广东财经大学：外国语学院《语言学概论（英）》课程教学大纲.doc_P6-P10

concemed with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages. Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view, that is,articulatory phonetics,auditory phonetics,and acoustic phonetics 2.2.2 Organs of speech The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas:the pharyngeal cavity-the throat,the oral cavity-the mouth,and the nasal cavity-the nose 2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds-broad and narrow transcriptions International Phonetic Alphabet (PA)is standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.Its basic principle is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound. The IPA provides its users with another set of symbols called diacritics.which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do. Broad transcription is the one with letter-symbols only and narrow transcription is that with diacritics.The former is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes while the latter is needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds 2.2 Classification of English speech sounds An initial classification will divide the speech sounds in English into two broad categories:vowels and consonants 2.2.4.1 Classification of English consonants English consonants can be classified in two ways:one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: Stops,fricatives,affricatives,liquids,nasals,glides In terms of place of articulation,the English consonants can be classified into the following types: Bilabial;labio-dental,dental,alveolar,palatal;velar,glottal 2.2.4.2 Classification of English vowels Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors:the position of the tongue in the mouth,the openness of the mouth,the shape of the lips,the length of the vowels. 1)Vowels may be distinguished as front,central,and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest. 2)They may be classified into close vowels,semi-close vowels,semi-open

7 concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view, that is, articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and acoustic phonetics. 2.2.2 Organs of speech The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity — the throat, the oral cavity — the mouth, and the nasal cavity — the nose. 2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds — broad and narrow transcriptions International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. Its basic principle is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound. The IPA provides its users with another set of symbols called diacritics, which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do. Broad transcription is the one with letter-symbols only and narrow transcription is that with diacritics. The former is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes while the latter is needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. 2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds An initial classification will divide the speech sounds in English into two broad categories: vowels and consonants. 2.2.4.1 Classification of English consonants English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: Stops; fricatives; affricatives; liquids; nasals, glides In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into the following types: Bilabial; labio-dental; dental; alveolar; palatal; velar; glottal 2.2.4.2 Classification of English vowels Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors: the position of the tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, the length of the vowels. 1）Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest. 2）They may be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open

vowels and open vowels according the openness of the mouth. 3)They may be classified into unrounded vowels and rounded vowels according to the shape of the lips. 4)They may be classified into long and short vowels according to the length of the sound. 2.3 Phonology 2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics Phonetics is concerned with the general nature of speech sound while phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 2.3.2 Phone,phoneme,and allophone A phone is a phonetic unit or segment.The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit.It is not any particular sound,but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.For example,the phoneme// in English can be realized as dark []clear [l],etc.which are allophones of the phoneme / 2.3.3 Phonemic contrast,complementary distribution,and minimal pair If the phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes,they are said to form a phonemic contrast,e.g./p/and /b/in /pit/and /bit/. If they are allophones of the same phoneme,then they do not distinguish meaning,but complement each other in distribution.For instance,the clear/l/always occurs before a vowel while the dark always occurs between a vowel and a consonant.or at the end of a word.So the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings,the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.So in English,pil/and bil/are a minimal pair 2.3.4 Some rules in phonology 2.3.4.1 Sequential rules Sequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sound in a particular language. 2.3.42 Assimilation rule The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by"copying"a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar

8 vowels and open vowels according the openness of the mouth. 3）They may be classified into unrounded vowels and rounded vowels according to the shape of the lips. 4）They may be classified into long and short vowels according to the length of the sound. 2.3 Phonology 2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics Phonetics is concerned with the general nature of speech sound while phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 2.3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [ɫ], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/. 2.3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair If the phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast, e.g. /p/ and /b/ in /pɪt/ and /bɪt/. If they are allophones of the same phoneme, then they do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution. For instance, the clear /l/ always occurs before a vowel while the dark /ɫ/ always occurs between a vowel and a consonant, or at the end of a word. So the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. So in English, pill and bill are a minimal pair. 2.3.4 Some rules in phonology 2.3.4.1 Sequential rules Sequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sound in a particular language. 2.3.4.2 Assimilation rule The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar

