第8周，第7讲次课程名称：《汉英翻译》摘要第五章文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译授课题目（章、节）第一节文法与翻译本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解文法在翻译中的重要性。【重点】文法与翻译【难点】如何让译文符合英文文法内容-田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 1 课程名称：《汉英翻译》 第 8 周，第 7 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） 第五章 文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译 第一节 文法与翻译 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，了解文法在翻译中的重要性。 【重 点】文法与翻译 【难 点】 如何让译文符合英文文法 内 容
【本讲课程的引入】毛泽东同志在谈到下文章时说：“我顺便讲一点请你们注意写文章的问题。……·总之一个合逻辑，一个合语法，一个较好的修辞，这三点请你们在写文章时注意。”（毛泽东选集》第五卷，人民出版社1977年4月第1版，第195--217页）《农业合作化的一场辩论和当前的阶级斗争》(grammatical：conformingtotherulesofgrammar:遵循语法规则的：agrammaticalsentence.语法正确的句子）"Tobelogical,tobegrammatical andtohaveagood command ofrhetoric,thesearethree points Iwould likeyouto bear in mind whenyouwrite."翻译同样离不开这三点。首先，熟知汉英两种语言的语法特点、具有合乎英语语法的遣词造句能力、有一定的英文写作能力，是从事翻译的前提。【本讲课程的内容】1.讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业II.第五章文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译第一节文法与翻译I.讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业，仅以一个学生的作业为例：门红伟Don't Abandon Knowledge02英(2)Every graduate,NO.22用e-mailNow, you are leaving from your mother school. I can't give you any gift except a 给老师发ence. That is "don't abandon knowledge"的作业Most lessons you had before may be just for this diploma You were not willing.From now on,you can research accordingto your own wishfreely.Devotein onespecific subject by taking advantage of your energetic ages. Youth cannot retrieve.It'll be too late for doing research when your energy is falling off. If only forliving,you learn some knowledge, the knowledge will leave up to you. However, if you make for living without learning anyknowledge, three or five years, you will be eliminated by later youths. It would be too late to make up your knowledge atthat time.2田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 2 【本讲课程的引入】 毛泽东同志在谈到下文章时说：“我顺便讲一点请你们注意写文章的 问题。.总之一个合逻辑，一个合语法，一个较好的修辞，这三点请你们在写文章时注 意。”（毛泽东选集》第五卷,人民出版社 1977 年 4 月第 1 版,第 195-217 页 ）《 农业合作化 的一场辩论和当前的阶级斗争》(grammatical :conforming to the rules of grammar:遵循语法 规则的：a grammatical sentence.语法正确的句子) “To be logical, to be grammatical and to have a good command of rhetoric, these are three points I would like you to bear in mind when you write.” 翻译同样离不开这三点。首先，熟知汉英两种语言的语法特点、具有合乎英语语法的遣词 造句能力、有一定的英文写作能力，是从事翻译的前提。 【本讲课程的内容】 I. 讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业 II．第五章 文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译 第一节 文法与翻译 I． 讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业，仅以一个学生的作业为例： Don’t Abandon Knowledge Every graduate, Now, you are leaving from your mother school. I can’t give you any gift except a sent ence. That is “don’t abandon knowledge”. Most lessons you had before may be just for this diploma. You were not willing. From now on, you can research according to your own wish freely. Devote in one specific subject by taking advantage of your energetic ages. Youth cannot retrieve. It’ll be too late for doing research when your energy is falling off. If only for living, you learn some knowledge, the knowledge will leave up to you. However, if yo u make for living without learning any knowledge, three or five years, you will be eli minated by later youths. It would be too late to make up your knowledge at that time. 门红伟 02 英(2) NO.22 用 e-mail 给老师发 的作业
Some people say, "When you graduate from school, you have to be busyV1n dealing with the living problems. How much time you can spend on reading? Even if you attempt to do some study, how can you do that without alibrary or laboratory?"I want to say, people who read only in the library will not read even if there it is, people who do study only in the laboratory will not do even if there it is. Once you determined to study a problem, you will go to great lengths to save yourmoney to buy books and work out measures to design instruments.As for time, that isn't a problem at all. Darwin was in poor health throughout his whole life. He couldn't work for many hours.Each day, he only worked one hour. But his achievements were outstanding! Spending one hour onreading 10 pagesuseful books each day, then you can read more than 3,600 pages a year and110,000 books in 30 yearsEverybody, 110,ooo