develop and find novel purpose of existing drug;3)to provide supports and methods for other life science researches Teaching content Part I Principles of Pharmacology 1.1 Introduction of Pharmacology 【Purposes and demands,】 Have a good grasp of the concepts of Pharmacology,drug,Pharcodynamics and Pharmacokinetics.Master the principles of drug action,molecular basis of Pharmacology and drug-receptor interactions. 【Teaching content】) 1.Pharmacology is the interactive study of the actions between drugs and living things.It is divided into two disciplines.Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics. 2.Medicinal drugs are any natural or synthetic substances used for the treatment,prevention,and diagnosis of diseases. 3.The types of drug action 4.The basic drug action 5.The selectivity of drug action,Dose-effect relationship(Minimum effective dose.Therapeutic dose, Maximal effective dose,toxic dose,Lethal dose,Potency,Efficacy)Dose-Time relationship,Safety evaluation, Therapeutic Index, 6.How do drugs work Specific and unspecific mechanism of drug action;drugs and receptors:affinity, intrinsic activity,agonist,antagonist,partial agonist,Receptor regulation 【Time planed:3hl 1.2 Pharmacokinetics 【Purposes and demands】? Have a good grasp of the concepts of Pharmacokinetics.Understand the factors that determine the drug process in the human body. 【Teaching content) Pharmacokinetics deals with the way of drug disposition including its absorption,distribution,metabolism, and excretion.The way of drug transportation;(1)passive transport;active transport;the factors that affect the transportation:Cell membrane Lipid solubility,Drug size,concentration and pKa value of the drug,pH of the environment where the drugs dissolve.(2 the concept of active transport (the special transportation).against concentration,energy consume,specific carrier. 1.Drug absorption:route of drug administration,factors that affect the absorption. 2.Drug distribution:factors that affect the Drug distribution;(physiochemical properties of the drugs,pH of the tissue fluids.Ratio of the drug bound to plasma albumin or globulin or tissue:.Membrane barrier,Blood- brain barrier;Placental barrier. 3.Drug metabolism:Sites of metabolism-liver,Orally administration:First-pass metabolism,Phase 1 and Phase 2 metabolic reactions,Enzyme induction,Enzyme inhibition 4.Drug excretion:Renal,Gastrointestinal and other organs 5.Mathematical aspects of pharmacokinetics:Kinetic order;Half-life(t1/2);Steady-state;Bioavailability 【Time planed:2h】 1.3 Drug interactions and adverse effects Purposes and demands】 -24-
- 24 - develop and find novel purpose of existing drug; 3) to provide supports and methods for other life science researches. Teaching content Part Ⅰ Principles of Pharmacology 1.1 Introduction of Pharmacology 【Purposes and demands】 Have a good grasp of the concepts of Pharmacology, drug, Pharcodynamics and Pharmacokinetics. Master the principles of drug action, molecular basis of Pharmacology and drug-receptor interactions. 【Teaching content】 1. Pharmacology is the interactive study of the actions between drugs and living things. It is divided into two disciplines, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics. 2. Medicinal drugs are any natural or synthetic substances used for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of diseases. 3. The types of drug action 4. The basic drug action 5. The selectivity of drug action, Dose-effect relationship (Minimum effective dose. Therapeutic dose, Maximal effective dose, toxic dose, Lethal dose, Potency, Efficacy) Dose-Time relationship，Safety evaluation， Therapeutic Index, 6. How do drugs work ？ Specific and unspecific mechanism of drug action; drugs and receptors: affinity, intrinsic activity, agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, Receptor regulation 【Time planed: 3h】 1. 2 Pharmacokinetics 【Purposes and demands】 Have a good grasp of the concepts of Pharmacokinetics. Understand the factors that determine the drug process in the human body. 