CAPITVLVM DVODEVICESIMVM CAP.XVIII 第十八讲 ● 间接陈述句 ● 间接祈使句 ● 时态的次序 ● 从句总结 课文Paulus and Lucia(XVIII) Part 1语法 一间接陈述句 1间接陈述句 dicere 3 say,scire 4 know,audire 4 hear;lesten,videre 2 see,putare 1 think.sperare 1 hope 等动词的宾语。间接陈述句采用“宾格接不定式句”(accusative cum infinitive,ACI)。 例句如下： 直接陈述句 间接陈述句 Tu scribis Dicimus te scribere. Medicus es. Scio te esse medicum Epistula scripta est. Putamus epistulam scriptam esse. 被动态不定式完成时 Tu scribes. Speramus te scriturum esse. 主动态不定式将来时 2间接陈述句中不定式的时态 (1)从句的行为与主句动词同时发生，不定式用现在时 Dicit/dicet/dixit te scribere.He says/will say/said you write. Dicit/dicet/dixit epistulam scribi.He says/will say/said the letter is writen. (2)如果从句的行为发生在主句动词之后，则不定式用将来时 Dicit/dicet/dixit te scripturum esse.He says/will say/said you will write. Dicit/dicet/dixit epistulam scriptum iri.He says/will say/said the letter will be written. 注意：被动态不定式将来时目的分词(supinum)和ini都是不必变化的。 (3)如果从句的行为发生在主要动词之前，则不定式用完成时。 Dicit/dicet/dixit te scripsisse.He says/will say/said you have written. Dicit/dicet/dixit epistulam scriptam esse.He says/will say/said the letter has been written. 3间接陈述句中从句的动词不定式还要注意以下几点： (1)从句中动词不定式是联系动词，表语应与主语（宾格）同格。例如： Scimus terram rotundam esse.We know the earth is round. Credo te verum amicum esse.I believe you are a true friend. (2)如果从句中的动词不定式是及物动词，它还可以带宾语。例如：
CAPITVLVM DVODEVICESIMVM CAP.XVIII 第十八讲 间接陈述句 间接祈使句 时态的次序 从句总结 课文 Paulus and Lucia(XVIII) Part 1 语法 一 间接陈述句 1 间接陈述句 作为 dicere 3 say, scire 4 know, audire 4 hear, lesten, videre 2 see, putare 1 think, sperare 1 hope 等动词的宾语。间接陈述句采用“宾格接不定式句 ”（accusative cum infinitive,ACI ） 。 例句如下： 直接陈述句 间接陈述句 Tu scribis Dicimus te scribere. Medicus es. Scio te esse medicum. Epistula scripta est. Putamus epistulam scriptam esse. 被动态不定式完成时 Tu scribes. Speramus te scriturum esse. 主动态不定式将来时 2 间接陈述句中不定式的时态 （1）从句的行为与主句动词同时发生，不定式用现在时 Dicit/dicet/dixit te scribere. He says/will say/said you write. Dicit/dicet/dixit epistulam scribi. He says/will say/said the letter is writen. (2) 如果从句的行为发生在主句动词之后，则不定式用将来时 Dicit/dicet/dixit te scripturum esse. He says/will say/said you will write. Dicit/dicet/dixit epistulam scriptum iri. He says/will say/said the letter will be written. 注意：被动态不定式将来时目的分词（supinum）和 iri 都是不必变化的。 （3）如果从句的行为发生在主要动词之前，则不定式用完成时。 Dicit/dicet/dixit te scripsisse. He says/will say/said you have written. Dicit/dicet/dixit epistulam scriptam esse. He says/will say/said the letter has been written. 3 间接陈述句中从句的动词不定式还要注意以下几点： （1）从句中动词不定式是联系动词，表语应与主语（宾格）同格。例如： Scimus terram rotundam esse. We know the earth is round. Credo te verum amicum esse. I believe you are a true friend. (2) 如果从句中的动词不定式是及物动词，它还可以带宾语。例如：
