教学重点 词语的指称意义与蕴含意义、词语翻译与语言语境 教学难点 词语翻译与语言语境 课时分配 七学时 教学方法 井练结合,师生互动 教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 课本P79练习四、P98练习五 作业与辅导(内 容、时间 课本P79练习四、P98练习五 ①《汉英翻译教程》陈宏嶶,上海外语教育出版社,2004 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭伟,国防工业出版社,2006 参考文献 ③《汉英翻译教程》朱徽,重庆大学出版社,2004 ④《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌等,陕西人民出版社,1983 Chapter 5LexicalTranslation L. Denotativemeaning:(also known as conceptual meaning) is themeaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of the word meaning. Itforms the basis for communication as the same word has the same denotativemeaning to all the speakers of the same language Some English and Chinese denotative meanings are identical, becausesome things and phenomena in the world and man's ability and the manner ofcognition are identical. So there appears full equivalence between English andChinese words. This is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technicalterms. For example. 拖拉机 tractor 欧姆定律ohn’slav 维生素 vitamin 马克思主义 Marxism激光 laser 阿司匹林 Aspirin 白血病 leukemia[lju: ki: mia (2) One word with several equivalents of differentmeanings(多词多意) 汉语中有的词,在英语中可以找到多个近义词来翻译,而这些近义词本身的意义不尽相同。因此翻译时,需要我们仔细辨别。 This is very translation. For example: 笑: smile(微笑) laugh(出声笑) giggle(咯咯的笑,傻笑) chuckle(抿着嘴笑) sneer(嘲笑)等 走:go(走动,走过,离去)如:Let'sgo.Let’ s leave. Walk(行走,步行) saunter(闲逛,漫步)如: Saunter along Oxford Streetwindou-shopping(沿牛津街漫步浏览商店棚窗) trot(疾走,快步走) 羊: sheep绵羊,goat,ram公羊,eve母羊,lamb小羊 机: machine, engine, plane, aircraft… cousin:堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹 president:总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长… carry:搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧 (3) One word with multiple equivalents of the samemeaning(一词多意 This is a common case in translation. Forexample: 人:man, person, human being, people等 犬:dog Hound(猎犬), Dog used for hunting Spaniel狨(一种毛长耳垂之犬) mastiff獒,(一种大猛犬,两耳下垂,多做看守用) pointer,(一种短毛大猎犬,)
教学重点 词语的指称意义与蕴含意义、词语翻译与语言语境 教学难点 词语翻译与语言语境 课时分配 七学时 教学方法 讲练结合，师生互动。 教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 课本P.79 练习四、P.98 练习五 作业与辅导（内 容、时间） 课本P.79 练习四、P.98 练习五 参考文献 ①《汉英翻译教程》陈宏薇，上海外语教育出版社，2004 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭伟，国防工业出版社，2006 ③《汉英翻译教程》朱徽，重庆大学出版社，2004 ④《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌等， 陕西人民出版社，1983 Chapter 5LexicalTranslation I. Denotative Meaning & Associative Meaning 1. Denotativemeaning: (also known as conceptual meaning) is themeaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of the word meaning. Itforms the basis for communication as the same word has the same denotativemeaning to all the speakers of the same language. （1）Word-for-word equivalence (词与词的对等) Some English and Chinese denotative meanings are identical, becausesome things and phenomena in the world and man’s ability and the manner ofcognition are identical. So there appears full equivalence between English andChinese words. This is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technicalterms. For example: 拖拉机 tractor 欧姆定律 ohm’s law 维生素 vitamin 台风 typhoon 马克思主义 Marxism激光laser 阿司匹林 Aspirin 白血病 leukemia[lju:'ki:miə] (2) One word with several equivalents of differentmeanings (多词多意) 汉语中有的词，在英语中可以找到多个近义词来翻译，而这些近义词本身的意义不尽相同。因此翻译时，需要我们仔细辨别。This is very common in translation.For example: 笑：smile（微笑） , laugh（出声笑） , giggle（咯咯的笑，傻笑） , chuckle（抿着嘴笑） , sneer（嘲笑）等 走：go （走动，走过，离去）如：Let’s go. Let’s leave. Walk(行走，步行) , saunter（闲逛，漫步）如：Saunter along Oxford StreetWindow-shopping(沿牛津街漫步浏览商店橱窗), trot（疾走，快步走） 羊：sheep绵羊, goat, ram公羊, eve母羊, lamb小羊 机：machine, engine, plane,aircraft… cousin:堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹… president：总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长… carry：搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧… (3) One word with multiple equivalents of the samemeaning(一词多意) This is a common case in translation. Forexample: 人：man , person ,human being ,people等 犬：dog , Hound（猎犬） ,Dog used for hunting. Spaniel獚（一种毛长耳垂之犬） , Mastiff獒 ,（一种大猛犬，两耳下垂，多做看守用） pointer , （一种短毛大猎犬，）
(一种长毛猎狗,) retriever(一种用以寻回猎物之猎犬,) wife:妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂内、内人 potato:马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋· (4) Equivalents interwoven with one another(词义交织) In this case, a certain word may be treateddifferently according to various circumstances or collocations. For example;在这种情况下,一个词根据不 同的搭配,可以选择不同的英文词语来翻译。例如 说:say if: speak say, talk, tell iRr talk, speak, say, tell iF: tell, talk, speak, say (5) Words without corresponding equivalents(无对应词) In this case, an explanation is given insteadof an equivalent. For example: Teenager:13至19岁的青少年 Cyberslacker:利用工作时间在公司上网、做与工作无关的事情的雇员 Meat loaf朋友、同事之间以群体信件的方式自发传播的电子信件 B: lin (inChinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the Pi yang(inChinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world (目不识)丁:( not know one’s)ABC 汉语中有些词在英语里无法找到对应词,例如妯娌,连襟,亲家,休妻等 See students'book(P70-71 2. Associative meaning: is the secondary meaning supplementedto the denotative meaning. It is liable to the influence of such factors asculture, experience, religion, geographical region, eg“car":① a kind of animal which has somespecific features;② one of the associative meanings of cat is malicious woman." It is a cat”(它是一只貓)“ She is a cat.”