第5周，第5讲次课程名称：《汉英翻译》摘要第四章汉英文化差异与汉英翻译第一节汉英文化的比较授课题目（章、节）第二节翻译中的词汇空缺第三节翻译中的语义联想本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解文化、语言、翻译三者之间的关系，意在提醒学生注意这样一个事实，即搞好翻译，不仅要有扎实的语言基本功，而且要有较高的文化修养。【重点】翻译中的词汇空缺；翻译中的语义联想【难点】翻译中的词汇空缺内容1田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 1 课程名称：《汉英翻译》 第 5 周，第 5 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） 第四章 汉英文化差异与汉英翻译 第一节 汉英文化的比较 第二节 翻译中的词汇空缺 第三节 翻译中的语义联想 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解文化、语言、翻译三者之间的关系，意在提醒学生注意 这样一个事实，即搞好翻译，不仅要有扎实的语言基本功，而且要有较高的文化修养。 【重 点】翻译中的词汇空缺； 翻译中的语义联想 【难 点】翻译中的词汇空缺。 内 容
【本讲课程的引入】翻译，虽说不像语言与文化那样历史悠久，却也有两千余年的历史。因此，翻译也像语言和文化一样有诸多不同的定义。尽管众说纷绘，但真正意义上的翻译其内涵是一致的，即：用一种语言代替另一种语言来传达同样的信息，简言之，是语际间的信息传递。毫无疑问，译者必须面对的是两种不同的语言，而这两种语言各自归属于两种不同的文化系统。因此，译者所面对的不仅仅是两种不同的语言，而且是两大片文化。如此看来，一个称职的译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人，不仅能熟练运用两种不同的语言，更重要的是谱熟使用这两种语言的人们在文化背景、渊源、风俗、习惯、政治制度及宗教信仰等多方面的差异。一个医生，无论其艺术多么高明，如果做心脏手术时无视身体其他器官与心脏的密切关系和相互作用，手术是不能成功的。同样，一个译者，如若只注重源语与译入语在语言方面的差异，而忽视其所属的文化的系统的差异，其翻译也注定难以成功。因此，讨论翻译必须探讨语言与文化的关系，必须研究不同的文化之间的差异。【本讲课程的内容】I.讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业II.第四章汉英文化差异与汉英翻译第一节汉英文化的比较02英2第二节翻译中的词汇空缺余越蒙第三节翻译中的语义联想用e-mailI.讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业给老师Time islife发的作业To watchingthe second hand moving little by little is themost shocking thingBecauseevery movement implies our lifespanhasbeen shortened a little.Tohavea look at thecalendar which hangs on the wall. Every day the tearing of its page implies our lifespan hasshortened for a day.That's because time is life.No one does not treasure his life, but fewpays much attention to. If one has the thought of approaching something, obtaining someknowledge, enrich one's life, help others and make life meaningful rather than idle away inlifetime,oneshouldnotwastetime.Everyoneknowsit, butfewcould stick onmakingfulluse oftheir time.2田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 2 【本讲课程的引入】 翻译，虽说不像语言与文化那样历史悠久，却也有两千余年的 历史。因此，翻译也像语言和文化一样有诸多不同的定义。尽管众说纷纭，但真正意 义上的翻译其内涵是一致的，即：用一种语言代替另一种语言来传达同样的信息，简 言之，是语际间的信息传递。毫无疑问，译者必须面对的是两种不同的语言，而这两 种语言各自归属于两种不同的文化系统。因此，译者所面对的不仅仅是两种不同的语 言，而且是两大片文化。如此看来，一个称职的译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人， 不仅能熟练运用两种不同的语言，更重要的是谙熟使用这两种语言的人们在文化背 景、渊源、风俗、习惯、政治制度及宗教信仰等多方面的差异。一个医生，无论其艺 术多么高明，如果做心脏手术时无视身体其他器官与心脏的密切关系和相互作用，手 术是不能成功的。同样，一个译者，如若只注重源语与译入语在语言方面的差异，而 忽视其所属的文化的系统的差异，其翻译也注定难以成功。因此，讨论翻译必须探讨 语言与文化的关系，必须研究不同的文化之间的差异。 【本讲课程的内容】 I. 讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业 II．第四章 汉英文化差异与汉英翻译 第一节 汉英文化的比较 第二节 翻译中的词汇空缺 第三节 翻译中的语义联想 I． 讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业 Time is life To watching the second hand moving little by little is the most shocking thing. Because every movement implies our lifespan has been shortened a little. To have a look at the calendar which hangs on the wall. Every day the tearing of its page implies our lifespan has shortened for a day. That’s because time is life. No one does not treasure his life, but few pays much attention to. If one has the thought of approaching something, obtaining some knowledge, enrich one’s life, help others and make life meaningful rather than idle away in life time, one should not waste time. Everyone knows it, but few could stick on making full use of their time. 02 英 2 佘越蒙 用 e-mail 给老师 发的作 业
I am one of these kinds of person who wasted lots of time. I don't play Mahjong;I seldom go to theaters and cinemas for years; I don't watch television for longtime, usually half an hour, and neither do I visit others for chat. Someone askedme, "What do you usually do?" I reflected back and found that except theunavoidable activities which concerned with working and communication mostof my time has been wasted. I should concentrate on the books I have neverread, I should make use ofmy time to write something,however,Idid not do so.Much of my time has been passed witlessly. “If one does not exert oneself inyouth, onewill regret it in old age."To watch the second hand moving little by little is the most shocking thingbecauseeverymovementimpliesourlifespanhasbeenshortened(alittle).To(have