第十二讲 ● 动词的虚拟式：主动态、被动态 ● Sum与possum的虚拟式 ● 祈愿虚拟句 Si-从句：条件从句 ● Paulus and Lucia(仪II) Part 1语法 一动词的虚拟式（modus subiuctivus). 动词的虚拟式(coniunctivus,the subjunctive mood,简记SUB)主要用于各种复合 句，表示某种“假设、愿望、劝告、命令、让步”等。 前此课文中已多次出现虚拟式，如： in mulum ascendas.Please you get up on to the mule!(第五讲，课文A) ascendere 3 to climb,to ascend Disputer philosophus vacuo cratere,sciat quia minus est scire quam habere.Let the philosopher dispute with an empty bowl,Let him know that knowing is worth less than having. (第八讲，课文B) disputare I to dispute;scire 4 to know Dum nos fata sinunt,oculos satiemus amore.While fate permits us,let us fill our eyes with love.(第九讲，课文A) sinere 3 to permit,to allow;satiare I to satisfy Vivamus mea Lucia atque amemus.Let us live,my Lucia,and let us love.( vivere 3 to live;amare lto love Et ne nos inducas in tentationem,sed libera nos a malo.And lead us not into temptation, but free us from evil(第十一讲，课文A) inducere 3 to induce,lead;librare 1 to free 动词的虚拟式有四个时式：现在时、未完成过去时、完成时、过去完成时，也有主 动态和被动态。它们多用于各种从句
第十二讲 动词的虚拟式：主动态、被动态 Sum 与 possum 的虚拟式 祈愿虚拟句 Si-从句：条件从句 Paulus and Lucia(XII) Part 1 语法 一 动词的虚拟式（modus subiuctivus） 动词的虚拟式（coniunctivus，the subjunctive mood，简记 SUB）主要用于各种复合 句，表示某种“假设、愿望、劝告、命令、让步”等。 前此课文中已多次出现虚拟式，如： in mulum ascendas . Please you get up on to the mule ! （第五讲，课文 A） ascendere 3 to climb, to ascend Disputet philosophus vacuo cratere, sciat quia minus est scire quam habere. Let the philosopher dispute with an empty bowl, Let him know that knowing is worth less than having. （第八讲，课文 B） disputare 1 to dispute ; scire 4 to know Dum nos fata sinunt，oculos satiemus amore. While fate permits us, let us fill our eyes with love. （第九讲，课文 A） sinere 3 to permit, to allow; satiare 1 to satisfy Vivamus mea Lucia atque amemus. Let us live, my Lucia, and let us love.（同上） vivere 3 to live; amare 1to love Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo. And lead us not into temptation, but free us from evil (第十一讲，课文 A) inducere 3 to induce, lead ; librare 1 to free 动词的虚拟式有四个时式：现在时、未完成过去时、完成时、过去完成时，也有主 动态和被动态。它们多用于各种从句
CAPITVLVM DVODECIMVM CAP.XII 1主动态虚拟式 动词lauda-re,mone-re,ag-ere,audi-re,cape-re主动态四个时式的变位示例 现在时(praesens) laud-em mone-am ag-am audi-am capi-am laud-es mone-as ag-as audi-as capi-as laud-et mone-at ag-at audi-at capi-at laud-emus mone-amus ag-amus audi-amus capi-amus laud-etis mone-atis ag-atis audi-atis capi-atis laud-ent mone-ant ag-ant audi-ant capi-ant (不定式词干+特征元音：e,-a,-a,-ia,即a与e互换！