books can shape you to be a scholar. However, readingthree kinds of tabloids each day will also spend you one hour, and playing four turns' Majiang needs one and a half hour. Tabloids? Majiang? Or a scholar? It's up to you!Yipuson said, your biggest responsibility is to cast yourself from a materialto a implement."Don't abandon knowledgeTo every graduate,Now,you areleaving(from)your motherschool.I can'tgiveyouanygiftsexceptsome advice(not"a sentence"); that is, "don't abandon knowledge".Most lessons you havehad previously(not"before")mayhave been justfor thisdiploma. Maybe you were not willing to do these, but from now on, you canresearch according to your own free will ( not "wish freely"). Devote yourself to(not"in")one specific subject by taking advantage of (your)this energetic stage ofyour life(not"ages").Youth cannot be retrieved. It'll be too late for doing researchwhen your energy is falling off Even if only for everyday living, you gain (not"learn") some knowledge, whether you use the knowledge is (not "will leave")upto you. However, if you make a (not"for") living without gaining (not"learning")any knowledge,in three or five years, you will be made redundant(not"eliminated") (by) later by3田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 3 Some people say, “When you graduate from school, you have to be busy i n dealing with the living problems. How much time you can spend on readi ng? Even if you attempt to do some study, how can you do that without a library or laboratory?” I want to say, “ people who read only in the library will not read even if t here it is; people who do study only in the laboratory will not do even if th ere it is. Once you determined to study a problem, you will go to great len gths to save your money to buy books and work out measures to design instruments. As for time, that isn’t a problem at all. Darwin was in poor health througho ut his whole life. He couldn’t work for many hours. Each day, he only wor ked one hour. But his achievements were outstanding! Spending one hour on reading 10 pages’ useful books each day, then you can read more than 3,600 pages a year and 110,000 books in 30 years. Everybody, 110,000 books can shape you to be a scholar. However, reading three kinds of tabloids each day will also spend you one hour, and playing f our turns’ Majiang needs one and a half hour. Tabloids? Majiang? Or a sch olar? It’s up to you! Yipuson said, “your biggest responsibility is to cast yourself from a material to a implement.” Don’t abandon knowledge To every graduate, Now, you are leaving (from) your mother school. I can’t give you any gifts except some advice ( not "a sentence"); that is, "don’t abandon knowledge". Most lessons you have had previously (not "before") may have been just for this diploma. Maybe you were not willing to do these, but from now on, you can research according to your own free will ( not "wish freely"). Devote yourself to ( not "in") one specific subject by taking advantage of (your) this energetic stage of your life ( not "ages"). Youth cannot be retrieved. It’ll be too late for doing research when your energy is falling off. Even if only for everyday living, you gain ( not "learn") some knowledge, whether you use the knowledge is ( not "will leave") up to you. However, if you make a ( not "for") living without gaining ( not "learning") any knowledge, in three or five years, you will be made redundant ( not "eliminated") (by) later by
more youthful employees. It will (not"would")be too late to improve (not"make up") your knowledge by(not"at") that time.Some people say, "When you graduate from school, you have to be busy in dealingwith (the)dayto day (not"living") problems.How much time would you have to(not"you can")spend on reading?Even ifyou attempt to do some study,how canyou do that without a library or laboratory?"I wantto saythat"peoplewhohavethechanceto read (only)inthe librarywillnot necessarilyread even if it is availableto them(not"there it is");peoplewhohave the chance to (do)study (only)in the laboratory may (not "will")not do soeven if it is there for them ( not "there it is"). Only once you are determined tostudy a problem, will you ( not "you will") go to great lengths to save your moneyto buy books and work out