a) look at the calendar which hangs on the wall, every day the tearing ofits page implies our lifespan has shortened by(not "for")a day. That is教师的because time is life.Everyone (not"No one does not")treasures his life, but修改few pay(s) much attention to it. If one has the thought of achieving (not"approaching")something,obtaining someknowledge,enriching one's lifehelping others and making lifemeaningful rather than just being idle (not"idleaway in life time"), one should not waste time.Everyoneknows it, but few can(not "could") stick to (not"on")making full use of their time.I amone ofthesekindsof people(not"person")whohaswasted lots of time.Idon't play Mahjong, I haven't been( not "seldom go") to theaters and cinemasfor years, I haven't(not"don't") watched television for a long time, and when!do, usually only half an hour, and neither doI visit others for a chat. If someoneasked me,Whatdo youusually dowith yourtime?Iwould reflectback andfind (not"found")that except the unavoidable activities which concern(ed)(with)working and communication,most of my time has been wasted.I shouldconcentrate more on (the) books that I have never read; I should make use of mytime to write something, however, Inever(not"did not")do so.Much ofmytime has been passed witlessly. j°If one does not exert oneself in youth, one willregret it in old age.Time is lifeTranslated by Zhang PeijiIt is most startling to see a watch or clock clicking away the seconds, eachclickmeaning theshortingof one's lifebya littlebit Likewise,with each patetorn off the wall calendar, one's life is shortened by another day.Time, therefore,is life.Nevertheless, few poOepl treasure their time as much as their life.Timemust not be wasted if you want to do your bit in your remaining years or acquiresome useful knowledge to improve yourself and help others, so that your lifemay turn out to be significant and fruitful. All that is foolproof, yet few peoplereallystrivetomake the best useoftheir time3田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 3 I am one of these kinds of person who wasted lots of time. I don’t play Mahjong; I seldom go to theaters and cinemas for years; I don’t watch television for long time, usually half an hour; and neither do I visit others for chat. Someone asked me, “What do you usually do?” I reflected back and found that except the unavoidable activities which concerned with working and communication, most of my time has been wasted. I should concentrate on the books I have never read, I should make use of my time to write something, however, I did not do so. Much of my time has been passed witlessly. “If one does not exert oneself in youth, one will regret it in old age.” To watch the second hand moving little by little is the most shocking thing because every movement implies our lifespan has been shortened (a little). To (have a) look at the calendar which hangs on the wall, every day the tearing of its page implies our lifespan has shortened by ( not "for") a day. That is because time is life. Everyone ( not "No one does not") treasures his life, but few pay(s) much attention to it. If one has the thought of achieving ( not "approaching") something, obtaining some knowledge, enriching one’s life, helping others and making life meaningful rather than just being idle ( not "idle away in life time"), one should not waste time. Everyone knows it, but few can ( not "could") stick to ( not "on") making full use of their time. I am one of these kinds of people ( not "person") who has wasted lots of time. I don’t play Mahjong, I haven't been ( not "seldom go") to theaters and cinemas for years, I haven't ( not "don’t") watched television for a long time, and when I do, usually only half an hour; and neither do I visit others for a chat. If someone asked me, ¡°What do you usually do with yourtime ? I would reflect back and find ( not "found") that except the unavoidable activities which concern(ed) (with) working and communication, most of my time has been wasted. I should concentrate more on (the) books that I have never read; I should make