CAPITVLVM DVODEVICESIMVM CAP.XVIII Omnes sciunt vos magistrum nostrum vistiavisse.We knew that you had visited our magister. Visitavisse是及物动词visitare1主动态不定式完成时，它的宾语是magistrum nostrum. (3)间接陈述句从句中的主语如果是人称代词，必须以宾格写出。例如： Vidi te ambulare.I see you is walking. Audivi eum cantare.I heard you are singing 注意，如果从句的主语指的是主语本身，则皆用反身代词宾格s.例句： Carolus dixit,se venturum esse.Carolus said that he will come. (4)无人称动词引导的主语从句，这类从句也属于“宾格接不定式从句”。例如： Oportet te venire.You should come. Certum est te patriam amare.You must love matherland. Nesesse est pueros quotidie lavare manus.Cherdren should must wash their hands everyday. 此类短语有：certum est,,verum est,,turpeest,utile est,necesse est,opus est. 二时态的次序 学过英文的时态在从句中的规律之后，看拉丁文的时态规律就很简单了。基本规则是：现在 时态系统的主句必须跟随现代时态系统的从句：历史时态系统的主句必须跟随历史时态系统 的从句。 当下(primary)系统： 主句：现在时或将来时 从句：现在时（表动作在主句同时或之后）或完成时（动作在主句之前） 历时(historical)系统： 主句：过去的时态（包括未完成时和完成时） 从句：未完成时（动作在主句同时或之后）或过去完成时（动作在主句之前） 以上规则适用于目的从句，结果从句，间接问句，接下来要学的几章内容也有类似规律。 分析下列例句中的时态次序： Id facit (faciet)ut me iuvet. Id fecit(faciebat)ut me iuvaret. Tam durus est ut eum vitem. Tam durus fuit(erat)ut eum vitarem. Rogant(rogabunt)quid faciat/quid fecerit/quid facturus sit. Rogaverunt(rogabant)quid faceret/quid fecisset/quid facturus esset. 三从句总结 目的从句the jussive subjunctive and purpose clauses
CAPITVLVM DVODEVICESIMVM CAP.XVIII Omnes sciunt vos magistrum nostrum vistiavisse. We knew that you had visited our magister. Visitavisse 是及物动词 visitare 1 主动态不定式完成时，它的宾语是 magistrum nostrum. (3) 间接陈述句从句中的主语如果是人称代词，必须以宾格写出。例如： Vidi te ambulare. I see you is walking. Audivi eum cantare. I heard you are singing 注意，如果从句的主语指的是主语本身，则皆用反身代词宾格 se. 例句： Carolus dixit, se venturum esse. Carolus said that he will come. (4) 无人称动词引导的主语从句，这类从句也属于“宾格接不定式从句”。例如： Oportet te venire. You should come. Certum est te patriam amare. You must love matherland. Nesesse est pueros quotidie lavare manus. Cherdren should must wash their hands everyday.。 此类短语有：certum est, verum est, turpeest, utile est, necesse est, opus est. 二 时态的次序 学过英文的时态在从句中的规律之后，看拉丁文的时态规律就很简单了。基本规则是：现在 时态系统的主句必须跟随现代时态系统的从句；历史时态系统的主句必须跟随历史时态系统 的从句。 当下（primary）系统： 主句：现在时或将来时 从句：现在时（表动作在主句同时或之后）或完成时（动作在主句之前） 历时（historical）系统： 主句：过去的时态（包括未完成时和完成时） 从句：未完成时（动作在主句同时或之后）或过去完成时（动作在主句之前） 以上规则适用于目的从句，结果从句，间接问句，接下来要学的几章内容也有类似规律。 分析下列例句中的时态次序： Id facit (faciet) ut mē iuvet. Id fēcit (faciēbat) ut mē iuvāret. Tam dūrus est ut eum vītem. Tam dūrus fuit (erat) ut eum vītārem. Rogant (rogābunt) quid faciat/quid fēcerit/quid factūrus sit. Rogāvērunt (rogābant) quid faceret/quid fēcisset/quid factūrus esset. 三 从句总结 目的从句 the jussive subjunctive and purpose clauses
CAPITVLVM DVODEVICESIMVM CAP.XVIII 结果从句result clauses见二十九课 间接问句indirect questions见三十课 cum从句cum clauses见三十一课 让步从句proviso clauses见三十二课 条件conditions(分三种不同的虚拟)见三十三课 祈使名词从句jussive noun clauses见三十六课 特征关系从句relative clausese of characteristic见三十八课 恐怕从句fear clauses见四十课 目的从句Purpose Clauses 目的从句表达主句动作的目的或对象。拉丁文经常采用ut引导的虚拟从句：翻译时经常 用my。通常可翻译为从句，若从句主语和主句相同，也可翻译为不定式。拉丁文句子可 以有不同的英译： Hoc dicit ut eos iuvet. He says this to help them. in order to help them. that he may help them. so that he may help them in order that he may help them. Discedit ne id audiat Cum cura docet ut discipulT bene discant Hoc facit ne capiatur. Libros legimus ut multa discamus. Bonos libros nobis dent ne malos legamus. 结果从句 结果从句的标志是以ut开头，包含（通常在末尾）一个虚拟时态的动词。 与目的从句的区分：l,从上下文。