measures to design the instruments you need.As for time, this(not "that") needn't be(not "isn't") a problem at all. CharlesDarwin was in poor health throughout his whole life. He couldn't work for manyhours. Each day, he only worked for one hour, but his achievements wereoutstanding! Spending one hour on reading 10 pages ofuseful books each daymeans that(not "then") you can read more than 3,600 pages a year and 110,000books in30years.Everybody takeheed; 110,000 books can shape you into(not "tobe")a scholar.However, reading threekinds oftabloids each day will also take (not"spend you")onehour,and playingfour turns of Majiang will use up(not"needs")oneand ahalf hours. Tabloids? Majiang? Or being a scholar? It's up to you!Yipuson said, "your biggest responsibility is to recast yourself from being a usefulmaterial to instead become acreative implement."Never give up the pursuit of learning.Dear Students of the Graduating Class: As you are leaving your alma mater, Ihavenothingto offeryou as a giftexcept a word of adviceMy advice is, "Never give up the pursuit of learning"You have perhaps finishedyour college courses mostly for obtaining the diploma that is, out of sheernecessity.However, from now on you are free to follow your personal bent in thechoice of studies. While you are in the prime oflife, why not devote yourselves to aspecial field of study? Youth will soon be gone never to return. And it will be toolate for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years. Knowledge will doyou a good turn even as a means of subsistence.4田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 4 more youthful employees. It will (not "would") be too late to improve ( not "make up") your knowledge by ( not "at") that time. Some people say, "When you graduate from school, you have to be busy in dealing with (the) day to day ( not "living") problems. How much time would you have to ( not "you can") spend on reading? Even if you attempt to do some study, how can you do that without a library or laboratory?" I want to say that " people who have the chance to read (only) in the library will not necessarily read even if it is available to them ( not "there it is"); people who have the chance to (do) study (only) in the laboratory may ( not "will") not do so even if it is there for them ( not "there it is"). Only once you are determined to study a problem, will you ( not "you will") go to great lengths to save your money to buy books and work out measures to design the instruments you need. As for time, this( not "that") needn't be ( not "isn’t") a problem at all. Charles Darwin was in poor health throughout his whole life. He couldn’t work for many hours. Each day, he only worked for one hour, but his achievements were outstanding! Spending one hour on reading 10 pages of useful books each day means that ( not "then") you can read more than 3,600 pages a year and 110,000 books in 30 years. Everybody take heed; 110,000 books can shape you into ( not "to be") a scholar. However, reading three kinds of tabloids each day will also take ( not "spend you") one hour, and playing four turns of Majiang will use up ( not "needs") one and a half hours. Tabloids? Majiang? Or being a scholar? It’s up to you! Yipuson said, "your biggest responsibility is to recast yourself from being a useful material to instead become a creative implement." Never give up the pursuit of learning. Dear Students of the Graduating Class: As you are leaving your alma mater, I have nothing to offer you as a gift except a word of advice. My advice is, "Never give up the pursuit of learning." You have perhaps finished your college courses mostly for obtaining the diploma, that is, out of sheer necessity. However, from now on you are free to follow your personal bent in the choice of studies. While you are in the prime of life, why not devote yourselves to a special field of study? Youth will soon be gone never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years. Knowledge will do you a good turn even as a means of subsistence
