THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 2012 Children in an Urban World Bano unite for children unicef
THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 Children in an Urban World THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 CHILDREN IN AN URBAN WORLD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is the fruit of collaboration among many individuals and institutions.The editorial and research team thanks all who gave so generously of their expertise and energy,in particular: Sheridan Bartlett(City University of New York);Jean Christophe Fotso(APHRC);Nancy Guerra(University of California); Eva Jesperson(UNDP);Jacob Kumaresan (WHO Urban HEART);Gora Mboup(UN-Habitat);Sheela Patel(SDI); Mary Racelis(Ateneo de Manila University);Eliana Riggio;David Satterthwaite(IIED);Ita Sheehy(UNHCR); Nicola Shepherd(UNDESA);Mats Utas (Swedish Academy of Letters);and Malak Zaalouk(American University of Cairo), for serving on the External Advisory Board. Sheridan Bartlett;Roger Hart and Pamela Wridt(City University of New York);Carolyn Stephens (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and National University of Tucuman,Argentina);and Laura Tedesco(Universidad Autonoma de Madrid),for authoring background papers. Fred Arnold(ICF Macro);Ricky Burdett(London School of Economics and Political Science);Elise Caves and Cristina Diez (ATD Fourth World Movement);Michael Cohen(New School);Malgorzata Danilczuk-Danilewicz;Celine d'Cruz(SDI); Robert Downs (Columbia University);Sara Elder(ILO);Kimberly Gamble-Payne;Patrick Gerland(UNDESA);Friedrich Huebler (UNESCO);Richard Kollodge (UNFPA);Maristela Monteiro(PAHO);Anushay Said (World Bank Institute): Helen Shaw(South East Public Health Observatory);Mark Sommers(Tufts University);Tim Stonor(Space Syntax Ltd.); Emi Suzuki (World Bank);Laura Turquet(UN-Women);Henrik Urdal (Harvard Kennedy School);and Hania Zlotnik (UNDESA),for providing information and advice. Special thanks to Sheridan Bartlett,Gora Mboup and Amit Prasad (WHO)for their generosity of intellect and spirit. UNICEF country and regional offices and headquarters divisions contributed to this report by submitting findings and photographs,taking part in formal reviews or commenting on drafts.Many field offices and UNICEF national committees arranged to translate or adapt the report for local use. Programme,policy,communication and research advice and support were provided by Geeta Rao Gupta,Deputy Executive Director;Rima Salah,Deputy Executive Director;Gordon Alexander,Director,Office of Research;Nicholas Alipui, Director,Programme Division;Louis-Georges Arsenault,Director,Office of Emergency Programmes;Colin Kirk,Director, Evaluation Office;Khaled Mansour,Director,Division of Communication;Richard Morgan,Director,Division of Policy and Practice;Lisa Adelson-Bhalla;Christine De Agostini;Stephen Antonelli;Maritza Ascencios;Lakshmi Narasimhan Balaji; Gerrit Beger;Wivina Belmonte;Rosangela Berman-Bieler;Aparna Bhasin;Nancy Binkin;Susan Bissell;Clarissa Brocklehurst; Marissa Buckanoff;Sally Burnheim;Jingqing Chai;Kerry Constabile;Howard Dale;Tobias Dierks;Kathryn Donovan; Paul Edwards;Solrun Engilbertsdottir;Rina Gill;Bjorn Gillsater;Dora Giusti;Judy Grayson;Attila Hancioglu; Peter Harvey;Saad Houry;Priscillia Kounkou Hoveyda;Robert Jenkins;Malene Jensen;Theresa Kilbane;Jimmy Kolker; June Kunugi;Boris De Luca;Susanne Mikhail Eldhagen;Sam Mort;Isabel Ortiz;Shannon O'Shea;Kent Page; Nicholas Rees;Maria Rubi;Rhea Saab;Urmila Sarkar;Teghvir Singh Sethi;Fran Silverberg;Peter Smerdon;Antony Spalton; Manuela Stanculescu;David Stewart;Jordan Tamagni;Susu Thatun;Renee Van de Weerdt;and Natalia Elena Winder-Rossi. Special thanks to Catherine Langevin-Falcon,Chief,Publications Section,who oversaw the editing and production of the statistical tables and provided essential expertise,guidance and continuity amid changes in personnel. Finally,a particular debt of gratitude is owed to David Anthony,Chief,Policy Advocacy,and editor of this report for the past seven editions,for his vision,support and encouragement. REPORT TEAM EDITORIAL AND RESEARCH STATISTICAL TABLES Abid Aslam,Julia Szczuka,Editors Tessa Wardlaw,Associate Director,Statistics and Nikola Balvin,Sue Le-Ba,Meedan