Name of the Course:E-C TranslationWeek: FourLecture: FourAbstractTitle/topicUnitFour-OneSkills fortheTranslation of Words【Contents】■第一节词义的选择和引申■第一小节词义的选择（Selection）■第二小节词义的引申（Extension）■第三小节词义的褒贬（Color）.[Importantand Difficult Points】■第一小节词义的选择（Selection）■第二小节词义的引申（Extension）Details【Sub-SectionOne】词义的选择1■一词多类：一词往往属于几个词类E一词多义：同一个词在同一个词类中有几个不同的意义■词义的选择一般多从以下两方面着手：■词义的选择一般多从以下两方面着手：■（一）根据词在句中的词类(partofspeech)来选择和确定意义■Hestill lives.活着He lives with his parents.（住）词义的选择2 There's a real live [laiv] burglar under my bed.■在我床下真有一个盗贼！（真的）■livefish活鱼（活的）It'salivebroadcast那是现场直播。（现场播出的）■（二）根据上下文(context）联系以及词在句中的搭配关系(collocation）来选择和确定词义。■Mywatchhasrundown.（因未上弦而停动）Waterisrunningshort.（变成）My school runs afactory.（经营）
Name of the Course: E-C Translation Week: Four Lecture: Four Abstract Title/topic Unit Four-One Skills for the Translation of Words 【Contents】 ▪ 第一节 词义的选择和引申 ▪ 第一小节 词义的选择（Selection） ▪ 第二小节 词义的引申（Extension） ▪ 第三小节 词义的褒贬（Color） ▪ 【Important and Difficult Points】 ▪ 第一小节 词义的选择（Selection） ▪ 第二小节 词义的引申（Extension） Details 【Sub-Section One】 词义的选择 1 ▪ 一词多类：一词往往属于几个词类 ▪ 一词多义：同一个词在同一个词类中有几个不同的意义 ▪ 词义的选择一般多从以下两方面着手： ▪ 词义的选择一般多从以下两方面着手： ▪ （一）根据词在句中的词类(part of speech)来选择和确定意义 ▪ He still lives. 活着 ▪ He lives with his parents.（住） 词义的选择 2 ▪ There’s a real live [laiv] burglar under my bed. ▪ 在我床下真有一个盗贼！（真的） ▪ live fish 活鱼 （活的） ▪ It’s a live broadcast. 那是现场直播。（现场播出的） ▪ （二）根据上下文(context) 联系以及词在句中的搭配关系(collocation) 来选择 和确定词义。 ▪ My watch has run down.（因未上弦而停动） ▪ Water is running short.（变成） ▪ My school runs a factory.（经营）
【Sub-SectionTwo】词义的引申1■将词义作抽象化的引申■将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词There is a mixture of tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.■帝国主义的性格既残暴，又狡猬。- Every life has its roses and thorns.■每个人的生活都有甜有苦。词义的引申2·将词义作具体化引申■英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引申。-Vietnamwashis entreetothenewAdministration■越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。·2．英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须作具体化的引申，否则就不够清楚。ThecarinfrontofmestoppedandImissedthegreen■我前面那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。词义的引申3■就是在原来词义的基础上把词义适当加以引申，从而达到确切表达原文精神实质的目的。■只在原有词义不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解或嗨涩不通时才可以作词义引申。■具体有以下两种方法：1）词义扩展或转译2）借增词而引申词义1)Forceanddistancemeasuretheamountofwork直接翻译：力和距离测量功的量。■通过增词引申处理：·“通过力和距离可算出做功的量”词义的引申4■英语中的名词，形容词，副词及介词都可以引申：1)Dust has a very important part in the work of nature■灰尘对于自然界的变化起很大的作用。- 2) When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions■我们说话时，声波便开始向四面八方扩散。3)Agastakesboththesize andtheshapeof container，气体的体积和形状随容器而异
【Sub-Section Two】 词义的引申 1 ▪ 将词义作抽象化的引申 ▪ 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 ▪ There is a mixture of tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. ▪ 帝国主义的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 ▪ Every life has its roses and thorns. ▪ 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。 词义的引申 2 ▪ 将词义作具体化引申 ▪ 英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般 可作具体化引申。 ▪ Vietnam was his entrée to the new Administration. ▪ 越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。 ▪ 2. 英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须 作具体化的引申，否则就不够清楚。 ▪ The car in front of me stopped and I missed the green. ▪ 我前面那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。 