Articles 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 (Continued from previous page) Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda 441(38-950-0) 302(255-35-9) 181(15-4-21-1) 23-2(202-27-0) 13-8(108-17-9) Barbados 715(65-9-77-7) 404(36.9-44-7) 264(23-6-294) 21-7(18-9-25-1) 106(8-1-13-7刀 Belize 127-6(109-6-1450) 78-0(71-0-85-9) 43-6(40-0-46-9) 31-0(287-34-1) 22-7(192-27-8) Cuba 38935-8-43-0) 23-3(21-6-25-3) 139(12-8-151) 8-6(7-9-94) 5-2(4-5-61) Dominica 631(58-6-68-0) 22-9(203-257) 24-1(213-26-6) 21-0(17.9-243) 16-5(12-5-215) Dominican Republic 1187(115-5-121-9) 84-4(824-86-5) 57-0(55-7-58.5) 38-3(37-1-394) 27-5(24-6-30-7) Grenada 80-0715-89-6) 45-0(391-52-0) 267(23-8-30-0) 21-6(183-24-9) 11-6(91-14-7 Guyana 72-0(67-4-76-6) 69-2(63-8-75-2) 61-0(57-2-64-6 46-8(43-9-49-9) 38-0(32.9-44-7刀 Haiti 229-6(2200-2409) 198-6(192-8-204-8) 149-2(1451-154-0) 998(95-9-103-3) 102-6(900-119-6) Jamaica 57-0(53-2-60-9) 45-0(42-4-48-1) 339(32-0-359) 254(23-5-27-2) 18-4(154-22-0) Saint Lucia 77-0713-84-0) 39-1(364-41-7刀 232(212-25-1) 164(149-184) 11-4(8-8-14-6) Saint Vincent and the 80-174-6-85-9) 601(55-8-65-1) 24-8(22.2-27-9) 24-0(21.6-26-8) 23-2(18-9-28-8) Grenadines Suriname 718(62-3-831) 60-5(56-565-0) 464(43-1-49-6) 43739-6-48-4) 35-5(28-5-43-7刀 The Bahamas 68-8(615-76-3) 49-9(457-544) 36-032-8-396) 183(16-3-21-0) 15-8(12-8-19-5) Trinidad and Tobago 51.6(48.8-54-4) 37-2(35-2-393) 30-2(281-32-4) 319(295-346) 25-4(204-31-4) Europe,central Albania 653(50-1-84-7) 42-5(38-3-47-3) 40-1(37-6-42-7刀 22-3(20-5-24-1) 15-1(12-1-19-0) Bosnia and Herzegovina 58.6(402-84-7刀 343(26-2-44-3) 17-716-9-18-7) 104(97-111) 7-9(62-98) Bulgaria 32.2(294-355) 239(21.9-260) 18.3(16-6-20-0) 17-4(15-9-19-0) 10-7(8-7-133) Croatia 40-8(29-7-56-2) 24-5(20-6-30-1) 13-4(12-8-14-0) 85(8-1-9-0) 5-4(47-6-2) Czech Republic 293(26-3-32-5) 21-1(195-22-9) 142(13-0-15-5) 74(67-83) 41(3-5-5-0) Hungary 38-0(34-3-41-5) 25-1(221-27-70 16-7(15-0-18-1) 10-2(93-113) 5-5(44-6-7八 Macedonia 59-6(413-86-4) 407(315-52.1) 26-2(23-6-28-9) 18-5(16-8-204) 11-8(93-15-0) Montenegro 82.6(56-2-119-0) 45-6(318-64-8) 25-1(18-5-34-1) 13-9(12-5-156) 947-7-11-8) Poland 365(36-0-369) 24-9(245-25-3 19-0(18-6-19-3) 96(93-99) 645-1-82) Romania 50-4(45-7-55-6) 36-3(32-5-408) 304(27-2-33-9) 22-2(20-0-24-8) 15-2(12-4-18-8) Serbia 37-7(26-0-546) 21-7(15-7-30-8) 127(9-6-16-6) 7-8(758-1) 4-0(3-5-4-6) Slovakia 31-9(30-8-33-0) 23-4(22-6-24-3) 14-2(135-14-9) 102(95-109) 6-6(5-1-8.6) Slovenia 42-6(31-5-579) 213(18-0-25-4) 10-6(99-113) 54(4959) 