Mekonnen, Monitoring Section,Division of Policy and Practice; Research officers Priscilla Akwara;David Brown;Danielle Burke; Chris Brazier,Writer Xiaodong Cai;Claudia Cappa;Liliana Carvajal;Archana Marc Chalamet,French editor Dwivedi;Anne Genereux;Elizabeth Horn-Phatanothai; Carlos Perellon,Spanish editor Claes Johansson;Rouslan Karimov;Mengjia Liang; Hirut Gebre-Egziabher,Lead,Yasmine Hage,Lisa Kenney, Rolf Luyendijk;Nyein Nyein Lwin;Colleen Murray; Anne Ytreland,Jin Zhang,Research assistants Holly Newby;Khin Wityee Oo;Nicole Petrowski; Charlotte Maitre,Lead,Anna Grojec, Chiho Suzuki;Danzhen You Carol Holmes,Copy editors Celine Little,Dean Malabanan,Anne Santiago, ONLINE PRODUCTION AND IMAGES Judith Yemane,Editorial and administrative support Stephen Cassidy,Chief,Internet,Broadcast and Image Section;Matthew Cortellesi;Susan Markisz; PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION Keith Musselman;Ellen Tolmie;Tanya Turkovich Jaclyn Tierney,Chief,Print and Translation Section; Germain Ake;Fanuel Endalew;Jorge Peralta-Rodriguez; Design by Green Communication Design inc. Elias Salem;Nogel S.Viyar;Edward Ying Jr. Printed by Brodock Press,Inc. Acknowledgements
iii This report is the fruit of collaboration among many individuals and institutions. The editorial and research team thanks all who gave so generously of their expertise and energy, in particular: Sheridan Bartlett (City University of New York); Jean Christophe Fotso (APHRC); Nancy Guerra (University of California); Eva Jesperson (UNDP); Jacob Kumaresan (WHO Urban HEART); Gora Mboup (UN-Habitat); Sheela Patel (SDI); Mary Racelis (Ateneo de Manila University); Eliana Riggio; David Satterthwaite (IIED); Ita Sheehy (UNHCR); Nicola Shepherd (UNDESA); Mats Utas (Swedish Academy of Letters); and Malak Zaalouk (American University of Cairo), for serving on the External Advisory Board. Sheridan Bartlett; Roger Hart and Pamela Wridt (City University of New York); Carolyn Stephens (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and National University of Tucuman, Argentina); and Laura Tedesco (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid), for authoring background papers. Fred Arnold (ICF Macro); Ricky Burdett (London School of Economics and Political Science); Elise Caves and Cristina Diez (ATD Fourth World Movement); Michael Cohen (New School); Malgorzata Danilczuk-Danilewicz; Celine d’Cruz (SDI); Robert Downs (Columbia University); Sara Elder (ILO); Kimberly Gamble-Payne; Patrick Gerland (UNDESA); Friedrich Huebler (UNESCO); Richard Kollodge (UNFPA); Maristela Monteiro (PAHO); Anushay Said (World Bank Institute); Helen Shaw (South East Public Health Observatory); Mark Sommers (Tufts University); Tim Stonor (Space Syntax Ltd.); Emi Suzuki (World Bank); Laura Turquet (UN-Women); Henrik Urdal (Harvard Kennedy School); and Hania Zlotnik (UNDESA), for providing information and advice. Special thanks to Sheridan Bartlett, Gora Mboup and Amit Prasad (WHO) for their generosity of intellect and spirit. UNICEF country and regional offices and headquarters divisions contributed to this report by submitting findings and photographs, taking part in formal reviews or commenting on drafts. Many field offices and UNICEF national committees arranged to translate or adapt the report for local use. Programme, policy, communication and research advice and support were provided by Geeta Rao Gupta, Deputy Executive Director; Rima Salah, Deputy Executive Director; Gordon Alexander, Director, Office of Research; Nicholas Alipui, Director, Programme Division; Louis-Georges Arsenault, Director, Office of Emergency Programmes; Colin Kirk, Director, Evaluation Office; Khaled Mansour, Director, Division of Communication; Richard Morgan, Director, Division of Policy and Practice; Lisa Adelson-Bhalla; Christine De Agostini; Stephen Antonelli; Maritza Ascencios; Lakshmi Narasimhan Balaji; Gerrit Beger; Wivina Belmonte; Rosangela Berman-Bieler; Aparna Bhasin; Nancy Binkin; Susan Bissell; Clarissa Brocklehurst; Marissa Buckanoff; Sally Burnheim; Jingqing Chai; Kerry Constabile; Howard Dale; Tobias Dierks; Kathryn Donovan; Paul Edwards; Solrun Engilbertsdottir; Rina Gill; Bjorn Gillsater; Dora Giusti; Judy Grayson; Attila Hancioglu; Peter Harvey; Saad