词义的引申 3 ▪ 就是在原来词义的基础上把词义适当加以引申，从而达到确切表达原文精神实 质的目的。 ▪ 只在原有词义不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解或晦涩不通时才可以作词义 引申。 ▪ 具体有以下两种方法：1） 词义扩展或转译 2）借增词而引申词义 ▪ 1) Force and distance measure the amount of work 直接翻译：力和距离测量功的量。 ▪ 通过增词引申处理： ▪ “通过力和距离可算出做功的量” 词义的引申 4 ▪ 英语中的名词，形容词，副词及介词都可以引申： ▪ 1）Dust has a very important part in the work of nature. ▪ 灰尘对于自然界的变化起很大的作用。 ▪ 2）When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions. ▪ 我们说话时，声波便开始向四面八方扩散。 ▪ 3）A gas takes both the size and the shape of container. ▪ 气体的体积和形状随容器而异
【Sub-SectionThree】词义的褒贬■（一）英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来。■（二）有些词性中立的，本身不表示褒贬含义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味，汉译时应将其相应译出，■1.需要用褒义的词来表达■2.需要用贬义的词来表达■Heisawell-knownprofessor...文明遇迩...He is awell-known criminal臭名远洋.【AdditionalMaterial]文学文体翻译欣赏1·February is a brook, birds, an apple tree -- a day spent alone in the country.Unemployed, tired of reading, and weary of grieving the loss of my mother, I'dgone into the woods to forget. So that now all Februaries have the aura ofthat earlymorningcoldness,theghostofquailtracksonthesnowpowderedbrookwhichIbrushed aside as I broke the brook to drink: and howthe little quail tracks went upthe ice,precise and delicate, into the darkerplaces of the hank-ledge undisturbed.1二月是一条小溪，一群飞鸟，一棵苹果树一一是独处乡间的一个日子。曾经我没有工作，也无心读书，更厌倦了沉溺于失去母亲的悲哀之中。于是隐入丛林，试图忘怀这一切。因此，直到现在，每年的二月都沉浸在那天早晨清冽的氛围当中。雪粒纷纷的小溪上，鹑的足印宛着鬼魁精灵，在我破冰饮水的时候被拨到了一边。那些细小的脚印在冰上一直延伸到溪边深黯的地方，清晰而纤巧，一点都没遭到破坏。文学文体翻译欣赏2-February is climbing up a hill into the full glare of the early sun, alone in all thatimmensityof snowscapewithdistantDaytondrowsingwaverytomycries likethesound of distant horns. It's walking through a parklike grove, the tall trees stark, theknee-high snow windblown and pathless, to a decaying shed shelteringa fine oldhorse-drawn sleigh, carved and scrolled with traces of goldleaf clinging to itsflaking wood■二月里，我爬上山头，融入朝阳喷涌的晨辉之中，在那广阔的雪景中子然独立，远处的代顿犹如远方传来的号角声在我眼中飘忽不定。二月里，我走过一片公园似的小丛林，高算的树木一叶未着，临风而立，积雪齐膝，踢径全无。我来到一舍衰败的棚屋，里面有一架漂亮却已破旧的马拉雪撬，雕刻装磺甚是精美。木质虽已朽落，但附着其上的金箔还依稀可见。文学文体翻译欣赏3 And the birds: I descended into a little valley in the windless quiet and the smell ofapples and saw the air erupt with red tracer bullet-streaks of flight across the snows,a carnival of cardinals.The red birds zoomed, the flickers flew, pheasants roared uplike gaudy Chinese kimono rags■还有那些鸟-我下到一个小山谷中，一丝风也没有，只是一片寂静与苹果香。突然我看到空中划出道道红色曳光弹一般的轨迹，穿过雪野一原来是红雀的狂欢。红雀轰鸣掠过，金翼啄木鸟翻翻飞舞，野雉引叽高歌，华丽美艳，一如中国的霓裳羽衣
【Sub-Section Three】 词义的褒贬 ▪ （一）英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来。 ▪ (二) 有些词性中立的，本身不表示褒贬含义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬 的意味，汉译时应将其相应译出， ▪ 1．需要用褒义的词来表达 ▪ 2．需要用贬义的词来表达 ▪ He is a well-known professor .文明遐迩. ▪ He is a well-known criminal .臭名远洋. 【Additional Material】 文学文体翻译欣赏 1 ▪ February is a brook, birds, an apple tree - a day spent alone in the country. Unemployed, tired of reading, and weary of grieving the loss of my mother, I'd gone into the woods to forget. So that now all Februaries have the aura of that early morning coldness, the ghost of quail tracks on the snow powdered brook which I brushed aside as I broke the brook to drink: and how the little quail tracks went up the ice, precise and delicate, into the darker places of the hank-ledge undisturbed. ▪ 二月是一条小溪，一群飞鸟，一棵苹果树——是独处乡间的一个日子。曾经我 没有工作，也无心读书，更厌倦了沉溺于失去母亲的悲哀之中。