3-2(2-6-3-8) Europe,eastern Belarus 32-0(29-4-349) 27-5(25-5-29-7) 21-5(19-9-23-1) 169(15-7-18-1) 10-4(8-8-12-4) Estonia 23-6(21-8-25-8 21-8(20-0-23-8) 18-0(16-4-19-8) 11-0(99-12.1) 63(53-7-4) Latvia 232(213-25-3) 217(198-237) 173(157-19-0) 14-8(13-5-16-3) 9-57-7-113) Lithuania 24-9(23-8-26-0) 20-319-4-21.2) 14-4(13-7-15-2) 10-9(10-2-116) 6-8(57-7-9) Moldova 65-0(547-71) 56-2(51-6-615) 35133-0-37-6) 23-0(21-6-24-6) 13-7(11-7-16-1) Russia 354(32-0-391) 32-8(297-36-4) 26-7(237-297) 21.6(19-3-242) 145(12-0-17-3引 Ukraine 30-5(28-0-333) 29-2(27-2-31-3) 21-6(20-3-230) 19-7(18.6-20-9) 15-5(13-0-18.5) (Continues on next page) HIV-negative women.We have simulated the effect of Neonatal,postneonatal,and childhood death rates this range on our estimates in view of the types of We divided the estimates of under-5 mortality generated analytical methods we apply,and find that biases even by GPR into estimates of neonatal (the probability of in the presence of HIV seroprevalence of 20%range death before age 1 month),postneonatal(the probability from underestimation of ten per 1000 to overestimation of death before age 1 year conditional on surviving to age of six per 1000.Trends in the past 10-15 years are largely 1 month),and childhood (the probability of death from unaffected.Because of the enormous variation in the age 1 year to age 5 years)risks of death by use of a potential bias and,the further confounding of this two-step modelling process in which we first predicted association by scale-up of prevention of mother-to-child sex-specific under-5 mortality and then predicted the sex- transmission and antiretroviral drugs,we have opted to specific neonatal,postneonatal,and childhood risks of not apply any standard correction to the estimated rates death.We modelled the age breakdown by use of separate of child mortality. models for boys and girls because different levels of www.thelancet.com Vol 375 June 5,2010 1993
Articles www.thelancet.com Vol 375 June 5, 2010 1993 HIV-negative women. We have simulated the eff ect of this range on our estimates in view of the types of analytical methods we apply, and fi nd that biases even in the presence of HIV seroprevalence of 20% range from underestimation of ten per 1000 to overestimation of six per 1000. Trends in the past 10–15 years are largely unaff ected. Because of the enormous variation in the potential bias and, the further confounding of this association by scale-up of prevention of mother-to-child transmission and antiretroviral drugs, we have