Houry; Priscillia Kounkou Hoveyda; Robert Jenkins; Malene Jensen; Theresa Kilbane; Jimmy Kolker; June Kunugi; Boris De Luca; Susanne Mikhail Eldhagen; Sam Mort; Isabel Ortiz; Shannon O’Shea; Kent Page; Nicholas Rees; Maria Rubi; Rhea Saab; Urmila Sarkar; Teghvir Singh Sethi; Fran Silverberg; Peter Smerdon; Antony Spalton; Manuela Stanculescu; David Stewart; Jordan Tamagni; Susu Thatun; Renee Van de Weerdt; and Natalia Elena Winder-Rossi. Special thanks to Catherine Langevin-Falcon, Chief, Publications Section, who oversaw the editing and production of the statistical tables and provided essential expertise, guidance and continuity amid changes in personnel. Finally, a particular debt of gratitude is owed to David Anthony, Chief, Policy Advocacy, and editor of this report for the past seven editions, for his vision, support and encouragement. EDITORIAL AND RESEARCH Abid Aslam, Julia Szczuka, Editors Nikola Balvin, Sue Le-Ba, Meedan Mekonnen, Research officers Chris Brazier, Writer Marc Chalamet, French editor Carlos Perellon, Spanish editor Hirut Gebre-Egziabher, Lead, Yasmine Hage, Lisa Kenney, Anne Ytreland, Jin Zhang, Research assistants Charlotte Maitre, Lead, Anna Grojec, Carol Holmes, Copy editors Celine Little, Dean Malabanan, Anne Santiago, Judith Yemane, Editorial and administrative support PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION Jaclyn Tierney, Chief, Print and Translation Section; Germain Ake; Fanuel Endalew; Jorge Peralta-Rodriguez; Elias Salem; Nogel S. Viyar; Edward Ying Jr. STATISTICAL TABLES Tessa Wardlaw, Associate Director, Statistics and Monitoring Section, Division of Policy and Practice; Priscilla Akwara; David Brown; Danielle Burke; Xiaodong Cai; Claudia Cappa; Liliana Carvajal; Archana Dwivedi; Anne Genereux; Elizabeth Horn-Phatanothai; Claes Johansson; Rouslan Karimov; Mengjia Liang; Rolf Luyendijk; Nyein Nyein Lwin; Colleen Murray; Holly Newby; Khin Wityee Oo; Nicole Petrowski; Chiho Suzuki; Danzhen You ONLINE PRODUCTION AND IMAGES Stephen Cassidy, Chief, Internet, Broadcast and Image Section; Matthew Cortellesi; Susan Markisz; Keith Musselman; Ellen Tolmie; Tanya Turkovich Design by Green Communication Design inc. Printed by Brodock Press, Inc. Acknowledgements Report team Acknowledgements
PUTTING CHILDREN FIRST IN AN URBAN WORLD The experience of childhood is increasingly urban.Over half the world's people-including more than a billion children-now live in cities and towns.Many children enjoy the advantages of urban life,including access to educational,medical and recreational facilities.Too many,however,are denied such essentials as electricity,clean water and health care-even though they may live close to these services.Too many are forced into dangerous and exploitative work instead of being able to attend school.And too many face a constant threat of eviction,even though they live under the most challenging conditions-in ramshackle dwellings and overcrowded settlements that are acutely vulnerable to disease and disaster. The hardships endured by children in poor communities are often concealed-and thus perpetuated-by the statistical averages on which decisions about resource allocation are based.Because averages lump every- one together,the poverty of some is obscured by the wealth of others.One consequence of this is that children already deprived remain excluded from essential services. Increasing numbers of children are growing up in urban areas.They must be afforded the amenities and opportunities they need to realize their rights and potential.Urgent action must be taken to: Better understand the scale and nature of poverty and exclusion affecting children in urban areas. Identify and remove the barriers to inclusion. Ensure that urban planning,infrastructure development,service delivery and broader efforts to reduce poverty and inequality meet the particular needs and priorities of children. Promote partnership between all levels of government and the urban poor-especially children and young people. Pool the resources and energies of international,national,municipal and community actors in support of efforts to ensure that marginalized and impoverished children enjoy their full rights. These actions are not goals but means to an end:fairer,more nurturing cities and societies for all people- starting with children. THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 2012