人称词尾：-m,s,-tmus,tis,nt) 未完成过去时(imperfectum) laudare-m monere-m agere-m audire-m capere-m laudare-s monere-s agere-s audire-s capere-s laudare-t monere-t agere-t audire-t capere-t laudare-mus monere-mus agere-mus audire-mus capere-mus laudare-tis monere-tis agere-tis audire-tis capere-tis laudare-nt monere-nt agere-nt audire-nt capere-nt (不定式+人称词尾m,-s,-t,-mus,-tis,nt) 完成时(perfectum) laudav-eri-m monu-eri-m eg-eri-m audiv-eri-m cep-eri-m laudav-eri-s monu-eri-s eg-eri-s audiv-eri-s cep-eri-s laudav-eri-t monu-eri-t eg-eri-t audiv-erit cep-eri-t laudav-eri-mus monu-eri-mus eg-eri-mus audiv-eri-mus cep-eri-mus laudav-eri-tis monu-eri-tis eg-eri-tis audiv-eri-tis cep-eri-tis laudav-eri-nt monu-eri-nt eg-eri-nt audiv-eri-nt cep-eri-nt (完成式词千+erit人称词尾-m,-s,t,-mus,-tis,nt) 过去完成时(plusquamperfectum) laudav-isse-m monu-isse-m eg-isse-m audiv-isse-m cep-isse-m laudav-isse-s monu-isse-s eg--isse-s audiv--isse-s cep-isse-s laudav-isse-t monu-isse-t eg-isse-t audiv-isse-t cep-isse-t laudav-isse-mus monu-isse-mus eg-isse-mus audiv-isse-mus cep-isse-mus laudav-isse-tis monu-isse-tis eg-isse-tis audiv-isse-tis cep-isse-tis laudav-isse-nt monu-isse-nt eg--isse-nt audiv--isse-nt cep-isse-nt (完成词干+isse+人称词尾-m,-s,-t-mus,-tis,-nt) 2
CAPITVLVM DVODECIMVM CAP.XII 2 1 主动态虚拟式 动词 lauda-re, mone-re, ag-ere, audi-re, cape-re 主动态四个时式的变位示例 现在时（praesens） laud-em laud-es laud-et mone-am mone-as mone-at ag-am ag-as ag-at audi-am audi-as audi-at capi-am capi-as capi-at laud-emus laud-etis laud-ent mone-amus mone-atis mone-ant ag-amus ag-atis ag-ant audi-amus audi-atis audi-ant capi-amus capi-atis capi-ant (不定式词干+特征元音：-e, -a, -a, -ia，即 a 与 e 互换！人称词尾：-m, -s,-t; -mus, -tis, -nt) 未完成过去时（imperfectum） laudare-m laudare-s laudare-t monere-m monere-s monere-t agere-m agere-s agere-t audire-m audire-s audire-t capere-m capere-s capere-t laudare-mus laudare-tis laudare-nt monere-mus monere-tis monere-nt agere-mus agere-tis agere-nt audire-mus audire-tis audire-nt capere-mus capere-tis capere-nt (不定式+人称词尾 -m, -s,-t; -mus, -tis, -nt ) 完成时（perfectum） laudav-eri-m laudav-eri-s laudav-eri-t monu-eri-m monu-eri-s monu-eri-t eg-eri-m eg-eri-s eg-eri-t audiv-eri-m audiv-eri-s audiv-erit cep-eri-m cep-eri-s cep-eri-t laudav-eri-mus laudav-eri-tis laudav-eri-nt monu-eri-mus monu-eri-tis monu-eri-nt eg-eri-mus eg-eri-tis eg-eri-nt audiv-eri-mus audiv-eri-tis audiv-eri-nt cep-eri-mus cep-eri-tis cep-eri-nt (完成式词干+eri+人称词尾 -m, -s,-t; -mus, -tis, -nt) 过去完成时（plusquamperfectum） laudav-isse-m laudav-isse-s laudav-isse-t monu-isse-m monu-isse-s monu-isse-t eg- isse-m eg--isse-s eg- isse-t audiv- isse-m audiv--isse-s audiv- isse-t cep-isse-m cep-isse-s cep-isse-t laudav-isse-mus laudav-isse-tis laudav-isse-nt monu-isse-mus monu-isse-tis monu-isse-nt eg- isse-mus eg- isse-tis eg--isse-nt audiv- isse-mus audiv- isse-tis audiv--isse-nt cep-isse-mus cep-isse-tis cep-isse-nt (完成词干+isse+人称词尾 -m, -s,-t; -mus, -tis, -nt)