opted to not apply any standard correction to the estimated rates of child mortality. Neonatal, postneonatal, and childhood death rates We divided the estimates of under-5 mortality generated by GPR into estimates of neonatal (the probability of death before age 1 month), postneonatal (the probability of death before age 1 year conditional on surviving to age 1 month), and childhood (the probability of death from age 1 year to age 5 years) risks of death by use of a two-step modelling process in which we fi rst predicted sex-specifi c under-5 mortality and then predicted the sexspecifi c neonatal, postneonatal, and childhood risks of death. We modelled the age breakdown by use of separate models for boys and girls because diff erent levels of 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 (Continued from previous page) Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda 44·1 (38·9–50·0) 30·2 (25·5–35·9) 18·1 (15·4–21·1) 23·2 (20·2–27·0) 13·8 (10·8–17·9) Barbados 71·5 (65·9–77·7) 40·4 (36·9–44·7) 26·4 (23·6–29·4) 21·7 (18·9–25·1) 10·6 (8·1–13·7) Belize 127·6 (109·6–145·0) 78·0 (71·0–85·9) 43·6 (40·0–46·9) 31·0 (28·7–34·1) 22·7 (19·2–27·8) Cuba 38·9 (35·8–43·0) 23·3 (21·6–25·3) 13·9 (12·8–15·1) 8·6 (7·9–9·4) 5·2 (4·5–6·1) Dominica 63·1 (58·6–68·0) 22·9 (20·3–25·7) 24·1 (21·3–26·6) 21·0 (17·9–24·3) 16·5 (12·5–21·5) Dominican Republic 118·7 (115·5–121·9) 84·4 (82·4–86·5) 57·0 (55·7–58·5) 38·3 (37·1–39·4) 27·5 (24·6–30·7) Grenada 80·0 (71·5–89·6) 45·0 (39·1–52·0) 26·7 (23·8–30·0) 21·6 (18·3–24·9) 11·6 (9·1–14·7) Guyana 72·0 (67·4–76·6) 69·2 (63·8–75·2) 61·0 (57·2–64·6) 46·8 (43·9–49·9) 38·0 (32·9–44·7) Haiti 229·6 (220·0–240·9) 198·6 (192·8–204·8) 149·2 (145·1–154·0) 99·8 (95·9–103·3) 102·6 (90·0–119·6) Jamaica 57·0 (53·2–60·9) 45·0 (42·4–48·1) 33·9 (32·0–35·9) 25·4 (23·5–27·2) 18·4 (15·4–22·0) Saint Lucia 77·0 (71·3–84·0) 39·1 (36·4–41·7) 23·2 (21·2–25·1) 16·4 (14·9–18·4) 11·4 (8·8–14·6) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 80·1 (74·6–85·9) 60·1 (55·8–65·1) 24·8 (22·2–27·9) 24·0 (21·6–26·8) 23·2 (18·9–28·8) Suriname 71·8 (62·3–83·1) 60·5 (56·5–65·0) 46·4 (43·1–49·6) 43·7 (39·6–48·4) 35·5 (28·5–43·7) The Bahamas 68·8 (61·5–76·3) 49·9 (45·7–54·4) 36·0 (32·8–39·6) 18·3 (16·3–21·0) 15·8 (12·8–19·5) Trinidad and Tobago 51·6 (48·8–54·4) 37·2 (35·2–39·3) 30·2 (28·1–32·4) 31·9 (29·5–34·6) 25·4 (20·4–31·4) Europe, central Albania 65·3 (50·1–84·7) 42·5 (38·3–47·3) 40·1 (37·6–42·7) 22·3 (20·5–24·1) 15·1 (12·1–19·0) Bosnia and Herzegovina 58·6 (40·2–84·7) 34·3 (26·2–44·3) 17·7 (16·9–18·7) 10·4 (9·7–11·1) 7·9 (6·2–9·8) Bulgaria 32·2 (29·4–35·5) 23·9 (21·9–26·0) 18·3 (16·6–20·0) 17·4 (15·9–19·0) 10·7 (8·7–13·3) Croatia 40·8 (29·7–56·2) 24·5 (20·6–30·1) 13·4 (12·8–14·0) 8·5 (8·1–9·0) 5·4 (4·7–6·2) Czech Republic 29·3 (26·3–32·5) 21·1 (19·5–22·9) 14·2 (13·0–15·5) 7·4 (6·7–8·3) 4·1 (3·5–5·0) Hungary 38·0 (34·3–41·5) 25·1 (22·1–27·7) 16·7 (15·0–18·1) 10·2 (9·3–11·3) 5·5 (4·4–6·7) Macedonia 59·6 (41·3–86·4) 40·7 (31·5–52·1) 26·2 (23·6–28·9) 18·5 (16·8–20·4) 11·8 (9·3–15·0) Montenegro 82·6 (56·2–119·0) 45·6 (31·8–64·8) 25·1 (18·5–34·1) 13·9 (12·5–15·6) 9·4 (7·7–11·8) Poland 36·5 (36·0–36·9) 24·9 (24·5–25·3) 19·0 (18·6–19·3) 9·6 (9·3–9·9) 6·4 (5·1–8·2) Romania 50·4 (45·7–55·6) 36·3 (32·5–40·8) 30·4 (27·2–33·9) 22·2 (20·0–24·8) 15·2 (12·4–18·8) Serbia 37·7 (26·0–54·6) 21·7 (15·7–30·8) 12·7 (9·6–16·6) 7·8 (7·5–8·1) 4·0 (3·5–4·6) Slovakia 31·9 (30·8–33·0) 23·4 (22·6–24·3) 14·2 (13·5–14·9) 10·2 (9·5–10·9) 6·6 (5·1–8·6) Slovenia 42·6 (31·5–57·9) 21·3 (18·0–25·4) 10·6 (9·9–11·3) 5·4 (4·9–5·9) 3·2 (2·6–3·8) Europe, eastern Belarus 32·0 (29·4–34·9) 27·5 (25·5–29·7) 21·5 (19·9–23·1) 16·9 (15·7–18·1) 10·4 (8·8–12·4) Estonia 23·6 (21·8–25·8) 21·8 (20·0–23·8) 18·0 (16·4–19·8) 11·0 (9·9–12·1) 6·3 (5·3–7·4) Latvia 23·2 (21·3–25·3) 21·7 (19·8–23·7) 17·3 (15·7–19·0) 14·8 (13·5–16·3) 9·5 (7·7–11·3) Lithuania 24·9 (23·8–26·0) 20·3 (19·4–21·2) 14·4 (13·7–15·2) 10·9 (10·2–11·6) 6·8 (5·7–7·9) Moldova 65·0 (54·7–77·1) 56·2 (51·6–61·5) 35·1 (33·0–37·6) 23·0 (21·6–24·6) 13·7 (11·7–16·1) Russia 35·4 (32·0–39·1) 32·8 (29·7–36·4) 26·7 (23·7–29·7) 21·6 (19·3–24·2) 14·5 (12·0–17·3) Ukraine 30·5 (28·0–33·3) 29·2 (27·2–31·3) 21·6 (20·3–23·0) 19·7 (18·6–20·9) 15·5 (13·0–18·5) (Continues on next page)
Articles 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 (Continued from previous page) Europe,western Andorra 16-311-5-231) 11-7(8.3-166) 9-4(6-6-133) 71(5-0-101) 493-4-6.9) Austria 29-4(28.5-30-2) 17-2(16-5-17-8) 10-8(103-11-3) 6-1(5-7-6-5) 3-93-3-4-6) Belgium 25-5(24-8-26-2) 153(147-15-8 102(98-10-7) 6-2(59-6.5) 43(36-53) Cyprus 26-6(22-5-31-1) 20-0(17.9-22-1) 12-8(11-7-14-0) 6-6(59-7-3) 28(2-3-34) Denmark 16-4158-171) 10-1(9-6-10-7) 8-7(8-2-92) 5-8(556-2) 41(3-4-49) Finland 15-9(151-16-8) 8-07-5-85) 7-1(6-6-7.5) 45(4-1-48) 3-02.5-37) France 192(19-0-195) 14-7(144-149) 95(93-97) 54(53-5-6) 393-2-48) Germany 25-8(25-5-26-1) 14-0(13-8-14-3) 8-9(87-9-1) 525-0-53) 4-13-5-4-8) Greece 28-7(27-8-29-40 19-0(183-19-7) 11-2(10-6-11-6) 6-9(6-6-7-3) 373-0-45 Iceland 16-4(14-9-18-0) 