iv THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 Putting children first in an urban world The experience of childhood is increasingly urban. Over half the world’s people – including more than a billion children – now live in cities and towns. Many children enjoy the advantages of urban life, including access to educational, medical and recreational facilities. Too many, however, are denied such essentials as electricity, clean water and health care – even though they may live close to these services. Too many are forced into dangerous and exploitative work instead of being able to attend school. And too many face a constant threat of eviction, even though they live under the most challenging conditions – in ramshackle dwellings and overcrowded settlements that are acutely vulnerable to disease and disaster. The hardships endured by children in poor communities are often concealed – and thus perpetuated – by the statistical averages on which decisions about resource allocation are based. Because averages lump everyone together, the poverty of some is obscured by the wealth of others. One consequence of this is that children already deprived remain excluded from essential services. Increasing numbers of children are growing up in urban areas. They must be afforded the amenities and opportunities they need to realize their rights and potential. Urgent action must be taken to: • Better understand the scale and nature of poverty and exclusion affecting children in urban areas. • Identify and remove the barriers to inclusion. • Ensure that urban planning, infrastructure development, service delivery and broader efforts to reduce poverty and inequality meet the particular needs and priorities of children. • Promote partnership between all levels of government and the urban poor – especially children and young people. • Pool the resources and energies of international, national, municipal and community actors in support of efforts to ensure that marginalized and impoverished children enjoy their full rights. These actions are not goals but means to an end: fairer, more nurturing cities and societies for all people – starting with children. ACTION
When many of us think of the world's poorest children,the image that comes readily to mind is that of a child going hungry in a remote rural community in sub-Saharan Africa-as so many are today. But as The State of the World's Children 2012 shows with clarity and urgency,millions of children in cities and towns all over the world are also at risk of being left behind. In fact,hundreds of millions of children today live in urban slums,many without access to basic services. They are vulnerable to dangers ranging from violence and exploitation to the injuries,illnesses and death that result from living in crowded settlements atop hazardous rubbish dumps or alongside railroad tracks. And their situations-and needs-are often represented by aggregate figures that show urban children to be better off than their rural counterparts,obscuring the disparities that exist among the children of the cities This report adds to the growing body of evidence and analysis,from UNICEF and our partners,that scar- city and dispossession afflict the poorest and most marginalized children and families disproportionately. It shows that this is so in urban centres just as in the remote rural places we commonly associate with deprivation and vulnerability. The data are startling.By 2050,70 per cent of all people will live in urban areas.Already,1 in 3 urban dwellers lives in slum conditions;in Africa,the proportion is a staggering 6 in 10.The impact on children living in such conditions is significant.From Ghana and Kenya to Bangladesh and India,children living in slums are among the least likely to attend school.And disparities in nutrition separating rich and poor children within the cities and towns of sub-Saharan Africa are often greater than those between urban and rural children. Every disadvantaged child bears witness to a moral offense:the failure to secure her or his rights to survive, thrive and participate in society.And every