinese compounds and English Compound) 2.基本概念和知识点 1)morphology; 2)open class and closed class. 3)morphemes-minimal units of meaning 4)intemal structure of words 5)derivational and inflectional morphemes 6)morphological rules of word formation 7)derivation 8)compounds: 3.问题与应用（能力要求） 1)Some students experience difficulties in learning to spell adjectives ending in -ble or-ible.Given the following lists of words,what rule can you derive conceming the phonological functions of the-able and -ible spellings?
12 the component morphemes and then to classify them in terms of their contribution to the meaning and functions of the larger word. Roots and affixes. Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixes. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning and typically belong to a lexical category, whereas affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes. 3.5 Derivational and inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes are those morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words. Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case, aspect and so on. 3.6 Morphological rules of word formation The ways words are formed are called morphological rules. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words. Some of the morphological rules can be used quite freely to form new words. We call them productive morphological rules. 3.7 Derivation Derivation is an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its bases. Once formed, derived words become independent lexical items and receive their own entry in a speaker’s mental lexicon. 3.8 Compounds Another way to form new words, or compound words, to be exact, is by stringing words together. (3.8-1 Comparison between formation of Chinese compounds and English Compound) 2. 基本概念和知识点 1）morphology; 2）open class and closed class; 3）morphemes—minimal units of meaning 4）internal structure of words 5）derivational and inflectional morphemes 6）morphological rules of word formation 7）derivation 8）compounds; 3. 问题与应用（能力要求） 1）Some students experience difficulties in learning to spell adjectives ending in –ble or –ible. Given the following lists of words, what rule can you derive concerning the phonological functions of the –able and -ible spellings?