9-7(8-6-10-9) 6-7(5-9-77) 41(3-5-4-8) 2-6(2-1-33引 Ireland 23-422-5-24-3) 14-9(143-15-6) 99(92-10-5) 74(7-0-7-8) 42(35-51) Israel 27-2(26-3-28.2) 19-0(183-19-7) 12-1(11-6-12-6) 6-9(6-6-7-3) 4739-57) Italy 34-334-0-34-7 17-0(167-17-3) 10-0(98-10.2) 6-4(6-2-6-6) 33(2-8-4-0) Luxembourg 233(215-25-7) 13-9(12-5-154) 9-1(82-10-2) 51(46-5-8) 2-9(23-37刃 Malta 31-5(28-8-34-5) 16.9(15-2-187) 11-3(10-0-12-8) 7-2(6-1-84) 5-2(40-6.9) Netherlands 16-4(16-0-16.9) 114(11-0-11-9) 8-9(8-6-9-2) 6-5(6-3-6-8) 43(37-49) Norway 15-8(151-16-4) 10-5(9-9-11-0) 8-8(8-4-93) 5-0(47-5-3) 34(2-8-40) Portugal 744732-75-6) 294(28-6-30-2) 15-0(14-4-15-6 8-07-6-85) 33(2-6-4-3引 Spain 32-8(32-4-332) 143(141-14-6) 9-2(90-9-5) 57(55-5-9) 383-1-46) Sweden 12-7(12-2-133) 89(85-93) 7-2(6.9-7-6 49(46-5-2) 27(2-2-33) Switzerland 18-7(18-1-194) 10-6(10-1-11-1) 8-8(84-9-2) 6-0(5-7-63引 42(3-5-5-0) UK 21-8(21-5-221) 152(15-0-15-5) 9-7(95-99) 6-8(6-6-6-9) 53(4-5-6-2) Latin America,Andean Bolivia 220-7(212-7-2299) 153-0(1481-158-0) 103-9(100-3-107-5) 62-258-6-65-6) 46-7399-57-0) Ecuador 129-1(125-8-132-7 82-5(80-4-84-6 501(487-51-8) 34-0321-35-7 21.0(18.0-24-3) Peru 159-0(154-8-1632) 114-1(111-6-117-0) 72-7(70-9-74-6) 40-7(392-423) 24-6(21-6-28-9) Latin America,central Colombia 86-8(84-0-898) 52.8(51-2-544) 333(32-0-345) 24-7(23-6-258) 153131-17-7) Costa Rica 73-6(70-5-7-2) 33-131-5-34-8) 214(20-2-22-6) 14-8(13-7-16-0) 8.77-3-10-2) ElSalvador 1604(152-6-168-1) 110-7(106.5-116-3) 59-4(566-62-1) 34-232-3-36-3) 192(16-7-22-3) Guatemala 175-1(1698-1811) 120-7(117-8-124-1) 75-8(73-6-77-70 49-9(47-7-52-5) 31-9(27-6-36-9) Honduras 149-5(142-3-158.5) 92-9(90-3-95-8) 56-3(54-2-58-1) 36-6(353-382) 22-6(197-254) Mexico 107-5(104-3-110-6) 70-0(67-9-72-2) 41-9(40-2-438) 25-8(244-27-4) 16-6(14-7-18-4) Nicaragua 166-2(160-2-172-7) 1023(99-2-105-2) 63-9(62-0-66-0) 39337-8-40-8) 26.6(23-1-31-0) Panama 54-7(52-5-57-2) 36-8(35-2-38-7) 27-8(26-3-293) 233(21-7-25-10 18-0(153-20-9) Venezuela 58-8(55-6-62-2) 38-636-4-40-9) 294(27-5-31-1) 232215-25-0) 161(132-194) Latin America,southern Argentina 72-6(72-0-733) 37-7(37-3-38-2) 28-0(27-6-28.3) 19-7(194-200) 12.9105-15-8) Chile 92-1(854-98-8) 37-3(34-4-40-3) 18-2(16-7-19-8) 11-1(10-3-12-1) 6.5(54-7-9) Uruguay 56-0(54-5-577) 40-7(39-2-421) 22-2(212-233) 16-5(157-17-3) 11.5(9-3-14-4) Latin America,tropical Brazil 120-8(117-2-124-7) 83-6(807-861) 52-0(503-54-1) 30-8(28-5-32-9) 19-9(17-3-23-0) Paraguay 73-9(71-4-769) 56-6(54-9-58-7) 37-7(36-1-39-1) 27-7(26.2-295) 20-9(17-9-24-8) (Continues on next