2.上下文与词义的褒贬热衷，动心1）他热裹于个人名利。He is always hankering after personal fame and gain2）她热衷于花样滑冰。She is fond f figure skating3）金钱，美女，城市的繁华生活，都没有使他动心，他仍旧埋头科学研究。Neither money nor pretty women, still less the pleasures of city life, lured himaway form immerging himself in scientific studies.3.上下文与词义的广狭出入下车No cycling at the gate.Cyclists please dismount.吃完饭把桌子收拾了。Clear the table after dinner.（二）搭配1．我看出了他的心事。Icould read his thoughts.2．他看出了她破绽。Hespottedherweakpoints.3．明天是不是打场得看天气。Whetherwe'lldothethreshingtomorrowwilldepend on the weather.4.别跑得那么快，看摔着。Don'trun sofast!Mindyoudon'tfall5.她看出了苗头。Shesmeltarat.（感到可疑之处，感到事情不妙）他一看苗头不对就溜了。Heslippedoffwhenhesawwhatwasgoingtohappen. (symptom of a trend, suggestion ofa new development)二、歧义词（一）古今含义不同的词贾政笑道：“不当过奖他。难题年小的人，不过以一知充十用，取笑罢了。"No exaggerated praise, ifyouplease,or the boy will getnotions abouthisbitoknowledge. Better laugh at him; it would be more beneficial to him, objectedChia Cheng, smiling. (Floren and Isable Mchugh)You mustn't't flatter the boy", protested Chia Cheng with a smile.“He's simplymaking aridiculous parade of his very limited knowledge（二）同形异义词（isomorphicwordswithdifferentmeanings）古汉语中多单音节词，这些单音节词逐渐向双音节词发展。于是，与现代汉语相比较，古汉语的一些形同义不同的词需要特别注意。例如：“妻子”在古汉语中指的是两个词。（1）妻子好和，如鼓瑟琴：兄弟既翁，和乐且耽。It is said in The Book of Songs:“Living affectionately with one's wife andchildren is likeplaying musical instruments harmoniously.Getting alongfraternally with one's brothers is highly delightful."沉溺[indulgein]6田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 6 2. 上下文与词义的褒贬 热衷，动心 1）他热衷于个人名利。 He is always hankering after personal fame and gain. 2）她热衷于花样滑冰。 She is fond f figure skating. 3）金钱，美女，城市的繁华生活，都没有使他动心，他仍旧埋头科学研究。 Neither money nor pretty women, still less the pleasures of city life, lured him away form immerging himself in scientific studies. 3． 上下文与词义的广狭 出入下车 No cycling at the gate. Cyclists please dismount. 吃完饭把桌子收拾了。 Clear the table after dinner. （二）搭配 1． 我看出了他的心事。I could read his thoughts. 2． 他看出了她破绽。He spotted her weak points. 3． 明天是不是打场得看天气。Whether we’ll do the threshing tomorrow will depend on the weather. 4． 别跑得那么快，看摔着。Don’t run so fast! Mind you don’t fall. 5． 她看出了苗头。She smelt a rat. (感到可疑之处，感到事情不妙) 他一看苗头不对就溜了。He slipped off when he saw what was going to happen. (symptom of a trend, suggestion of a new development) 二、歧义词 （一）古今含义不同的词 贾政笑道：“不当过奖他。难题年小的人，不过以一知充十用，取笑罢了。” “No exaggerated praise, if you please, or the boy will get notions about his bit of knowledge. Better laugh at him; it would be more beneficial to him”, objected Chia Cheng, smiling. (Floren and Isable Mchugh). You mustn't’t flatter the boy”, protested Chia Cheng with a smile. “He’s simply making a ridiculous parade of his very limited knowledge”. (二）同形异义词（isomorphic words with different meanings） 古汉语中多单音节词，这些单音节词逐渐向双音节词发展。于是，与 现代汉语相比较，古汉语的一些形同义不同的词需要特别注意。例如：“妻 子”在古汉语中指的是两个词。 （1）妻子好和，如鼓瑟琴；兄弟既翁，和乐且耽。 It is said in The Book of Songs：“Living affectionately with one’s wife and children is like playing musical instruments harmoniously. Getting along fraternally with one’s brothers is highly delightful.” 沉溺 [indulge in]