于是隐入丛林， 试图忘怀这一切。因此，直到现在，每年的二月都沉浸在那天早晨清冽的氛围 当中。雪粒纷纷的小溪上，鹌鹑的足印宛着鬼魁精灵，在我破冰饮水的时候被 拨到了一边。那些细小的脚印在冰上一直延伸到溪边深黯的地方，清晰而纤巧， 一点都没遭到破坏。 文学文体翻译欣赏 2 ▪ February is climbing up a hill into the full glare of the early sun, alone in all that immensity of snows cape with distant Dayton drowsing wavery to my cries like the sound of distant horns. It's walking through a parklike grove, the tall trees stark, the knee-high snow windblown and pathless, to a decaying shed sheltering a fine old horse-drawn sleigh, carved and scrolled with traces of goldleaf clinging to its flaking wood. ▪ 二月里，我爬上山头，融入朝阳喷涌的晨辉之中，在那广阔的雪景中孓然独立， 远处的代顿犹如远方传来的号角声在我眼中飘忽不定。二月里，我走过一片公 园似的小丛林，高耸的树木一叶未着，临风而立，积雪齐膝，蹋径全无。我来 到一舍衰败的棚屋，里面有一架漂亮却已破旧的马拉雪橇，雕刻装磺甚是精美。 木质虽已朽落，但附着其上的金箔还依稀可见。 文学文体翻译欣赏 3 ▪ And the birds: I descended into a little valley in the windless quiet and the smell of apples and saw the air erupt with red tracer bullet-streaks of flight across the snows, a carnival of cardinals. The red birds zoomed, the flickers flew, pheasants roared up like gaudy Chinese kimono rags. ▪ 还有那些鸟-我下到一个小山谷中，一丝风也没有，只是一片寂静与苹果香。 突然我看到空中划出道道红色曳光弹一般的轨迹，穿过雪野——原来是红雀的 狂欢。红雀轰鸣掠过，金翼啄木鸟翻翻飞舞，野雉引吭高歌，华丽美艳，一如 中国的霓裳羽衣
文学文体翻译欣赏4My heart beat hard and I saw the single tree, black-limbed against the sky, hereandtherethemiracleofadarkredapplestill hangingaftermonths of iceandsnow. I bent forward and knelt within the circle of the fruitfall, searching out anapple missed by the birds. Sweet and mellowto the taste, it had been preserved bythe leaves and grasses,protectedbythe snows■我心跳加快，我看到了那一棵独立雪中的苹果树，在天空的映衬下，黑色的枝条上，几只深红色的苹果在历经了数月冰雪之后，依然奇迹般地垂挂在枝梢。我弯下腰，跪在树下会有果实落下的地方，找到了一只鸟儿未曾啄过的苹果。这只苹果在积雪的掩盖之下，受到树叶和草的保护味道格外甜美香醇。文学文体翻译欣赏5And Irecalled the valley of two months before: At the sound of my gun the birdscame up along the hill in pairs and swooped with a circling down into the thicketon the other side,and I hadgonedown into thevalley,soft,then.withtheglow ofsunset, and found the cock quail dead upon the snow, its plumage undisturbed, thevaporrising slowlyfrom its sinkingblood...Andnowinthisplace ofhiddenfruitand bird-tracked snow, I was seized with akind of exhilaration. For I was in myearly twenties then, and I had lived through my mother's death in that strange city,had survived three months off the fields and woods by my gun; through ice andsnowand homelessness.And now in this windless February instant I had crossedover into a newphase of living.Shall I say it was in those February snows thatIfirst became a man?·我回想起两个月前山谷里的情景：随着我的一声枪响，鸟群依着山势双双飞去，盘旋着冲入山那边的灌木丛中。我下山来到谷底，那时的山谷沐浴在夕阳里，恬静而柔和。我找到那只死去的雄鹑，它躺在雪地上，羽毛华丽如常，正在下渗的鲜血缓缓冒着热气...此时，在这个鲜果隐匿，鸟儿踏雪留痕的地方，一种极至的兴奋紧紧抓住了我。因为，那时我才二十出头，母亲去世了，把我一个人撇在那座陌生的城市里。凭着一支枪，我在野地林间生活了三个月。冰雪严寒，无家可归，这一切我都挺过来了。如今，在这个无风的二月，我在短暂的瞬间跨越到了生命薪新阶段。这是否可以说，正是在那些二月的冰雪之中我变成了男子汉。【SummaryoftheLecture】Today we have mainly studied the selection, extension and color ofmeaning of words in E-C translation. We should pay our attention on theselection and extension of meaning of words in E-C translation.HomeworkaftertheLectureReview the content we have studied, prepare an oral report on the1.important and difficult points of the lecture.2.Select an English literary essay and translate the most beautiful part ofit of about 150-200 words into Chinese