use of my time to write something, however, I never ( not "did not") do so. Much of my time has been passed witlessly. ¡°If one does not exert oneself in youth, one will regret it in old age. Time is life Translated by Zhang Peiji It is most startling to see a watch or clock clicking away the seconds, each click meaning the shorting of one’s life by a little bit. Likewise, with each pate torn off the wall calendar, one’s life is shortened by another day. Time, therefore, is life. Nevertheless, few po0epl treasure their time as much as their life. Time must not be wasted if you want to do your bit in your remaining years or acquire some useful knowledge to improve yourself and help others, so that your life may turn out to be significant and fruitful. All that is foolproof, yet few people really strive to make the best use of their time. 教师的 修改
Note:实秋梁Personally,I am also a frittererI don'tplaymahjong.I seldom go to the（1902—1987）为theatre or cinema -I go there maybe once every few years. I seldom spend long我国著名现代作hours watchingTV-usuallyI watchIVfor nomore than30 minutes ata sitting家、翻译家、教育NordoIgovisiting andgossipingfromdoorto door.Somepeopleaskedme,家，一生致力于英"Then what do you do with most of your time?" Introspecting with remorse, I国文学研究。《时间found that apart from the time earmarked for my job and unavoidable social即生命》一文选自activities, most of my time had been wasted. I should have concentrated my他的散文集《雅舍energies on reading whatever books I have not yet read. I should have utilized小品》。all my time in writing anything I want to write. But I've failed to do so. Verymuch of my time has been frittered away aimlessly. As the saying goes, Onewho does not work hard in youth will grieve in vain in old age.分析：1.这道理人人都懂，译为：allthatisfoolproof其中，foolproof作verysimpleto understand解，意思是“不言而喻”或“简单明了”。此句也可译为all thatisself-evident（汉英词典）2．我自己就是浪费了很多时间的一个人。Fritterer“泛指时间、金钱等等的浪费者，又可专指“不爱借时间的人(apersonwhowastestime)3. If one doesn't exert oneself in youth, one will regret it inold age. Laziness inyouth spell regret in old age.I.第四章汉英文化差异与汉英翻译第一节汉英文化的比较1.价值观念有别2.家族观念各异3.思维方式不同4.生活方式差异第二节翻译中的词汇空缺GapsinTranslation1.词汇空缺（LexicalGap)例1;况且这通身的气派竟不象老祖宗的外孙女儿儿，竞是嫡亲孙女儿似的。（《红楼梦》第三回）David Hawkes:And everything about her so distingue! She doesn't take after yourside of the family,Grannie,she is more likea Jia.Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn't take after her father,son-in-law of our old Ancestress,butlooksmore like a Chia.4田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 4 Note: 梁实秋 （1902—1987）为 我 国 著 名 现 代 作 家、翻译家、教育 家，一生致力于英 国文学研究。《时间 即生命》一文选自 他的散文集《雅舍 小品》。 Personally, I am also a fritterer. I don’t play mahjong. I seldom go to the theatre or cinema – I go there maybe once every few years. I seldom spend long hours watching TV – usually I watch IV for no more than 30 minutes at a sitting. Nor do I go visiting and gossiping from door to door. Some people asked me, “Then what do you do with most of your time?” Introspecting with remorse, I found that apart from the time earmarked for my job and unavoidable social activities, most of my time had been wasted. I should have concentrated my energies on reading whatever books I have not yet read. I should have utilized all my time in writing anything I want to write. But I’ve failed to do so. Very much of my time has been frittered away aimlessly. As the saying goes, “ One who does not work hard in youth will grieve in vain in old age. 分析： 1．这道理人人都懂，译为：all that is foolproof, 其中，foolproof 作 very simple to understand 解，意思是“不言而喻”或“简单明了”。此句也可译为 all that is self-evident (汉英词典) 2． 我自己就是浪费了很多时间的一个人。Fritterer “泛指时间、金钱等等 的浪费者，又可专指“不爱惜时间的人(a person who wastes time) 3．If one doesn’t exert oneself in youth, one will regret it in old age. Laziness in youth spell regret in old age. II. 第四章 汉英文化差异与汉英翻译 第一节 汉英文化的比较 1.价值观念有别 2. 家族观念各异 3. 思维方式不同 4. 生活方式差异 第二节翻译中的词汇空缺 Gaps in Translation 1. 词汇空缺 （Lexical Gap) 例 1： 况且这通身的气派竟不象老祖宗的外孙女儿儿，竟是嫡亲孙女儿似的。（《红 楼梦》第三回） David Hawkes: And everything about her so distingue! She doesn't take after your side of the family, Grannie, she is more like a Jia. Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn't take after her father, son-in-law of our old Ancestress, but looks more like a Chia