耽于女乐，不顾国政，则亡国之祸也。《韩非子·十过》且田家乐。李白《赠间丘处士》（2）八德指的是“忠孝仁爱信义和平”。1) The Eight Virtues refer to loyalty,filial piety, benevolence, love, faith justicepeace2) The Eight Virtues embrace loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, faith,justice,harmonyand peace（三）一物多称汉英语言中都有用不同的词语指代同一事物的现象如金星，也称太白星或启明星，英语中也有Venus和Vesper两种说法。再如，银河也有很多名称，如“河汗女”，“长河渐落晓星沉”，“差池上舟，窈窕入云汉”，“星河欲转千帆舞”。..偶遇两个旧友，认得新盐政，知他正要请一西席教训女儿，遂将雨村请进衙门去。Fortunately,he had tow oldfriends here who knew that the Salt Commissionerwas looking for a guest from the west.. Upon their recommendation Yu Cun wasgiven the post, which provided the security he needed汉语中对教师的称呼也有很多，如“西席”“西宾”“先生”“师长”“师傅等。西席：[familytutor]西宾(古时主位在东,宾位在西)旧时家垫教师或幕友的代称故师日西席。一一《称谓录》思付多时，忽然想起廉家西席一事。一一《镜花缘》（四）俗语、称谓（localismandappellation）俗语用法不依常规，若单凭字面异义翻译，喊容易译错。称谓也不适合按字面处理。（1）自从嫁给你哥哥，吃他忒善了，被人欺负。1)EversinceIwaswedtoyourbrotherIhavesufferedtoomuchfromhimand people have deceived me and ...2)Ever sinceI married your brother, people have taken advantage of hisexcessivemeeknessandneverceasedtoinsultus“吃”非“吃亏”的意思，而是表原因。（2）宋江见了公文，内心寻思道：“盖等众人不想做下这般大事...1) Song Jing when he had seen the proclamation in his inner heart thought," Chao Gai and all those with him did not think to bring about such a greatmatteras this..."7田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 7 耽于女乐,不顾国政,则亡国之祸也。 《韩非子·十过》 且耽田家乐。 李白《赠闾丘处士》 （2）八德指的是“忠孝仁爱信义和平”。 1) The Eight Virtues refer to loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, faith, justice, peace. 2) The Eight Virtues embrace loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, faith, justice, harmony and peace. (三) 一物多称 汉英语言中都有用不同的词语指代同一事物的现象,如金星，也称太白星或 启明星，英语中也有 Venus 和 Vesper 两种说法。再如，银河也有很多名称， 如“迢迢河汗女”，“长河渐落晓星沉”，“差池上舟楫，窈窕入云汉”，“星 河欲转千帆舞”。 .偶遇两个旧友，认得新盐政，知他正要请一西席教训女儿，遂将雨村 请进衙门去。 Fortunately, he had tow old friends here who knew that the Salt Commissioner was looking for a guest from the west. Upon their recommendation Yu Cun was given the post, which provided the security he needed. 汉语中对教师的称呼也有很多，如“西席”“西宾”“先生”“师长”“师傅” 等。 西席： [family tutor] 西宾(古时主位在东,宾位在西)旧时家塾教师或幕友的代称 故师曰西席。――《称谓录》 思忖多时,忽然想起廉家西席一事。――《镜花缘》 (四) 俗语、称谓（localism and appellation） 俗语用法不依常规，若单凭字面异义翻译，喊容易译错。称谓也不适合按 字面处理。 （1）自从嫁给你哥哥，吃他忒善了，被人欺负。 1） Ever since I was wed to your brother I have suffered too much from him and people have deceived me and . 2） Ever since I married your brother, people have taken advantage of his excessive meekness and never ceased to insult us. “吃”非“吃亏”的意思，而是表原因。 （2）宋江见了公文，内心寻思道：‘晁盖等众人不想做下这般大事.’ 1）Song Jing when he had seen the proclamation in his inner heart thought, “ Chao Gai and all those with him did not think to bring about such a great matter as this