2.3.4.3 Deletion rule Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. 2.3.5 Supra-segmental features 2.3.5.1Stress Depending on the context in which stress is considered,there are two kinds of stress:word stress and sentence stress. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.For example,a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged. Sentence stress refers to the relative force given to the component of a sentence The part of speech that are normally stressed in an English sentence are nouns.main verbs,adjectives,adverbs,numerals and demonstrative pronouns,the other categories of words like articles,person pronouns,auxiliary verbs,prepositions,and conjunctions are usually not stressed. 2.3.52Tone Tones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.Pitch variation can distinguish meaning just like phonemes,therefore the tone is a supra-segmental feature.The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what wecall tone languages.E.g Chinese 2.3.5.3 Intonation When pitch,stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English. 2.基本概念和知识点 1)The phonetic medium of language 2)Phonetics:organs of speech;orthographic representation of speech sounds- broad and narrow transcriptions,classification of English speech sounds, 3)Phonology:phonology and phonetics,phone,phoneme,and allophone, phonemic contrast,complementary distribution,and minimal pair,some rules in phonology;suprasegmental features-stress,tone,intonation. 3.问题与应用（能力要求） 1)It is possible to make sprangle into an English word,but it is impossible to do so with"rpsaglne".Why is that?What rule or rules of English syllabic structure does "rpsaglne"break. 2)One principle of advertising is to make sure that the slogan is memorable Homophones(ie.words that are different but have the same pronunciation)and near

9 2.3.4.3 Deletion rule Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. 2.3.5 Supra-segmental features 2.3.5.1 Stress Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. For example, a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged. Sentence stress refers to the relative force given to the component of a sentence. The part of speech that are normally stressed in an English sentence are nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals and demonstrative pronouns; the other categories of words like articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, and conjunctions are usually not stressed. 2.3.5.2 Tone Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish meaning just like phonemes; therefore, the tone is a supra-segmental feature. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages. E.g. Chinese. 2.3.5.3 Intonation When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. 2. 基本概念和知识点 1）The phonetic medium of language 2）Phonetics: organs of speech; orthographic representation of speech sounds — broad and narrow transcriptions; classification of English speech sounds; 3）Phonology: phonology and phonetics; phone, phoneme, and allophone; phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair; some rules in phonology; suprasegmental features—stress, tone, intonation. 3. 问题与应用（能力要求） 1）It is possible to make sprangle into an English word, but it is impossible to do so with “rpsaglne”. Why is that? What rule or rules of English syllabic structure does “rpsaglne” break. 2）One principle of advertising is to make sure that the slogan is memorable. Homophones (i.e. words that are different but have the same pronunciation) and near

10 homophones often help achieves this effect. In the following advertisement slogans, identify the homophones or near-homophones and point out the words they replace. More smiles per gallon. (motorcycles) Porky Pig is bore. (pork) The newest eye-dea from Maybelline. (eye makeup) Guaranteed berth control. (electric blankets) Seven days without a Village Inn Pizza makes one weak. (pizza parlor) Farrell’s will dessert you. (ice cream parlor) Dye now! (beauty shop) (In this item, no word is replaced, but there is a pun that works in a similar way.) Explain the effect that you think each of these slogans will have on the audience. 3）Chinese speakers may pronounce duck as /dΛkə/. Chinese speakers are not the only ones who have trouble pronouncing English words. The Japanese language, for instance, has the word resutoranto, borrowed from the English word restaurant. Why do they have a u between s and t and an o after the last t? If you know a Japanese major, find other English words in that language whose spelling has changed. In each case, discuss the reasons for the change. （三）思考与实践 1）What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why? 2）What is voicing and how is it caused? 3）Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ? 4）How are the English consonants classified? 5）What criteria are used to classify the English vowels? 6）How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l] and [ɬ], / pʰ/ and /p/, a phonetician or a phonologist? Why? 7）What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme? 8）Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule. 9）What are supra-segmental features? How do the major suprasegment features of English function in conveying meaning? （四）教学方法与手段 1. 课堂讲授，课堂讨论，提问，回答问题等。 2. 多媒体、电子教案