例2：我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。I was born in the year of the Rooster*.I never eat chicken.The yearof the Rooster* will bring me good luck or bad luck.*Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12Earthly Branches, to symbolizethe year in which a person is born.Spring Festival 1993,for example,is the firstday ofthe Year of theRooster. People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol.All other years of the rooster , according to an old Chinese saying.become whether good-or-bad-luck years for them.翻译策略：策略：“释义法”、“变换角度、加注法第三节翻译中的语义联想（semanticassociation）例如：人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！（《红楼梦》第65回）David Hawkes: They call jealous people vinegar bottles, don't they?Well, she's not just a bottle of vinegar, she is storage-jar --- a wholecistern--- full of it.杨:If other women are jealous, she's hundred times so.策略：归化与异化domesticationandalienation下列汉英成语具有相似的概念意义，其语用意义却不同，请试作说明下列汉英成语具有相似的概念意义，其语用意义却不同，请试作说明：（黑体为汉）1.打草惊蛇----beat about the bush (Don't-[not to]approach a subjectwithoutcomingtothepoint，trytosaysomethingindirectly.旁敲侧击）to alert the enemy by rash or accidental events before carrying outtheplannedattack2.亡羊补牢---lock the stabledoor after thehorsehas been stolen（为时晚）（takeprecautionswhenitistoolate）为时不晚：to repair the stable after a sheep is gone--still in time toavoidfurtherlosses.3.骨在喉-to have a bone in one's throat (to avoid making one'sopinionknown难于启齿）不吐不快：haveanopinionthat onecannot suppress4.同舟共济---to be in the same boat(to be in the same difficult situationordangers.处境相同，面临同样的危险)团结协作，共度难关：tocooperateandhelpeachotherinordertorideout a difficulty5.怒发冲冠---to makeone's hair stand on end (fill onewith fightorhorror；毛骨悚然)bristle with anger, to fly into a rage, to be in violent anger6.救命稻草---the last straw(thelatestof a series ofunpleasanteventswhich makes you feel that you cannot tolerate a situation any longer 令人由翠丢可事泽》5
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 5 例 2：我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。 I was born in the year of the Rooster*. I never eat chicken. The year of the Rooster* will bring me good luck or bad luck. *Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year in which a person is born. Spring Festival 1993, for example, is the first day of the Year of the Rooster. People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol. All other years of the rooster , according to an old Chinese saying, become whether good-or-bad-luck years for them. 翻译策略：策略：“释义法”、“变换角度、加注法 第三节 翻译中的语义联想（semantic association) 例如：人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！（《红楼梦》第 65 回） David Hawkes: They call jealous people vinegar bottles, don’t they? Well, she’s not just a bottle of vinegar, she is storage-jar - a whole cistern- full of it. 杨：If other women are jealous, she’s hundred times so. 策略：归化与异化 domestication and alienation 下列汉英成语具有相似的概念意义，其语用意义却不同，请试作说明 下列汉英成语具有相似的概念意义，其语用意义却不同，请试作说明： (黑体为汉) 1．打草惊蛇-beat about the bush (Don’t-[not to]approach a subject without coming to the point, try to say something indirectly. 旁敲侧击) to alert the enemy by rash or accidental events before carrying out the planned attack 2．亡羊补牢-lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen （为时晚 矣）（take precautions when it is too late） 为时不晚：to repair the stable after a sheep is gone-still in time to avoid further losses. 3．骨鲠在喉-to have a bone in one’s throat (to avoid making one’s opinion known 难于启齿) 不吐不快：have an opinion that one cannot suppress. 4．同舟共济-to be in the same boat (to be in the same difficult situation or dangers. 处境相同，面临同样的危险) 团结协作，共度难关：to cooperate and help each other in order to ride out a difficulty 5．怒发冲冠-to make one’s hair stand on end (fill one with fight or horror; 毛骨悚然) bristle with anger, to fly into a rage, to be in violent anger 6． 救命稻草-the last straw (the latest of a series of unpleasant events which makes you feel that you cannot tolerate a situation any longer 令人 忍无可忍的事