CAPITVLVM DVODECIMVM CAP.XII 2被动态虚拟式（被动词尾5ri，心ur;mu,mini,ntur） 动词lauda-re,mone-re,ag-ere,audi-re,cape-re被动态四个时式的变位示例 现在时(praesens) laude-r monea-r aga-r audia-r capia-r laude-ris monea-ris aga-ris audia-ris capia-ris laude-tur monea-tur aga-tur audia-tur capia-tur laude-mur monea-mur aga-mur audia-mur capia-mur laude-mini monea-mini aga-mini audia-mini capia-mini laude-ntur monea-ntur aga-ntur audia-ntur capia-ntur (不定式词干+特征元音： -g,-,-,-i叶被动人称词尾： -r,-ris,-tut;-mur,-minl,-ntur) 未完成过去时(imperfectum) laudare-r monere-r agere-r audire-r capere-r laudare-ris monere-ris agere-ris audire-ris capere-ris laudare-tur monere-tur agere-tur audire-tur capere-tur laudare-mur monere-mur agere-mur audire-mur capere-mur laudare-mini monere-mini agere-mini audire-mini capere-mini laudare-ntur monere-ntur agere-ntur audire-ntur capere-ntur (不定式+被动人称词尾：，-ris,-tut-mur,mini,-ntur) 完成时(perfectum) laudat-us sim monit-us sim act-us sim audit-us sim capt-us sim laudat-us sis monit-us sis act-us sis audit-us sis capt-us sis laudat-us sit monit-us sit act-us sit audit-us sit capt-us sit laudati simus monit-i simus acti simus auditi simus capti simus laudati sitis monit-i sitis acti sitis auditi sitis capti sitis laudati sint monit-i sint acti sint auditi sint capti sint (目的分词词干+ us/i + sWm现在时虚拟式) 过去完成时(plusquamperfectum) laudat-us essem monit-us essem act-us essem audit-us essem capt-us essem laudat-us esses monit-us esses act-us esses audit-us esses capt-us esses laudat-us esset monit-us esset act-us esset audit-us esset capt-us esset laudati essemus moniti essemus acti essemus auditi essemus capti essemus laudati essetis moniti essetis acti essetis auditi essetis capti essetis laudati essent moniti essent acti essent auditi essent capti essent (目的分词词干+ us/i+sum未完成虚拟式) 3
CAPITVLVM DVODECIMVM CAP.XII 3 2 被动态虚拟式 （被动词尾 r, ris, ur; mur, mini, ntur） 动词 lauda-re, mone-re, ag-ere, audi-re, cape-re 被动态四个时式的变位示例 现在时（praesens） laude-r laude-ris laude-tur monea-r monea-ris monea-tur aga-r aga-ris aga-tur audia-r audia-ris audia-tur capia-r capia-ris capia-tur laude-mur laude-mini laude-ntur monea-mur monea-mini monea-ntur aga-mur aga-mini aga-ntur audia-mur audia-mini audia-ntur capia-mur capia-mini capia-ntur (不定式词干+特征元音：-e, -a, -a, -ia+被动人称词尾：-r, -ris,-tut; -mur, -mini, -ntur) 未完成过去时（imperfectum） laudare-r laudare-ris laudare-tur monere-r monere-ris monere-tur agere-r agere-ris agere-tur audire-r audire-ris audire-tur capere-r capere-ris capere-tur laudare-mur laudare-mini laudare-ntur monere-mur monere-mini monere-ntur agere-mur agere-mini agere-ntur audire-mur audire-mini audire-ntur capere-mur capere-mini capere-ntur (不定式+被动人称词尾：-r, -ris,-tut; -mur, -mini, -ntur) 完成时（perfectum） laudat-us sim laudat-us sis laudat-us sit monit-us sim monit-us sis monit-us sit act-us sim act-us sis act-us sit audit-us sim audit-us sis audit-us sit capt-us sim capt-us sis capt-us sit laudati simus laudati sitis laudati sint monit-i simus monit-i sitis monit-i sint acti simus acti sitis acti sint auditi simus auditi sitis auditi sint capti simus capti sitis capti sint (目的分词词干+ us/i + sum 现在时虚拟式) 过去完成时（plusquamperfectum） laudat-us essem