【Teaching content】 Pharmacokinetics deals with the way of drug disposition including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The way of drug transportation; ① passive transport; active transport; the factors that affect the transportation ：Cell membrane ；Lipid solubility, Drug size, concentration and pKa value of the drug, pH of the environment where the drugs dissolve. ② the concept of active transport (the special transportation), against concentration, energy consume, specific carrier. 1.Drug absorption: route of drug administration, factors that affect the absorption. 2.Drug distribution: factors that affect the Drug distribution;(physiochemical properties of the drugs, pH of the tissue fluids, Ratio of the drug bound to plasma albumin or globulin or tissue; .Membrane barrier, Bloodbrain barrier; Placental barrier. 3.Drug metabolism: Sites of metabolism- liver, Orally administration: First-pass metabolism, Phase 1 and Phase 2 metabolic reactions, Enzyme induction, Enzyme inhibition 4.Drug excretion ： Renal, Gastrointestinal and other organs 5.Mathematical aspects of pharmacokinetics: Kinetic order; Half-life(t1/2); Steady-state; Bioavailability 【Time planed: 2 h】 1.3 Drug interactions and adverse effects 【Purposes and demands】
Master the types of drug interactions and adverse effects. 【Teaching content】 Pharmacodynamic interaction:Antagonism,Potentiation,Additive effect. Pharmacokinetic interactions:Enzyme induction,Enzyme inhibition. Adverse effects:Side reaction,Toxic reaction;Allergic reaction,Secondary reaction,Residual effects,Drug dependent,Carcinogenic reaction,Teratogenesis,Mutagenesis 【Time planed:0.5hl Part II Pharmacology of the major organ system 2 Somatic and autonomic nervous system 2.1 Autonomic nervous system and drugs acting on the sympathetic system 【Purposes and demands】 To understand the classification of autonomic nervous system,and the way they work;the effects of transmitters,and to grasp drug actions on sympathetic nervous system. 【Teaching content) 1.The classification of autonomic nervous system. 2.The transmitters of autonomic nervous system and their actions 3.Effects mediated by M、Ni、N2、a、B,、B2 and D receptors 4.Effects of ganglion-stimulatiing or -blocking drugs,Presynaptic agents,Sympathomimetics: Noradrenoline,Metaraminol,Phenylephrine,Adrenaline,Isoprenaline,Dobutamine (Adrenoceptor antagonists: Phentolamine,Prazosin,B-adrenoceptor blockers,B-adrenoceptor antagonists:propranolol,metoprolol, labetalol. 【Time planed:3h】 2.2 Drugs acting on parasympathetic nervous system 【Purposes and demands】 To understand the classification of the drugs acting on the parasympathetic system,the effects of pilocarpine on eyes,be familiar with the effects,indication,adverse effects of neostigmine,master the effects,indication. adverse effects of atropine. 【Teaching content】, 1.Neurotransmitter,Nicotine receptor,Muscarine receptor 2.Muscarinic-receptor agonists carbachol,pilocarpine (effects on eyes),Anti-cholinesterase agents: neostigmine (effects,uses,side effects),Muscarinic antagonists atropine (effects,uses,side effects) Hyoscine,scopolamine,pirenzepine,telenzepine;pralidoxime chloride,PAM-CI 【Time planed:3h】 3 Central Nervous System 3.1 Anxiolytics and Hypnotics 【Purposes and demands】 Be familiar with the classification of anxiolytics and hypnotics;Master the effects,mechanism,indication, adverse effects of Benzodiazepines,understand the effects,mechanism,indication,adverse effects of barbiturates and the way to treat barbiturate toxicity. 【Teaching content) 1.The definition and classification of Anxiolytics and Hypnotics -25-
- 25 - Master the types of drug interactions and adverse effects. 【Teaching content】 Pharmacodynamic interaction : Antagonism, Potentiation, Additive effect. Pharmacokinetic interactions: Enzyme induction, Enzyme inhibition. Adverse effects: Side reaction, Toxic reaction; Allergic reaction, Secondary reaction, Residual effects, Drug dependent, Carcinogenic reaction, Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis 【Time planed: 0.5h】 Part Ⅱ Pharmacology of the major organ system 2 Somatic and autonomic nervous system 2.1 Autonomic nervous system and drugs acting on the sympathetic system 【Purposes and demands】 To understand the classification of autonomic nervous system, and the way they work; the effects of transmitters, and to grasp drug actions on sympathetic nervous system. 