page) mortality at each age are seen between the sexes. finer age groups cannot be based on combined under-5 especially in the neonatal period in which male mortality mortality alone. generally exceeds female mortality."The level of We estimated sex-specific under-5 mortality by modelling mortality at each age for both sexes combined is a the relation between the ratio of male under-5 mortality to function of the level for each sex and the relative size of female under-5 mortality and level of mortality for both the population of each sex;modelling mortality for the sexes combined by use of vital registration data 1994 www.thelancet.com Vol 375 June 5,2010
Articles 1994 www.thelancet.com Vol 375 June 5, 2010 mortality at each age are seen between the sexes, especially in the neonatal period in which male mortality generally exceeds female mortality.36,37 The level of mortality at each age for both sexes combined is a function of the level for each sex and the relative size of the population of each sex; modelling mortality for the fi ner age groups cannot be based on combined under-5 mortality alone. We estimated sex-specifi c under-5 mortality by modelling the relation between the ratio of male under-5 mortality to female under-5 mortality and level of mortality for both sexes combined by use of vital registration data 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 (Continued from previous page) Europe, western Andorra 16·3 (11·5–23·1) 11·7 (8·3–16·6) 9·4 (6·6–13·3) 7·1 (5·0–10·1) 4·9 (3·4–6·9) Austria 29·4 (28·5–30·2) 17·2 (16·5–17·8) 10·8 (10·3–11·3) 6·1 (5·7–6·5) 3·9 (3·3–4·6) Belgium 25·5 (24·8–26·2) 15·3 (14·7–15·8) 10·2 (9·8–10·7) 6·2 (5·9–6·5) 4·3 (3·6–5·3) Cyprus 26·6 (22·5–31·1) 20·0 (17·9–22·1) 12·8 (11·7–14·0) 6·6 (5·9–7·3) 2·8 (2·3–3·4) Denmark 16·4 (15·8–17·1) 10·1 (9·6–10·7) 8·7 (8·2–9·2) 5·8 (5·5–6·2) 4·1 (3·4–4·9) Finland 15·9 (15·1–16·8) 8·0 (7·5–8·5) 7·1 (6·6–7·5) 4·5 (4·1–4·8) 3·0 (2·5–3·7) France 19·2 (19·0–19·5) 14·7 (14·4–14·9) 9·5 (9·3–9·7) 5·4 (5·3–5·6) 3·9 (3·2–4·8) Germany 25·8 (25·5–26·1) 14·0 (13·8–14·3) 8·9 (8·7–9·1) 5·2 (5·0–5·3) 4·1 (3·5–4·8) Greece 28·7 (27·8–29·4) 19·0 (18·3–19·7) 11·2 (10·6–11·6) 6·9 (6·6–7·3) 3·7 (3·0–4·5) Iceland 16·4 (14·9–18·0) 9·7 (8·6–10·9) 6·7 (5·9–7·7) 4·1 (3·5–4·8) 2·6 (2·1–3·3) Ireland 23·4 (22·5–24·3) 14·9 (14·3–15·6) 9·9 (9·2–10·5) 7·4 (7·0–7·8) 4·2 (3·5–5·1) Israel 27·2 (26·3–28·2) 19·0 (18·3–19·7) 12·1 (11·6–12·6) 6·9 (6·6–7·3) 4·7 (3·9–5·7) Italy 34·3 (34·0–34·7) 17·0 (16·7–17·3) 10·0 (9·8–10·2) 6·4 (6·2–6·6) 