excluded child represents a missed opportunity-because when soci- ety fails to extend to urban children the services and protection that would enable them to develop as productive and creative individuals,it loses the social,cultural and economic contributions they could have made. We must do more to reach all children in need,wherever they live,wherever they are excluded and left behind.Some might ask whether we can afford to do this,especially at a time of austerity in national budgets and reduced aid allocations.But if we overcome the barriers that have kept these children from the services that they need and that are theirs by right,then millions more will grow up healthy,attend school and live more productive lives. Can we afford not to do this? Anthony Lake Executive Director,UNICEF Foreword
Foreword v Anthony Lake Executive Director, UNICEF When many of us think of the world’s poorest children, the image that comes readily to mind is that of a child going hungry in a remote rural community in sub-Saharan Africa – as so many are today. But as The State of the World’s Children 2012 shows with clarity and urgency, millions of children in cities and towns all over the world are also at risk of being left behind. In fact, hundreds of millions of children today live in urban slums, many without access to basic services. They are vulnerable to dangers ranging from violence and exploitation to the injuries, illnesses and death that result from living in crowded settlements atop hazardous rubbish dumps or alongside railroad tracks. And their situations – and needs – are often represented by aggregate figures that show urban children to be better off than their rural counterparts, obscuring the disparities that exist among the children of the cities. This report adds to the growing body of evidence and analysis, from UNICEF and our partners, that scarcity and dispossession afflict the poorest and most marginalized children and families disproportionately. It shows that this is so in urban centres just as in the remote rural places we commonly associate with deprivation and vulnerability. The data are startling. By 2050, 70 per cent of all people will live in urban areas. Already, 1 in 3 urban dwellers lives in slum conditions; in Africa, the proportion is a staggering 6 in 10. The impact on children living in such conditions is significant. From Ghana and Kenya to Bangladesh and India, children living in slums are among the least likely to attend school. And disparities in nutrition separating rich and poor children within the cities and towns of sub-Saharan Africa are often greater than those between urban and rural children. Every disadvantaged child bears witness to a moral offense: the failure to secure her or his rights to survive, thrive and participate in society. And every excluded child represents a missed opportunity – because when society fails to extend to urban children the services and protection that would enable them to develop as productive and creative individuals, it loses the social, cultural and economic contributions they could have made. We must do more to reach all children in need, wherever they live, wherever they are excluded and left behind. Some might ask whether we can afford to do this, especially at a time of austerity in national budgets and reduced aid allocations. But if we overcome the barriers that have kept these children from the services that they need and that are theirs by right, then millions more will grow up healthy, attend school and live more productive lives. Can we afford not to do this? FOREWORD
AN URBAN WORLD This graphic depicts countries and territories with urban populations exceeding 100,000.Circles are scaled in proportion to urban population size.Where space allows, numbers within circles show urban population(in millions) and urban percentage of the country's population. United 138 83% 72 Canada Kingdom Germany 27.4 49.4 60.8 23.3 61% Ukraine 81% 104 80% 97% 74% 31.3 blic 69% France of United States 12.3 53.5 7 of America 85% 255.4 Italy Turkey Spain 41.4 50.7 82% 35.7 68% 70% 77% Mata Cyprus rian Arab 28 Morocco Mexico Algeria 18.6 23.6 rda ●Baha 58% 88.3 66% Egypt 35.2 78% 43% Saudi Arabia 225 82% 7.1 Cape Verde● Gambi Nigeria Sudan 17.5 ●Eritrea Guinea-Bissau 78.9 40% Sierra Leone Cote 50% 27.1 Guyana ●Suriname 100 Colombia 93% 51% 34.8 11A 75% Eauatorial gui Brazil Sao Tome and Principe 11.8 28 168.7 Peru ●Comoros 22. 