【Teaching content】 1. The classification of autonomic nervous system. 2. The transmitters of autonomic nervous system and their actions 3. Effects mediated by M、N1、N2、α、β1、β2 and D receptors 4. Effects of ganglion-stimulatiing or -blocking drugs, Presynaptic agents, Sympathomimetics: Noradrenoline, Metaraminol, Phenylephrine, Adrenaline, Isoprenaline, Dobutamine (Adrenoceptor antagonists: Phentolamine, Prazosin, β-adrenoceptor blockers, β-adrenoceptor antagonists: propranolol , metoprolol, labetalol. 【Time planed: 3 h】 2.2 Drugs acting on parasympathetic nervous system 【Purposes and demands】 To understand the classification of the drugs acting on the parasympathetic system, the effects of pilocarpine on eyes, be familiar with the effects, indication, adverse effects of neostigmine, master the effects, indication, adverse effects of atropine. 【Teaching content】 1.Neurotransmitter, Nicotine receptor, Muscarine receptor 2.Muscarinic-receptor agonists ：carbachol, pilocarpine (effects on eyes), Anti-cholinesterase agents: neostigmine（effects, uses，side effects）, Muscarinic antagonists ：atropine（effects, uses, side effects） Hyoscine, scopolamine, pirenzepine, telenzepine; pralidoxime chloride, PAM-Cl 【Time planed: 3h】 3 Central Nervous System 3.1 Anxiolytics and Hypnotics 【Purposes and demands】 Be familiar with the classification of anxiolytics and hypnotics; Master the effects, mechanism, indication, adverse effects of Benzodiazepines , understand the effects, mechanism, indication, adverse effects of barbiturates and the way to treat barbiturate toxicity. 【Teaching content】 1.The definition and classification of Anxiolytics and Hypnotics
2.Benzodiazepines:effects(anxiolytic action,Hypnotic action,Anticonvulsant action,Antiepileptic action, central muscle relaxation),mechanisms,indication,adverse effects. 3.The pharmacokinetics and classification of barbiturates,effects(anxiolytic action,Hypnotic action, Anticonvulsant action,and narcotic action),indication,adverse effects,the way to treat barbiturate toxicity.. 【Time planed:1.5h】 3.2 Antipsychotic Drugs 【Purposes and demands,】 Be familiar with the classification of antipsychotic drugsMaster the effects,mechanism,indication,adverse effects of chlorpromazine,understand the characters of anti-depressive action of haloperidol,clozapine and tricyclic antidepressants. 【Teaching content】 1.The definition and classification of Neuroleptics2.Phenothiazines:The pharmacokinetics and effects(on center,autonomic nervous system,endocrine system),mechanisms,indication (schizophrenia,mania,psychotic functional disorder,vomiting,hypothermic anesthesia and artificial hibernation),adverse effects (postural hypotension,extrapyramidal motor disorder,anaphylaxis,endocrine secretion disorder)of chlorpromazine.3. Effects of haloperidol,clozapine 4.The effective characteristics of tricyclic antidepressants 【Time planed:l.5h】 3.3 Analgesics 【Purposes and demands】) Master the effects,mechanism,indication,adverse effects of morphine,pethidine.Be familiar with the distinguishing feature of codeine and other synthetic analgesics [Teaching content) 1.Opioid analgesic drugs:The pharmacokinetics and effects(analgesic,sedative effects,acute respiratory depression,influence on pupillary constriction,vomiting,viscus smooth muscle,and cardiovascular system) mechanisms,indication(Severe pain,cardiac asthma,diarrhea)adverse effects(acute toxicity,tolerance and dependence)of morphine,the way to rescue acute toxicity.The distinguishing feature of codeine and its main indication.2.Synthetic analgesics:distinguishing feature(being compared with morphine,the potency of analgesic effects,the effects on smooth muscle,adverse effects)indication,adverse effects of pethidine, distinguishing feature of fentanyl,methadone,pentazocine and rotundine. 【Time planed:2hl 4 Cardiovascular system 【Purposes and demands】 To be familiar with cardiac anatomy and physiology,causes and symptoms of congestive heart failure, arrhythmiaand angina pectoris. 【Teaching content) 1.Cardiac anatomy and physiology 2.The causes and symptoms of congestive heart failure 3.The causes and symptoms of arrhythmia 4.The causes and symptoms of angina pectoris 【Time planed:l.5h】 -26-