laudat-us esses laudat-us esset monit-us essem monit-us esses monit-us esset act-us essem act-us esses act-us esset audit-us essem audit-us esses audit-us esset capt-us essem capt-us esses capt-us esset laudati essemus laudati essetis laudati essent moniti essemus moniti essetis moniti essent acti essemus acti essetis acti essent auditi essemus auditi essetis auditi essent capti essemus capti essetis capti essent (目的分词词干+ us/i + sum 未完成虚拟式)
CAPITVLVM DVODECIMVM CAP.XII 3.Sum与possum的虚拟式 现在时 未完成时 完成时 过去完成时 si-m esse-m fu-eri-m fu-isse-m sis esses fueris fuisses sit esset fuerit fuisset simus essemus fuerimus fuissemus sitis essetis fueritis fuissetis sint essent fuerint fuissent possi-m posse-m potu-eri-m potu-isse-m possis posses potueris potuisses possit posset potuerit potuisset possimus possemus potuerimus potuissemus possitis possetis potueritis potuissetis possint possent potuerint potuissent 二祈愿虚拟句 虚拟语气经常使用于从句，然而也有一些单独成句的用法，祈愿虚拟句就是最典型的 单独用法。句中的主要动词为虚拟式。祈愿句表达一种口气较弱的命令或劝诚，特别是用于 第一或第三人称（第二人称则多用命令式imperative):ne用于否定性的命令。 翻译时一般采用may,should,.let。但最常见的是用let加（宾格的）主语名词或代词(me, us,him,her,it,them) 例句 may,should多用于翻译第二人称祈愿句： semper speres you should always hope.spero-are 1,hope) 常见的翻译是用let加宾格代词(me,us,him,her,it,them) Cogitem nunc de hac re,et tum non errabo.(cogito-are think,errare I make a mistake) Let me now think about this matter:and than I will not make a mistake Discipulus discat aut discedat.(disco-ere 3 learn;discedo-ere depart) Let the student either learn or leave. Doceamus magna cum delectatione lingua Latinam.(doceo-ere 2 teach) Let us teach the Latin language with great delight. Ne id faciamus.facio-ire 4 make,do)
CAPITVLVM DVODECIMVM CAP.XII 4 3．Sum 与 possum 的虚拟式 现在时 未完成时 完成时 过去完成时 si-m esse-m fu-eri-m fu-isse-m sis esses fueris fuisses sit esset fuerit fuisset simus essemus fuerimus fuissemus sitis essetis fueritis fuissetis sint essent fuerint fuissent possi-m posse-m potu-eri-m potu-isse-m possis posses potueris potuisses possit posset potuerit potuisset possimus possemus potuerimus potuissemus possitis possetis potueritis potuissetis possint possent potuerint potuissent 二 祈愿虚拟句 虚拟语气经常使用于从句，然而也有一些单独成句的用法，祈愿虚拟句就是最典型的 单独用法。句中的主要动词为虚拟式。祈愿句表达一种口气较弱的命令或劝诫，特别是用于 第一或第三人称（第二人称则多用命令式 imperative）；nē 用于否定性的命令。 翻译时一般采用 may, should, let。但最常见的是用 let 加（宾格的）主语名词或代词（me, us, him, her, it, them） 例句 may, should 多用于翻译第二人称祈愿句： semper speres you should always hope. ( spero-are 1，hope) 常见的翻译是用 let 加宾格代词（me, us, him, her, it, them） Cogitem nunc de hac re, et tum non errabo. (cogito-are think, errare 1 make a mistake) Let me now think about this matter, and than I will not make a mistake. Discipulus discat aut discedat. (disco-ere 3 learn; discedo-ere depart) Let the student either learn or leave. Doceamus magna cum delectatione lingua Latinam. (doceo-ere 2 teach) Let us teach the Latin language with great delight. Ne id faciamus. ( facio-ire 4 make, do)
