CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI 第十六讲 ● ut-从句和ne-从句 ● cum从句 形容词(5)：特殊形式最高级的形容词和不规则形容词 ● 课文Paulus and Lucia(XWI) Part 1语法 一ut-从句和ne-从句 ut-从句(ne-从句为否定从句)中动词如果是“直陈式”，则表示时间(as,when), 如果用“虚拟式”则表示“愿望”(wish)或“目的”(intention)。 ut+直陈式 Credo ut intellegam.I believe so that I may understand. Ut nobis credat!If only he's believe us! Ut taceas!If only you'd be quiet! Cave ne audiant.Careful lest they hear. Ne silvam timeas.Do not be afraid of the wood. 拉丁语常用ut引出虚拟从句来表示目的，或者由ne引出表示否定性的目的。 现在时目的从句常用助动词may来翻译；如果目的从句的主语和主句主语一致， 往往用不定式来翻译。 Hoc dicit ut eos iuvet.(juvo,juvare 1 help) He says this to help them in order to help them that he may help them so that he may help them /in order that he may help them 前两种口语化，其余三种更为正式。 课文第2部分有“Ut vis,.Magister”,意即：May you wish,Sir! 示例 Discedit ne id audiat. He leaves in order not to hear this/so that he may not hear this. Cum cura docet ut disciple bene discant. He teaches with care so that his students may learn well. Hoc facit ne capiatur. He does this in order not to be captured
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI 第十六讲 ut-从句和 ne-从句 cum-从句 形容词（5）：特殊形式最高级的形容词和不规则形容词 课文 Paulus and Lucia (XVI) Part 1 语法 一 ut-从句 和 ne-从句 ut-从句(ne-从句为否定从句)中动词如果是“直陈式”，则表示时间（as, when）， 如果用“虚拟式”则表示“愿望”(wish)或“目的”（intention）。 ut+直陈式 Credo ut intellegam. I believe so that I may understand. Ut nobis credat! If only he’s believe us! Ut taceas! If only you’d be quiet! Cave ne audiant. Careful lest they hear. Ne silvam timeas. Do not be afraid of the wood. 拉丁语常用ut引出虚拟从句来表示目的，或者由ne 引出表示否定性的目的。 现在时目的从句常用助动词 may 来翻译；如果目的从句的主语和主句主语一致， 往往用不定式来翻译。 Hoc dicit ut eos iuvet. ( juvo, juvare 1 help) He says this to help them / in order to help them / that he may help them / so that he may help them /in order that he may help them 前两种口语化，其余三种更为正式。 课文第 2 部分有“Ut vis, Magister”，意即：May you wish, Sir！ 示例 Discedit ne id audiat. He leaves in order not to hear this/ so that he may not hear this. Cum cura docet ut disciple bene discant. He teaches with care so that his students may learn well. Hoc facit ne capiatur. He does this in order not to be captured
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI Libros legimus ut multa discamus. We read books to learn many things. Bonos libros nobis dent ne malos legamus. Let them give us good books so that we not read bad ones. 结果从句与目的从句的区分比较 结果从句的标志是以t开头，包含（通常在末尾）一个虚拟时态的动词。 与目的从句的区分：1，从上下文。2，结果从句的主句通常包含一个副词(ita,tam,sic, so)或者形容词(tantus,so much,so great)表示程度并示意下面将跟着一个结果从句。 若从句描述一否定结果，将会有否定词如non,nihil,.nemo,numquam或nallus(而目的 从句的否定则以ne引导)。 结果从句通常翻译成直陈式，(may或might仅在表达可能性或理想性结果而非真实结 果时采用)。 Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret. He did such great things that he saved the city.(结果从句 Haec fecit ut urbem servaret. He did these things that he might save the city..(目的从旬 Tam strenue laborat ut multa perficiat. He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things..(结果从旬 Strenue laborat ut multa perficiat. He works energetically so that he may accomplish many things.(目的从旬 Hoc tanta benevolentia dixit ut eos non offenderet He said this with such great kindness that he did not offend them.(结果从) Hoc magna benevolentia dixit ne eos offenderet. He said this with great kindness in order that he might not offend them.( Saltus erat angustus,ut paucT GraecT multos milites prohibere possent. The pass was narrow,so that a few Greeks were able to stop many soldiers. 句) (在最末例中，主句无标志性词语如ita或a,然而从上下文中可清晰辨认该句为结 果从句) 二Cum从句 cum作为介词的用法我们已经熟悉，同时cum也可作连词，意为“当..时when, 自从since,虽然although”引导关系从句。 有些时候cum引导的从句动词为直陈式，尤其是当描述动作行为的具体时间时。 这种从句被称为cum temporal clauses”。cum在引导时间从句时翻译为当..时 (when)或正当...时(while);tum有时候会出现在主句中，cum.tum在一 起则翻译为not only.but also不仅.…而且： cum eum videbis,eum cognosces. When you (will)see him,you will recognize him. cum vincimus,tum pacem speras. When/while we are winning,you are (at the same time)hoping for peace