- 26 - 2.Benzodiazepines: effects (anxiolytic action, Hypnotic action, Anticonvulsant action, Antiepileptic action , central muscle relaxation), mechanisms, indication, adverse effects. 3.The pharmacokinetics and classification of barbiturates, effects (anxiolytic action, Hypnotic action, Anticonvulsant action, and narcotic action), indication, adverse effects, the way to treat barbiturate toxicity.. 【Time planed: 1.5h】 3.2 Antipsychotic Drugs 【Purposes and demands】 Be familiar with the classification of antipsychotic drugsMaster the effects, mechanism, indication, adverse effects of chlorpromazine, understand the characters of anti-depressive action of haloperidol, clozapine and tricyclic antidepressants. 【Teaching content】 1. The definition and classification of Neuroleptics2. Phenothiazines: The pharmacokinetics and effects (on center, autonomic nervous system, endocrine system), mechanisms, indication (schizophrenia , mania, psychotic functional disorder, vomiting , hypothermic anesthesia and artificial hibernation), adverse effects (postural hypotension, extrapyramidal motor disorder , anaphylaxis, endocrine secretion disorder) of chlorpromazine.3. Effects of haloperidol, clozapine 4. The effective characteristics of tricyclic antidepressants 【Time planed: 1.5 h】 3.3 Analgesics 【Purposes and demands】 Master the effects, mechanism, indication, adverse effects of morphine, pethidine. Be familiar with the distinguishing feature of codeine and other synthetic analgesics 【Teaching content】 1. Opioid analgesic drugs:The pharmacokinetics and effects ( analgesic, sedative effects, acute respiratory depression, influence on pupillary constriction, vomiting, viscus smooth muscle, and cardiovascular system) mechanisms, indication (Severe pain, cardiac asthma, diarrhea) adverse effects (acute toxicity, tolerance and dependence) of morphine, the way to rescue acute toxicity. The distinguishing feature of codeine and its main indication.2. Synthetic analgesics: distinguishing feature (being compared with morphine, the potency of analgesic effects, the effects on smooth muscle, adverse effects) indication, adverse effects of pethidine, distinguishing feature of fentanyl, methadone, pentazocine and rotundine. 【Time planed: 2 h】 4 Cardiovascular system 【Purposes and demands】 To be familiar with cardiac anatomy and physiology, causes and symptoms of congestive heart failure, arrhythmiaand angina pectoris. 【Teaching content】 1. Cardiac anatomy and physiology 2. The causes and symptoms of congestive heart failure 3. The causes and symptoms of arrhythmia 4. The causes and symptoms of angina pectoris 【Time planed: 1.5 h】
4.1 Drugs used in congestive heart failure 【Purposes and demands】 To master the effects,indications,adverse effects of cardiac glycosides,understand the pharmacokinetic characters of digitoxin,digoxin,deolanoside and strophanthine,realize the distinguishing feature of other positive inotropic drugs;realize the effects of diureticsvasodilators and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors on heart failure 【Teaching content] 1.The source,structure and pharmacokinetic feature,the effects(positive inotropic effects,negative chronotropic effects,influence on cardiac electrophysiology)of cardiac glycosides,and the mechanisms, indications,adverse effects,the prophylaxis and treatment of the toxicity. 2.Other positive inotropic drugs:the distinguishing features of B receptor agonists (dobutamine), phosphodiesterase inhibitors(Amrinoe,Milrinone) Effects of diureticsvasodilators on heart failure. angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors 【Time planed:2h】 4.2 Antiarrhythmic drugs 【Purposes and demands】 To be familiar with the classification of antiarrhythmic drugs,the effects and mechanisms of different kinds of antiarrhythmic drugs.Master their indications and adverse effects. 【Teaching content】 1.Basic knowledge of electrophysiology of cardiac arrhythmia. 2.Classification and mechanisms of antiarrhythmic drugs 3.General antiarrhythmic drugs:effects,mechanisms,indications,adverse effects of Quinidine Procainamide,Lignocaine,Phenytoin,propafenone,propranolol,Amiodarone,Verapamil,Diltiazem. 