CAPITVLVM DVODECIMVM CAP.XII Let us not do this 三Si-从句：条件从句(propositio conditionalis) 1语法构成 (1)前提句(protasis),即从句，通常由si,f或nisi,fnol,nless来引导，陈述一种假设性的 活动或状况： (2)结论句(apodosis),即主句，通常表达如果前提为真，所实现的预期结果。 条件从句有六种基本句型。三种为直陈式，另外三种为虚拟式。直陈式条件句用于前 提句更有可能实现的情况，虚拟式则用于前提句不大可能实现，或者前提句和结论句都与事 实相反的情况。 2直陈式条件句 (1)Si id facit,prudens est.If he is doing thisfand it is quite possible that he is].he is wise. 句和主句动词都使用现在时直陈式，动词按照现在时直陈式来翻译。 (2)Si id fecit,prudens fuit.If he did this[and quite possibly he did,he was wise.从句和主句 都使用过去时（未完成时或完成时）直陈式：动词均按照过去时直陈式来翻译。 (3)Si id faciet,prudens erit.If he does thisfand quite possibly he will☑，he will be wise.从句和 主句都使用将来时直陈式：前提句动词按照现在时直陈式来翻译，结论中动词按照将来时翻 译。 facio,facere,feci,factum 3-io facit pres.fecit imperf.faciet fut. sum,esse,fui futurm est pres.,erat imperf.fuit perf.,erit fut. 3虚拟式条件句 直陈式条件句着眼于可能性的事实，虚拟条件句则着眼于理想中的情况，而非事实，它所 描述的要么是不大可能实现的情况（可能性较小的将来”future less vivid),要么是与现在正 在发生或者过去己经发生的事情相反的情况。 (1)Si id facret,prudens esset.If he were dong this,but in fact he is notl,he would be wise. 和主句都使用未完成时虚拟式：用were.(.ing),would(be)翻译。 (2)Si id fecisset,prudens fuisset.If he had done this[but he did not].he whould have been wisefbut he was not.从句和主句都使用过去完成时虚拟式：用助动词had,would have翻 译。 (3)Si id faciat,prudens sit.If he should do this[and he may.or he may notl.he would be wsie. 从句和主句都使用现在时虚拟式：用should.,would翻译
CAPITVLVM DVODECIMVM CAP.XII 5 Let us not do this. 三 Si-从句：条件从句（propositio conditionalis） 1 语法构成 (1) 前提句(protasis)，即从句，通常由 si, if 或 nisi, if not, unless 来引导，陈述一种假设性的 活动或状况； （2）结论句(apodosis)，即主句，通常表达如果前提为真，所实现的预期结果。 条件从句有六种基本句型。三种为直陈式，另外三种为虚拟式。直陈式条件句用于前 提句更有可能实现的情况，虚拟式则用于前提句不大可能实现，或者前提句和结论句都与事 实相反的情况。 2 直陈式条件句 （1）Si id facit, prudens est. If he is doing this[and it is quite possible that he is], he is wise. 从 句和主句动词都使用现在时直陈式，动词按照现在时直陈式来翻译。 （2） Si id fecit, prudens fuit. If he did this[and quite possibly he did], he was wise. 从句和主句 都使用过去时（未完成时或完成时）直陈式；动词均按照过去时直陈式来翻译。 （3）Si id faciet, prudens erit. If he does this[and quite possibly he will], he will be wise. 从句和 主句都使用将来时直陈式；前提句动词按照现在时直陈式来翻译，结论中动词按照将来时翻 译。 facio, facere, feci, factum 3-io facit pres. fecit imperf. faciet fut. sum, esse, fui futurm est pres. , erat imperf. fuit perf., erit fut. 3 虚拟式条件句 直陈式条件句着眼于可能性的事实,虚拟条件句则着眼于理想中的情况,而非事实,它所 描述的要么是不大可能实现的情况(―可能性较小的将来‖future less vivid), 要么是与现在正 在发生或者过去已经发生的事情相反的情况。 （1）Si id facret, prudens esset. If he were dong this,[but in fact he is not], he would be wise. 从句 和主句都使用未完成时虚拟式；用 were …(..ing), would(be) 翻译。 （2）Si id fecisset, prudens fuisset. If he had done this[but he did not], he whould have been wise[but he was not]. 从句和主句都使用过去完成时虚拟式；用助动词 had..., would have 翻 译。 （3）Si id faciat, prudens sit. If he should do this[and he may, or he may not], he would be wsie. 从句和主句都使用现在时虚拟式；用 should...., would 翻译