3·3 (2·8–4·0) Luxembourg 23·3 (21·5–25·7) 13·9 (12·5–15·4) 9·1 (8·2–10·2) 5·1 (4·6–5·8) 2·9 (2·3–3·7) Malta 31·5 (28·8–34·5) 16·9 (15·2–18·7) 11·3 (10·0–12·8) 7·2 (6·1–8·4) 5·2 (4·0–6·9) Netherlands 16·4 (16·0–16·9) 11·4 (11·0–11·9) 8·9 (8·6–9·2) 6·5 (6·3–6·8) 4·3 (3·7–4·9) Norway 15·8 (15·1–16·4) 10·5 (9·9–11·0) 8·8 (8·4–9·3) 5·0 (4·7–5·3) 3·4 (2·8–4·0) Portugal 74·4 (73·2–75·6) 29·4 (28·6–30·2) 15·0 (14·4–15·6) 8·0 (7·6–8·5) 3·3 (2·6–4·3) Spain 32·8 (32·4–33·2) 14·3 (14·1–14·6) 9·2 (9·0–9·5) 5·7 (5·5–5·9) 3·8 (3·1–4·6) Sweden 12·7 (12·2–13·3) 8·9 (8·5–9·3) 7·2 (6·9–7·6) 4·9 (4·6–5·2) 2·7 (2·2–3·3) Switzerland 18·7 (18·1–19·4) 10·6 (10·1–11·1) 8·8 (8·4–9·2) 6·0 (5·7–6·3) 4·2 (3·5–5·0) UK 21·8 (21·5–22·1) 15·2 (15·0–15·5) 9·7 (9·5–9·9) 6·8 (6·6–6·9) 5·3 (4·5–6·2) Latin America, Andean Bolivia 220·7 (212·7–229·9) 153·0 (148·1–158·0) 103·9 (100·3–107·5) 62·2 (58·6–65·6) 46·7 (39·9–57·0) Ecuador 129·1 (125·8–132·7) 82·5 (80·4–84·6) 50·1 (48·7–51·8) 34·0 (32·1–35·7) 21·0 (18·0–24·3) Peru 159·0 (154·8–163·2) 114·1 (111·6–117·0) 72·7 (70·9–74·6) 40·7 (39·2–42·3) 24·6 (21·6–28·9) Latin America, central Colombia 86·8 (84·0–89·8) 52·8 (51·2–54·4) 33·3 (32·0–34·5) 24·7 (23·6–25·8) 15·3 (13·1–17·7) Costa Rica 73·6 (70·5–77·2) 33·1 (31·5–34·8) 21·4 (20·2–22·6) 14·8 (13·7–16·0) 8·7 (7·3–10·2) El Salvador 160·4 (152·6–168·1) 110·7 (106·5–116·3) 59·4 (56·6–62·1) 34·2 (32·3–36·3) 19·2 (16·7–22·3) Guatemala 175·1 (169·8–181·1) 120·7 (117·8–124·1) 75·8 (73·6–77·7) 49·9 (47·7–52·5) 31·9 (27·6–36·9) Honduras 149·5 (142·3–158·5) 92·9 (90·3–95·8) 56·3 (54·2–58·1) 36·6 (35·3–38·2) 22·6 (19·7–25·4) Mexico 107·5 (104·3–110·6) 70·0 (67·9–72·2) 41·9 (40·2–43·8) 25·8 (24·4–27·4) 16·6 (14·7–18·4) Nicaragua 166·2 (160·2–172·7) 102·3 (99·2–105·2) 63·9 (62·0–66·0) 39·3 (37·8–40·8) 26·6 (23·1–31·0) Panama 54·7 (52·5–57·2) 36·8 (35·2–38·7) 27·8 (26·3–29·3) 23·3 (21·7–25·1) 18·0 (15·3–20·9) Venezuela 58·8 (55·6–62·2) 38·6 (36·4–40·9) 29·4 (27·5–31·1) 23·2 (21·5–25·0) 16·1 (13·2–19·4) Latin America, southern Argentina 72·6 (72·0–73·3) 37·7 (37·3–38·2) 28·0 (27·6–28·3) 19·7 (19·4–20·0) 12·9 (10·5–15·8) Chile 92·1 (85·4–98·8) 37·3 (34·4–40·3) 18·2 (16·7–19·8) 11·1 (10·3–12·1) 6·5 (5·4–7·9) Uruguay 56·0 (54·5–57·7) 40·7 (39·2–42·1) 22·2 (21·2–23·3) 16·5 (15·7–17·3) 11·5 (9·3–14·4) Latin America, tropical Brazil 120·8 (117·2–124·7) 83·6 (80·7–86·1) 52·0 (50·3–54·1) 30·8 (28·5–32·9) 19·9 (17·3–23·0) Paraguay 73·9 (71·4–76·9) 56·6 (54·9–58·7) 37·7 (36·1–39·1) 27·7 (26·2–29·5) 20·9 (17·9–24·8) (Continues on next page)