2，结果从句的主句通常包含一个副词(ita,tam,sic,so) 或者形容词(tantus,,so much,so great))表示程度并示意下面将跟着一个结果从句。若从句描 述一否定结果，将会有否定词如non,nihil,.nemo,numquam或nullus(而目的从句的否定则 以ne引导)。 结果从句通常翻译成直陈式，(may或might仅在表达可能性或理想性结果而非真实结果时 采用)。 Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret. He did such great things that he saved the city..(结果从) Haec fecit ut urbem servaret. He did these things that he might save the city.(目的从) Tam strenue laborat ut multa perficiat. He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things.(结果从句旬 Strenue laborat ut multa perficiat. He works energetically so that he may accomplish many things.(目的从旬 Hoc tanta benevolentia dixit ut eos non offenderet. He said this with such great kindness that he did not offend them.(结果从旬
CAPITVLVM DVODEVICESIMVM CAP.XVIII 结果从句 result clauses 见二十九课 间接问句 indirect questions 见三十课 cum 从句 cum clauses 见三十一课 让步从句 proviso clauses 见三十二课 条件 conditions（分三种不同的虚拟）见三十三课 祈使名词从句 jussive noun clauses 见三十六课 特征关系从句 relative clausese of characteristic 见三十八课 恐怕从句 fear clauses 见四十课 目的从句 Purpose Clauses 目的从句表达主句动作的目的或对象。拉丁文经常采用 ut/nē 引导的虚拟从句；翻译时经常 用 may。通常可翻译为从句，若从句主语和主句相同，也可翻译为不定式。拉丁文句子可 以有不同的英译： Hoc dīcit ut eōs iuvet. He says this to help them. in order to help them. that he may help them. so that he may help them. in order that he may help them. Discēdit nē id audiat. Cum cūrā docet ut discipulī bene discant. Hoc facit nē capiātur. Librōs legimus ut multa discāmus. Bonōs librōs nōbīs dent nē malōs legāmus. 结果从句 结果从句的标志是以 ut 开头，包含（通常在末尾）一个虚拟时态的动词。 与目的从句的区分：1，从上下文。2，结果从句的主句通常包含一个副词（ita, tam, sīc, so） 或者形容词（tantus, so much, so great）表示程度并示意下面将跟着一个结果从句。若从句描 述一否定结果，将会有否定词如 nōn, nihil, nēmō, numquam 或 nūllus（而目的从句的否定则 以 nē 引导）。 结果从句通常翻译成直陈式，（may 或 might 仅在表达可能性或理想性结果而非真实结果时 采用）。 Tanta fēcit ut urbem servāret. He did such great things that he saved the city.(结果从句) Haec fēcit ut urbem servāret. He did these things that he might save the city.(目的从句) Tam strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat. He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things.(结果从句) Strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat. He works energetically so that he may accomplish many things.(目的从句) Hoc tantā benevolentiā dīxit ut eōs nōn offenderet. He said this with such great kindness that he did not offend them.(结果从句)
CAPITVLVM DVODEVICESIMVM CAP.XVIⅢI Hoc magna benevolentia dixit ne eos offenderet. He said this with great kindness in order that he might not offend them.( Saltus erat angustus,ut paucT GraecT multos milites prohibere possent. The pass was narrow,so that a few Greeks were able to stop many soldiers.(结果从旬 (在最末例中，主句无标志性词语如ita或tam,然而从上下文中可清晰辨认该句为结果从 句) 间接问句： 用虚拟动词，由疑问词quis/quid,qui/quae/quod,quam,quando,ci,ubi,unde,unter,utrum..an (whether...or),-ne等引进：主句中动词往往是有言语、思想活动或者感觉感知行为的含义 (包括很多可接间接引语的主句动词，见第二十五课列表)。 从句动词用虚拟语气，翻译成直陈语气。 Quid Gaius facit? Quid Gaius fecit? Quid Gaius faciet? Rogant quid Gaius faciat. Rogant quid Gaius fecerit. Rogant quid Gaius facturus sit Cum从句 cum作为介词的用法我们已经熟悉，同时cum也可作连词，意为“当..