If you giveup studies while holding a job, you will in a couple of years findyourselves replaced by younger people. It will then be too late to remedy thesituation by picking up studies again.Some people say,"Once you have a job,you will come up against the urgentproblem of making a living How can you manage to find time to study? Even ifyou want to,will it bepossible with no library or laboratory available?"Now let me tell you: Those who refuse to study for lack of a library will mostprobably continue to do so even though there is a library. And those who refuse todo research for lack of a laboratory will most probably continue to do so eventhough a laboratory is available.As long as you set your mind on studies, you willnaturally cut down on food and clothing to buy books or do everything possible toacquirenecessaryinstruments.Timeis no object.Charles Darwin could onlywork onehour a daydueto illhealth.Yet what a remarkable man hewas!If you spend one hour a day reading10pagesofa book,youcanfinishmore than3,600 pagesa year,and110,000 pages in30 years.Dear students, 110,000 pages will be quite enough to make a learned man ofyou. It will take you one hour to read three tabloids a day, and one and a half hoursto finish four rounds of mah-jong a day. Reading tabloids, playing mahjong orstriving to bea learned man.The choice lies withyou.参考译Henrik Ibsen says, "It is your supreme duty to cast yourself into a useful文implement." Learning is the casting mould. Forsake learning you will ruinyourself. Farewell! Your alma mater is watching eagerly to see what will become ofyou ten years from now.分析：1.你们可以依自己的心愿去自由研究了：Youarefreetofollowyourpersonal bent in thechoice of studies,其中，to follow one's bent是成语，和tofollowone'sinclination同义，作“做集资感兴趣或爱做的事”解。2.要做学问：togointo scholarship=to engageinlearning3.学问决不会辜负人的knowledgewilldo youagoodturn.Todooneagoodturn是成语，作“做对某人有利的事”。4.搏衣节食：to cutdownonfoodandclothing=toeconomizeon=tolivefrugally节饮食，搏衣服，则财用足。一《管子·五辅》5.至于时间，更不成问题：timeisnoobject.Noobject是成语=onproblem“不在话下”“不成问题”6.全靠你们自己的选择：thechoicelieswithyou/itisuptoyoutomakethe choice胡适(1891—1962)是中国现代史上n田翠芸《汉英翻译》一个颇有影响而又相当复杂的学者。关于他一生
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 5 If you give up studies while holding a job, you will in a couple of years find yourselves replaced by younger people. It will then be too late to remedy the situation by picking up studies again. Some people say, "Once you have a job, you will come up against the urgent problem of making a living. How can you manage to find time to study? Even if you want to, will it be possible with no library or laboratory available?" Now let me tell you: Those who refuse to study for lack of a library will most probably continue to do so even though there is a library. And those who refuse to do research for lack of a laboratory will most probably continue to do so even though a laboratory is available. As long as you set your mind on studies, you will naturally cut down on food and clothing to buy books or do everything possible to acquire necessary instruments. Time is no object. Charles Darwin could only work one hour a day due to ill health. Yet what a remarkable man he was! If you spend one hour a day reading 10 pages of a book, you can finish more than 3,600 pages a year, and 110,000 pages in 30 years. Dear students, 110,000 pages will be quite enough to make a learned man of you. It will take you one hour to read three tabloids a day, and one and a half hours to finish four rounds of mah-jong a day. Reading tabloids, playing mahjong or striving to be a learned man. The choice lies with you. Henrik Ibsen says, "It is your supreme duty to cast yourself into a useful implement." Learning is the casting mould. Forsake learning you will ruin yourself. Farewell! Your alma mater is watching eagerly to see what will become of you ten years from now. 分析： 1． 你们可以依自己的心愿去自由研究了①：：You are free to follow your personal bent in the choice of studies, 其中，to follow one’s bent 是 成语，和 to follow one’s inclination 同义，作“做集资感兴趣或爱 做的事”解。 2． 要做学问② : to go into scholarship = to engage in learning 3． 学问决不会辜负人的③ knowledge will do you a good turn. To do one a good turn 是成语，作“做对某人有利的事”。 4． 撙衣节食: to cut down on food and clothing = to economize on = to live frugally 节饮食,撙衣服,则财用足。——《管子·五辅》 5． 至于时间，更不成问题: time is no object. No object 是成语= on problem “不在话下”“不成问题” 6． 全靠你们自己的选择：the choice lies with you/ it is up to you to make the choice 胡 适 （1891—1962） 是中国现代史上 一个颇有影响而 又相当复杂的学 者。关于他一生 的功过是非，近 参考译 文