(她是一个 心地狠毒的女人) “洋灰” cement(水泥)② imported goods(洋货) 洋火”① match(火柴)② imported goods(洋货) As some English and Chinese denotative meanings are identical, soare some associative meanings, because some things and phenomena in the worldand man's ability and the manner Furthermore, toChinese people, it is easy for them to understand the connotation of thesentence East wind overwhelmed west wind Since in the Chinese revolutionary history, east wind is compared to revolutionary force, while west wind refers to reactionary force. In the West, east wind and westwind are just wind of different directions in nature. It is difficult for thewesterners to understand the revolutionary sense of the sentence. See students'book(P72-79) IL. LexicalTranslation and Linguistic Context 1. Definition of context in determining meaning range of possible interpretations of a word, a phrase etc. According to New Webster's Encyclopedic nary of the English Language(1997): "Contextrefers to the parts of written or spoken statement that precede or follow aspecified word or passage that can influence its meaning or ffect; or refersto the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, situation etc. 2. Determining the meaning of words in the source language from context 根据上下文准确理解原文词义 既然汉语和英语在词汇方面有着如此多的差异,因此我们在汉译英时应伃细选择词语,使译文忠实貼切,更好地为英语读者所接受。首先,应根据上下文正确理解原文词 义。( See students’ book p.83) “书”这个词在汉语中是一个常用的词,它跟不同的词搭配可组成不同的词语,因此英语里应选择不同的词语来翻译。 申请书 etter of applicatio 协议书 Agreement a letter from home (使用)说明书 Direction 成交确认书 Sales Confirmatio 情书 a love letter 协议书 certification 书报亭 书房
setter , （一种长毛猎狗，） retriever（一种用以寻回猎物之猎犬，） wife: 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂内、内人… potato:马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋… (4)Equivalents interwoven with one another (词义交织) In this case, a certain word may be treateddifferently according to various circumstances or collocations. For example; 在这种情况下，一个词根据不 同的搭配，可以选择不同的英文词语来翻译。例如： 说：say , speak ,talk ,tell 讲：speak ,say , talk , tell 谈：talk, speak, say ,tell 诉：tell, talk, speak, say （5）Words without corresponding equivalents(无对应词) In this case, an explanation is given insteadof an equivalent. For example: Teenager:13至19岁的青少年 Cyberslacker：利用工作时间在公司上网、做与工作无关的事情的雇员。 Meatloaf朋友、同事之间以群体信件的方式自发传播的电子信件。 阴：Yin (inChinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world 阳yang(inChinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world （目不识）丁： (not know one’s)ABC 汉语中有些词在英语里无法找到对应词，例如妯娌，连襟，亲家，休妻等。 See students’ book (P.70-71) 2.Associative meaning: is the secondary meaning supplementedto the denotative meaning. It is liable to the influence of such factors asculture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc. eg. “cat”：①a kind of animal which has somespecific features ; ② one of the associative meanings of cat is malicious woman. “It is a cat.” (它是一只猫) “She is a cat.”（她是一个 心地狠毒的女人） “洋灰”①cement (水泥) ②imported goods（洋货） “洋火”①match (火柴)②imported goods（洋货） As some English and Chinese denotative meanings are identical, soare some associative meanings, because some things and phenomena in the worldand man’s ability and the manner of cognition are identical. Furthermore, toChinese people, it is easy for them to understand the connotation of thesentence “East wind overwhelmed west wind”. Since in theChinese revolutionary history, east wind is compared to revolutionary force,while west wind refers to reactionary force. In the West, east wind and westwind are just wind of different directions in nature. It is difficult for thewesterners to understand the revolutionary sense of the sentence. See students’ book (P.72-79) Homework: See students’book (P. 79-81) II. LexicalTranslation and Linguistic Context 1.Definition of context Context plays an important role in determining meaning. It can limitthe range of possible interpretations of a word, a phrase etc. According to NewWebster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language (1997): “Contextrefers to the parts of written or spoken statement that precede or follow aspecified word or passage that can influence its meaning or effect; or refersto the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event,situation etc.” 2.Determining the meaning of words in the source language from context 根据上下文准确理解原文词义 既然汉语和英语在词汇方面有着如此多的差异，因此我们在汉译英时应仔细选择词语，使译文忠实贴切，更好地为英语读者所接受。首先，应根据上下文正确理解原文词 义。(See students’ book p.83) （1） 书 “书”这个词在汉语中是一个常用的词，它跟不同的词搭配可组成不同的词语，因此英语里应选择不同的词语来翻译。 一本书 a book 申请书 letter of application 协议书 Agreement 家书 a letter from home （使用）说明书 Direction 成交确认书 Sales Confirmation 情书 a love letter 国书 credentials 协议书 protocol 证书 certification 书报亭 news-stand 书画 painting and calligraphy 书房 study