4.The selection of antiarrhythmic drugs 【Time planed:2hl 4.3 Antianginal drugs 【Purposes and demands】 Be familiar with the classification and the mechanisms of antianginal drugs.To master the effects, indications,adverse effects of different kinds of antianginal drugs 【Teaching content】 1.The mechanisms of antianginal drugs. 2.Pharmacokinetic,effects,mechanisms,indications,adverse effects and tolerance of organic nitrates. 3.Effects,mechanisms,indications of Propranolol,Atenolol,Metoprolol4.Effects,mechanisms, indications,adverse effects of nifedipine,Verapamil,Diltiazem 【Time planed::l.5h 4.4 Treatment of hypertension 【The Purposes and Demands】 Be familiar with the classification and mechanism of antihypertensives,master the characteristics of effects, uses and major adverse reactions of Clonidine,Prazosin,Propranolol,Nifedipine,Hydrochlorothiazide,Captopril and so on.Understand others and applied principle of antihypertensives 【Teaching Content] 1.Classification of antihypertensives and their site of action -27-
- 27 - 4.1 Drugs used in congestive heart failure 【Purposes and demands】 To master the effects, indications, adverse effects of cardiac glycosides, understand the pharmacokinetic characters of digitoxin, digoxin, deolanoside and strophanthine, realize the distinguishing feature of other positive inotropic drugs; realize the effects of diureticsvasodilators and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors on heart failure. 【Teaching content】 1.The source , structure and pharmacokinetic feature, the effects (positive inotropic effects, negative chronotropic effects, influence on cardiac electrophysiology) of cardiac glycosides, and the mechanisms, indications, adverse effects, the prophylaxis and treatment of the toxicity. 2. Other positive inotropic drugs: the distinguishing features of β receptor agonists (dobutamine), phosphodiesterase inhibitors (Amrinoe, Milrinone) Effects of diureticsvasodilators on heart failure. angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors 【Time planed:2 h】 4.2 Antiarrhythmic drugs 【Purposes and demands】 To be familiar with the classification of antiarrhythmic drugs, the effects and mechanisms of different kinds of antiarrhythmic drugs. Master their indications and adverse effects. 【Teaching content】 1. Basic knowledge of electrophysiology of cardiac arrhythmia. 2. Classification and mechanisms of antiarrhythmic drugs 3. General antiarrhythmic drugs: effects, mechanisms, indications, adverse effects of Quinidine Procainamide, Lignocaine,Phenytoin, propafenone,propranolol, Amiodarone, Verapamil, Diltiazem. 4. The selection of antiarrhythmic drugs 【Time planed: 2 h】 4.3 Antianginal drugs 【Purposes and demands】 Be familiar with the classification and the mechanisms of antianginal drugs. To master the effects, indications, adverse effects of different kinds of antianginal drugs 【Teaching content】 1. The mechanisms of antianginal drugs. 2. Pharmacokinetic, effects, mechanisms, indications, adverse effects and tolerance of organic nitrates. 3. Effects, mechanisms, indications of Propranolol , Atenolol , Metoprolol4. Effects, mechanisms, indications, adverse effects of nifedipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem 【Time planed: 1.5 h】 4.4 Treatment of hypertension 【The Purposes and Demands 】 Be familiar with the classification and mechanism of antihypertensives, master the characteristics of effects, uses and major adverse reactions of Clonidine, Prazosin, Propranolol, Nifedipine, Hydrochlorothiazide, Captopril and so on . Understand others and applied principle of antihypertensives 【Teaching Content】 1. Classification of antihypertensives and their site of action