(2)SongJingwhenhehad seentheproclamationinhisinnerheartthought,“1didn't expect that Chao Gai and thosewithhim shouldhave done sucha greatmatter as this.....(3）大兄弟，这事就拜托你了。And so,brother,I will leavethe matter in yourhands（4）兄弟我不才，但还懂得“不以言举人，不以人废言”的道理。Ignorant as I am, I know not to promote a person for what he says nor toundervalue what is said because of the person who says it.练习：一、翻译下列句子注意词义的褒贬（commendatoryandderogatory）。1.他们讲索取，我们讲奉献。2.她追求的是真理，而他追求的是荣华富贵。二、翻译下列句子注意歧义词（ambiguity）的翻译，1）后太子犯法，刑其师傅，于是人民不敢违。2）文质彬彬，然后君子。3）君子成人之美。1)Theypreachtakingfromothers,whereasweadvocategivingtoothers2) What she seeks is truth, what he hankers after is but high position and greatwealth.3)Lateronwhentheprinceoffendedagainstthelawhisteacherwaspunishedso that no one dared to violate the law.4) Only when refinement and honesty are duly balanced will Great Man emerge5)Agentlemanisalwaysreadytohelpothers attain the irarms.人民：人类上古之时，人民少而禽兽众。一一《韩非子·五鑫》【本讲课程的小结】今天我们主要讨论了汉语中多义词、歧义词的特点及其英译策略。80田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 8 （2）Song Jing when he had seen the proclamation in his inner heart thought, “I didn’t expect that Chao Gai and those with him should have done such a great matter as this.” (3) 大兄弟，这事就拜托你了。 And so, brother, I will leave the matter in your hands. (4) 兄弟我不才，但还懂得“不以言举人，不以人废言”的道理。 Ignorant as I am, I know not to promote a person for what he says nor to undervalue what is said because of the person who says it. 练习： 一、翻译下列句子注意词义的褒贬（commendatory and derogatory）。 1. 他们讲索取，我们讲奉献。 2. 她追求的是真理，而他追求的是荣华富贵。 二、翻译下列句子注意歧义词（ambiguity）的翻译。 1）后太子犯法，刑其师傅，于是人民不敢违。 2）文质彬彬，然后君子。 3）君子成人之美。 1) They preach taking from others, whereas we advocate giving to others. 2) What she seeks is truth, what he hankers after is but high position and great wealth. 3) Later on when the prince offended against the law his teacher was punished so that no one dared to violate the law. 4) Only when refinement and honesty are duly balanced will Great Man emerge. 5) A gentle man is always ready to help others attain the ir arms. 人民：人类 上古之时,人民少而禽兽众。――《韩非子·五蠹》 【本讲课程的小结】今天我们主要讨论了汉语中多义词、歧义词的特点及 其英译策略
【本讲课程的作业】I.阅读课本第9单元（113一122页）并完成书上的练习。II.短文翻译：发现鸟儿飞过天空，留下一道美丽的痕迹，你可曾看见？暮色漫过原野，晚风的歌声在轻轻地流，你可曾听见？黑夜中，只要你抬起头，星光月色能照亮你幽幽梦想；跋涉中，只要你俯下身，瀑流水灌洗你日益蒙尘的心。不会去发现，生命就会一天抄袭一天，从而对生活充满厌倦和疲急；不会去发现，每天的日出日落每天的花开花谢只是不变的往复，从而用平淡的心过早地掩埋。（选自《演讲口才》2004年第10期）（作者：黑龙江：包利民）9田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 9 【本讲课程的作业】 I．阅读课本第 9 单元 （113－122 页）并完成书上的练习。 II．短文翻译： 发现 鸟儿飞过天空，留下一道美丽的痕迹，你可曾看见？暮色漫过原野，晚风 的歌声在轻轻地流淌，你可曾听见？黑夜中，只要你抬起头，星光月色能 照亮你幽幽梦想；跋涉中，只要你俯下身，潺潺流水濯洗你日益蒙尘的心。 不会去发现，生命就会一天抄袭一天，从而对生活充满厌倦和疲惫；不会 去发现，每天的日出日落每天的花开花谢只是不变的往复，从而用平淡的 心过早地掩埋。（选自《演讲口才》2004 年第 10 期）（作者：黑龙江：包利 民）
第11周，第_10讲次课程名称：《汉英翻译》摘要第六章第二节同义词与反义词的英译处理授课题目（章、节）本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，学会汉译英的遣词用字问题。【难点】汉语中同义词、反义词的英译策略【难点】同义词的英译策略内容10田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 10 课程名称：《汉英翻译》 第 11 周，第 10 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） 第六章 第二节 同义词与反义词的英译处理 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，学会汉译英的遣词用字问题。 【难 点】汉语中同义词、反义词的英译策略 【难 点】同义词的英译策略 内 容