77% 87% ate of Botswana Namibia South ●Lesotho Africa Chile 30.9 62% Argentina 37.3 92% Source:United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs(UNDESA),Population Division special updated estimates of urban population as of October 2011,consistent with World Population Prospects:The 2010 revision and World Urbanization Prospects:The 2009 revision.Graphic presentation of data based on The Guardian,27 July 2007 This map is stylized and based on an approximate scale.It does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. vi THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 2012
vi THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2012 Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), Population Division special updated estimates of urban population as of October 2011, consistent with World Population Prospects: The 2010 revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 revision. Graphic presentation of data based on The Guardian, 27 July 2007. This map is stylized and based on an approximate scale. It does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 27.1 93% Brazil 168.7 87% Argentina 37.3 92% Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Barbados Bahamas Belize Suriname Guyana Chile 15.2 89% Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Peru 22.4 77% Colombia 34.8 75% Ecuador 9.7 Panama Paraguay Costa Rica Nicaragua El Salvador Honduras Guatemala 7.1 Dominican Republic Cuba 8.5 Haiti Jamaica Mexico 88.3 78% United States of America 255.4 82% Canada 27.4 81% Switzerland Italy 41.4 68% Ukraine 31.3 69% Germany 60.8 74% Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belarus 7.2 Poland 23.3 61% Czech Republic 7.7 Slovakia Austria Hungary Romania 12.3 57% Republic of Moldova Slovenia Croatia Serbia Albania Bulgaria Bosnia and Herzegovina Netherlands 13.8 United 83% Kingdom 49.4 80% Ireland Belgium 10.4 97% France 53.5 85% Spain 35.7 77% Portugal Russian Federation 104.6 73% Greece Turkey 50.7 70% Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Norway Sweden 7.9 Denmark Finland Montenegro Luxembourg Malta Iceland The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Mongolia China 629.8 47% Urban population in millions Percentage urban India 367.5 30% Sri Lanka Nepal Bhutan Bangladesh 41.7 28% Myanmar 16.1 34% Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 14.7 60% Republic of Korea 40.0 83% Canton 14.5 Japan 84.6 67% Fiji Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Australia 19.8 89% New Zealand Maldives Kazakhstan 9.4 Uzbekistan 10.0 36% Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Afghanistan 7.1 Pakistan 62.3 36% Viet Nam 26.7 30% Lao People’s Democratic Republic Cambodia Thailand 23.5 34% Singapore Indonesia 106.2 44% Philippines 45.6 49% Malaysia 20.5 72% Brunei Darussalam Above 75% urban Between 50% and 75% urban Between 25% and 50% urban Below 25% urban Somalia Gambia Guinea-Bissau Senegal Sierra Leone Mauritania Guinea Liberia Mali Burkina Faso Côte d’Ivoire 10.0 51% Ghana 12.6 51% Togo Benin Morocco 18.6 58% Algeria 23.6 66% Tunisia 7.1 Libya Niger Nigeria 78.9 50% Cameroon 11.4 58% Egypt 35.2 Chad 43% Sudan 17.5 40% Democratic Republic of the Congo 23.2 35% Central African Republic Congo Gabon Angola 11.2 59% Namibia South Africa 30.9 62% Eritrea Botswana Cyprus Zimbabwe Ethiopia 13.8 17% Kenya 9.0 Uganda Rwanda Burundi Zambia United Republic of Tanzania 11.8 26% Mozambique 9.0 Madagascar Mauritius Swaziland Lesotho Comoros Qatar Iraq 21.0 66% Iran (Islamic Republic of) 52.3 71% Kuwait Syrian Arab Republic 11.4 56% Israel Jordan Saudi Arabia 22.5 82% United Arab Emirates Yemen Oman 7.6 Occupied Palestinian Territory Bahrain Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Sao Tome and Principe Cape Verde Malawi Lebanon This graphic depicts countries and territories with urban populations exceeding 100,000. Circles are scaled in proportion to urban population size. Where space allows, numbers within circles show urban population (in millions) and urban percentage of the country’s population. An urbanworld