时when,自从since, 虽然although”引导关系从句。 有些时候cum引导的从句动词为直陈式，尤其是当描述动作行为的具体时间时。这种从句 被称为cum temporal clauses'”。cum在引导时间从句时翻译为当...时(when)或正当... 时(while):tum有时候会出现在主句中，cum.tum在一起则翻译为no1only.but also不仅.… 而且： cum eum videbis,eum cognosces When you (will)see him,you will recognize him. cum vincimus,tum pacem speras. When/while we are winning,you are (at the same time)hoping for peace. Cum ad illum locum venerant,tum amicos contulerant. When they had come to that place,they had brought their friends. OR:Not only had they come to that place,but they had also brought their friends. 更常见的是cum从句的虚拟语气，尤其当它描述主句动作行为发生的大致环境（而非确切 时间)（被称为“cum circumstantial clause”),或解释主句动作行为的原因（被称为“cm causal),或者描述可能会阻碍主句动作行为的事件(“cum adversative'”): cum hoc fecisset,ad te fugit.(circumstantial) cum hoc sciret,potuit eos iuvare.(causal) cum hoc sciret,tamen milites misit.(adversative) cum Gaium diligeremus,non poteramus eum iuvare.(adversative)
CAPITVLVM DVODEVICESIMVM CAP.XVIII Hoc magnā benevolentiā dīxit nē eōs offenderet. He said this with great kindness in order that he might not offend them.(目的从句) Saltus erat angustus, ut paucī Graecī multōs mīlitēs prohibēre possent. The pass was narrow, so that a few Greeks were able to stop many soldiers.(结果从句) （在最末例中，主句无标志性词语如 ita 或 tam，然而从上下文中可清晰辨认该句为结果从 句） 间接问句： 用虚拟动词，由疑问词 quis/quid, quī/quae/quod, quam, quandō, cūr, ubi, unde, unter, utrum...an （whether...or）, -ne 等引进；主句中动词往往是有言语、思想活动或者感觉感知行为的含义 （包括很多可接间接引语的主句动词，见第二十五课列表）。 从句动词用虚拟语气，翻译成直陈语气。 Quid Gāius facit? Quid Gāius fēcit? Quid Gāius faciet? Rogant quid Gāius faciat. Rogant quid Gaius fēcerit. Rogant quid Gaius factūrus sit Cum 从句 cum 作为介词的用法我们已经熟悉，同时 cum 也可作连词，意为“当……时 when, 自从 since， 虽然 although”引导关系从句。 有些时候 cum 引导的从句动词为直陈式，尤其是当描述动作行为的具体时间时。这种从句 被称为“cum temporal clauses”。cum 在引导时间从句时翻译为当……时（when）或正当…… 时（while）；tum 有时候会出现在主句中，cum...tum 在一起则翻译为 not only...but also 不仅…… 而且： cum eum vidēbis, eum cognōscēs. When you (will) see him, you will recognize him. cum vincimus, tum pācem spērās. When/while we are winning, you are (at the same time) hoping for peace. Cum ad illum locum vēnerant, tum amīcōs contulerant. When they had come to that place, they had brought their friends. OR: Not only had they come to that place, but they had also brought their friends. 更常见的是 cum 从句的虚拟语气，尤其当它描述主句动作行为发生的大致环境（而非确切 时间）（被称为“cum circumstantial clause”），或解释主句动作行为的原因（被称为“cum causal”），或者描述可能会阻碍主句动作行为的事件（“cum adversative”）： cum hoc fēcisset, ad tē fūgit. (circumstantial) cum hoc scīret, potuit eōs iuvāre. (causal) cum hoc scīret, tamen mīlitēs mīsit. (adversative) cum Gāium dīligerēmus, nōn poterāmus eum iuvāre. (adversative)