文学文体翻译欣赏 4 ▪ My heart beat hard and I saw the single tree, black-limbed against the sky, here and there the miracle of a dark red apple still hanging after months of ice and snow. I bent forward and knelt within the circle of the fruitfall, searching out an apple missed by the birds. Sweet and mellow to the taste, it had been preserved by the leaves and grasses, protected by the snows ▪ 我心跳加快，我看到了那一棵独立雪中的苹果树，在天空的映衬下，黑色的 枝条上，几只深红色的苹果在历经了数月冰雪之后，依然奇迹般地垂挂在枝 梢。我弯下腰，跪在树下会有果实落下的地方，找到了一只鸟儿未曾啄过的 苹果。这只苹果在积雪的掩盖之下，受到树叶和草的保护味道格外甜美香醇。 文学文体翻译欣赏 5 ▪ And I recalled the valley of two months before: At the sound of my gun the birds came up along the hill in pairs and swooped with a circling down into the thicket on the other side, and I had gone down into the valley, soft, then, with the glow of sunset, and found the cock quail dead upon the snow, its plumage undisturbed, the vapor rising slowly from its sinking blood. And now in this place of hidden fruit and bird-tracked snow, I was seized with a kind of exhilaration. For I was in my early twenties then, and I had lived through my mother’s death in that strange city, had survived three months off the fields and woods by my gun; through ice and snow and homelessness. And now in this windless February instant I had crossed over into a new phase of living. Shall I say it was in those February snows that I first became a man? ▪ 我回想起两个月前山谷里的情景：随着我的一声枪响，鸟群依着山势双双飞 去，盘旋着冲入山那边的灌木丛中。我下山来到谷底，那时的山谷沐浴在夕 阳里，恬静而柔和。我找到那只死去的雄鹌鹑，它躺在雪地上，羽毛华丽如 常，正在下渗的鲜血缓缓冒着热气.此时，在这个鲜果隐匿，鸟儿踏雪留 痕的地方，一种极至的兴奋紧紧抓住了我。因为，那时我才二十出头，母亲 去世了，把我一个人撇在那座陌生的城市里。凭着一支枪，我在野地林间生 活了三个月。冰雪严寒，无家可归，这一切我都挺过来了。如今，在这个无 风的二月，我在短暂的瞬间跨越到了生命崭新阶段。这是否可以说，正是在 那些二月的冰雪之中我变成了男子汉。 【Summary of the Lecture】 Today we have mainly studied the selection, extension and color of meaning of words in E-C translation. We should pay our attention on the selection and extension of meaning of words in E-C translation. 【Homework after the Lecture】 1. Review the content we have studied, prepare an oral report on the important and difficult points of the lecture. 2. Select an English literary essay and translate the most beautiful part of it of about 150-200 words into Chinese
Nameof the Course:E-CTranslationWeek: SixLecture:FiveAbstractTitle/topicUnitFour-TwoSkills for the Translation of Words【Contents】■第二节词的转译（Transformation）■第一小节转译成动词（Noun）■第二小节转译成名词（Verb）■第三小节转译成形容词（Adjective）■第四小节转译成副词（Adverbial）[Important and Difficult Points]■第一小节转译成动词（Noun）■第二小节转译成名词（Verb）Details【Sub-Section One]转译成动词1■因为汉语中动词用得比英语比较多，汉语没有词形的变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词，前置词，形容词，副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。■（）名词转译成动词■大量由动词派生的名词■具有动作意义的名词■这些词往往可以译成汉语动词转译成动词21：由动词派生的名词转译成动词（在政论文体中出现比较多）- Downfall■打倒- Liberation·解放-Insistence■坚持Refusal■拒绝-Development·发展
Name of the Course: E-C Translation Week: Six Lecture: Five Abstract Title/topic Unit Four-Two Skills for the Translation of Words 【Contents】 ▪ 第二节 词的转译 （Transformation） ▪ 第一小节 转译成动词（Noun） ▪ 第二小节 转译成名词（Verb） ▪ 第三小节 转译成形容词（Adjective） ▪ 第四小节 转译成副词（Adverbial） 【Important and Difficult Points】 ▪ 第一小节 转译成动词（Noun） ▪ 第二小节 转译成名词（Verb） Details 【Sub-Section One】 转译成动词 1 ▪ 因为汉语中动词用得比英语比较多，汉语没有词形的变化，但可以几个动词 连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词，前置词，形容词，副词）在汉 译时往往可以转译成动词。 ▪ ㈠ 名词转译成动词 ▪ 大量由动词派生的名词 ▪ 具有动作意义的名词 ▪ 这些词往往可以译成汉语动词 转译成动词 2 ▪ 1. 由动词派生的名词转译成动词（在政论文体中出现比较多） ▪ Downfall ▪ 打倒 ▪ Liberation ▪ 解放 ▪ Insistence ▪ 坚持 ▪ Refusal ▪ 拒绝 ▪ Development ▪ 发展