2.Ordinary use of antihypertensives (1)The sympathetic nervous blockers:1 Centrally acting hypotensors:Effect,mechanism,uses and the major adverse reactions of Clonidine.2The peripheral sympathetic nervous blockers:Effect,mechanism,uses and the major adverse reactions of reserpine.3Adrenoceptor antagonists:Effects,mechanism,uses and the major adverse reactions of prazosin and propranolol,Effects of labetalol. (2)Vasodilators:1 Calcium channel blockers:Action,mechanism of action,indications and the major adverse reactions of Nifedipine.2 Potassium channel openers:The effect and indications of pinnacidil. 3Direct vasodilators:Action,indications and the major adverse reactions of hydralazine.Action and indications of Sodium nitroprusside. (3)Diuretics:The effects,mechanism and indications of hydrochlorothiazide(4)Angiotensin antagonists: 1 ACE inhibitors:The action,mechanism,indication and the major adverse reactions of Captopril e 2Angiotensin antagonists:The effects,mechanism and indications of Losartan. (5)The other antihypertensive drugs 3.applied principle of antihypertentives. 【Time planed:2.5h】 5.Kidneys Diuretic drugs and dehydrate agents 【The Purpose and Demand】 Be familiar with the classification and mechanism of diuretics.Master the effects,indications and the major adverse reactions of Frusemide,Hydrochlorothiazid,Spironolactone and Triamterene.To be familiar with the effects and indications of Mannitol 【Teaching Content] 1.Diuretics (1)Kidney function and production of urine,The classification and mechanism of diuretics. (2)Diuretics: D Strong potent diuretics:The effects,mechanism,indications and the major adverse reactions of Frusemide. 2 Moderate potent diuretics:The effects,mechanism,indications and major adverse reactions of Hydrochlorothiazide. 3Mild potent diuretics:The mechanism,indications and major adverse reactions of Spironolactone and Triamterene. 2.The characteristics of action on dehydrates.The effects and indications of Mannitol. 【Time planed:2.5h】 6.The Endocrine System 6.1 Adrenal corticosteroids 【The Purposes and Demands】 To master the effects,indications and the adverse reactions of adrenocorticoids.To understand the administration of glucocorticoid therapy and contraindications. 【Teaching Content] 1.Classification of adrenocorticoids -28-
- 28 - 2. Ordinary use of antihypertensives (1)The sympathetic nervous blockers: ① Centrally acting hypotensors: Effect , mechanism, uses and the major adverse reactions of Clonidine. ② The peripheral sympathetic nervous blockers: Effect, mechanism, uses and the major adverse reactions of reserpine. ③ Adrenoceptor antagonists: Effects, mechanism，uses and the major adverse reactions of prazosin and propranolol, Effects of labetalol. (2)Vasodilators: ① Calcium channel blockers: Action, mechanism of action, indications and the major adverse reactions of Nifedipine. ② Potassium channel openers: The effect and indications of pinnacidil. ③ Direct vasodilators:Action, indications and the major adverse reactions of hydralazine. Action and indications of Sodium nitroprusside. (3)Diuretics: The effects, mechanism and indications of hydrochlorothiazide(4)Angiotensin antagonists: ① ACE inhibitors: The action, mechanism, indication and the major adverse reactions of Captopril 。 ② Angiotensin antagonists: The effects, mechanism and indications of Losartan. (5)The other antihypertensive drugs 3. applied principle of antihypertentives。 【Time planed: 2.5 h】 5. Kidneys Diuretic drugs and dehydrate agents 【 The Purpose and Demand】 Be familiar with the classification and mechanism of diuretics. Master the effects , indications and the major adverse reactions of Frusemide, Hydrochlorothiazid, Spironolactone and Triamterene. To be familiar with the effects and indications of Mannitol 【Teaching Content】 1. Diuretics (1) Kidney function and production of urine, The classification and mechanism of diuretics . (2) Diuretics: ① Strong potent diuretics ：The effects, mechanism , indications and the major adverse reactions of Frusemide. ② Moderate potent diuretics: The effects, mechanism, indications and major adverse reactions of Hydrochlorothiazide. ③ Mild potent diuretics: The mechanism, indications and major adverse reactions of Spironolactone and Triamterene. 2. The characteristics of action on dehydrates. The effects and indications of Mannitol. 【Time planed: 2.5h】 6. The Endocrine System 6.1 Adrenal corticosteroids 【The Purposes and Demands】 To master the effects, indications and the adverse reactions of adrenocorticoids. To understand the administration of glucocorticoid therapy and contraindications. 【Teaching Content】 1. Classification of adrenocorticoids