CAPITVLVM DVODEVICESIMVM CAP.XVIII 注意：当cum后紧跟着一个名词或代词的夺格(abl)时，cum应翻译为以及with。 限制从句proviso clauses 由dummodo(既然provide that,只要as long as)引导的虚拟语气动词从句，表达一种限定 性的环境：否定从句用ne。 Non timebo,dummodo hic remaneas. I shall not be afraid,provided that you remain here. Erimus felices.dummodo ne discedas. We shall be happy,so long as(porvided that)you do not leave. 特征关系从句 特征关系从句描述先行词的某种一般性质，这种性质可以是泛指的、不确定的、疑问性的或 否定性的，从句动词是虚拟式。例句： Quis est qui huic credat who is there who trusts this man? Nemo erat qui hoc sciret.there was no one who knew this. Sunt qui hoc faciat.there are some who do this. 疑虑从句 有一些表示惧怕或忧虑的动词，后面常跟着由ne(that)ut(that.not)引导的虚拟式名词从句。 这些连词所引导的内容恰恰与期望相反，翻译时常用wil或may,would或might等助动词， 例句如下： Timeo ne id credant.I fear that they will/may believe this. Vereor ut id credant.I am afraid that they will/may not believe this. Timuerunt ne amicos amitterent.they feared that they might /would lose their friends Metuisti ut mulieres ex casa exissent you were afraid that the women had not lefi the house. Part 2 Paulus and Lucia Vale Augustine! Augustinus ad cellam in qua Paulus erat vinctus furtim adiit. 'Psst,Paule,'susurravit amicus,'adsum ego.Si fortuna tibi favebit mox eris liber!' 'Augustine!' 'Sst;ne custodes excites.Tandem Lucia librum meum accepit.Me-ne quoque amat? Quid putas?Si antea cognovissem,iam rivalis tuus essem.Donum,quod Luciae dedi, erat solum exemplar Catulli.' Eheu,malos tibi nuntios refero,'susurravit Paulus. Quid dicis?' 'Liber ille est combustus.' 'Catulli liber?" 'Ita vero.' 'Combustus?A quo?Num Lucia versus Catulli delevit? 'Abbas librum in ignem iniecit.' 'Non ita.' 'Vero
CAPITVLVM DVODEVICESIMVM CAP.XVIII 注意：当 cum 后紧跟着一个名词或代词的夺格（abl）时，cum 应翻译为以及 with。 限制从句 proviso clauses 由 dummodo（既然 provide that, 只要 as long as）引导的虚拟语气动词从句，表达一种限定 性的环境；否定从句用 nē。 Nōn timēbō, dummodo hīc remaneās. I shall not be afraid, provided that you remain here. Erimus fēlīcēs, dummodo nē discēdās. We shall be happy, so long as (porvided that) you do not leave. 特征关系从句 特征关系从句描述先行词的某种一般性质，这种性质可以是泛指的、不确定的、疑问性的或 否定性的，从句动词是虚拟式。例句： Quis est qui huic credat who is there who trusts this man? Nemo erat qui hoc sciret. there was no one who knew this. Sunt qui hoc faciat. there are some who do this. 疑虑从句 有一些表示惧怕或忧虑的动词，后面常跟着由 ne(that)ut(that …not)引导的虚拟式名词从句。 这些连词所引导的内容恰恰与期望相反，翻译时常用 will 或 may, would 或 might 等助动词， 例句如下： Timeo ne id credant. I fear that they will/may believe this. Vereor ut id credant. I am afraid that they will/may not believe this. Timuerunt ne amicos amitterent. they feared that they might /would lose their friends Metuisti ut mulieres ex casa exissent you were afraid that the women had not left the house. Part 2 Paulus and Lucia Vale Augustine! Augustinus ad cellam in qua Paulus erat vinctus furtim adiit. 'Psst, Paule,' susurravit amicus, 'adsum ego. Si fortuna tibi favebit mox eris liber!' 'Augustine!' 'Sst; ne custodes excites. Tandem Lucia librum meum accepit. Me-ne quoque amat? Quid putas? Si antea cognovissem, iam rivalis tuus essem. Donum, quod Luciae dedi, erat solum exemplar Catulli.' 'Eheu, malos tibi nuntios refero,' susurravit Paulus. 'Quid dicis?' 'Liber ille est combustus.' 'Catulli liber?' 'Ita vero.' 'Combustus? A quo? Num Lucia versus Catulli delevit?' 'Abbas librum in ignem iniecit.' 'Non ita.' 'Vero