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI Libros legimus ut multa discamus. We read books to learn many things. Bonos libros nobis dent ne malos legamus. Let them give us good books so that we not read bad ones. 结果从句与目的从句的区分比较 结果从句的标志是以 ut 开头，包含（通常在末尾）一个虚拟时态的动词。 与目的从句的区分：1，从上下文。2，结果从句的主句通常包含一个副词（ita, tam, sīc, so）或者形容词（tantus, so much, so great）表示程度并示意下面将跟着一个结果从句。 若从句描述一否定结果，将会有否定词如 nōn, nihil, nēmō, numquam 或 nūllus（而目的 从句的否定则以 nē 引导）。 结果从句通常翻译成直陈式，（may 或 might 仅在表达可能性或理想性结果而非真实结 果时采用）。 Tanta fēcit ut urbem servāret. He did such great things that he saved the city.(结果从句) Haec fēcit ut urbem servāret. He did these things that he might save the city.(目的从句) Tam strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat. He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things.(结果从句) Strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat. He works energetically so that he may accomplish many things.(目的从句) Hoc tantā benevolentiā dīxit ut eōs nōn offenderet. He said this with such great kindness that he did not offend them.(结果从句) Hoc magnā benevolentiā dīxit nē eōs offenderet. He said this with great kindness in order that he might not offend them.(目的从句) Saltus erat angustus, ut paucī Graecī multōs mīlitēs prohibēre possent. The pass was narrow, so that a few Greeks were able to stop many soldiers.(结果从 句) （在最末例中，主句无标志性词语如 ita 或 tam，然而从上下文中可清晰辨认该句为结 果从句） 二 Cum 从句 cum 作为介词的用法我们已经熟悉，同时 cum 也可作连词，意为“当……时 when, 自从 since，虽然 although”引导关系从句。 有些时候 cum 引导的从句动词为直陈式，尤其是当描述动作行为的具体时间时。 这种从句被称为“cum temporal clauses”。cum 在引导时间从句时翻译为当……时 （when）或正当……时（while）；tum 有时候会出现在主句中，cum...tum 在一 起则翻译为 not only...but also 不仅……而且： cum eum vidēbis, eum cognōscēs. When you (will) see him, you will recognize him. cum vincimus, tum pācem spērās. When/while we are winning, you are (at the same time) hoping for peace
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI Cum ad illum locum venerant,tum amicos contulerant. When they had come to that place,they had brought their friends. OR:Not only had they come to that place,but they had also brought their friends. 更常见的是cum从句的虚拟语气，尤其当它描述主句动作行为发生的大致环境 (而非确切时间)（被称为“cum circumstantial clause”),或解释主句动作行为 的原因（被称为“cum causal”),或者描述可能会阻碍主句动作行为的事件(“cum adversative”): cum hoc fecisset,ad te fugit.(circumstantial) cum hoc sciret,potuit eos iuvare.(causal) cum hoc sciret,tamen milites misit.(adversative) cum Gaium diligeremus,non poteramus eum iuvare.(adversative) 注意：当cum后紧跟着一个名词或代词的夺格(abl)时，cum应翻译为with。 本课中的例子 Hodie cum ad oppidum ambularet Ille autem cum Danis erat.Danis abl.cum with ut vis Interea Paulus,cum Stephanus ut abbatem quaereret scholam reliquisset,ipse abiit ut Luciam inveniret Paulus Augustinum et ceteros subvenire volentes ut manerent in schola monuit,ne a Ricardo aut consociis viderentur虚拟式未完成时被动态 cum per monasterium solus ambularet cum ipse adesse in ecclesia deberet Ut in schola remansisses虚拟式过去完成时 三形容词（⑤）：特殊形式最高级的形容词和不规则形容词 1两组具有特殊形式形容词的最高级 (l)六个以-lis结尾的形容词通过给词根加上--limus,-lima,-limum构成最高级 (仅限于以下六个，其余以-lis结尾的形容词为规则变化，如fidelissimus, itilissimus等。）) 原级 比较级 最高级 facilis-e简单的 facilior -ius facillimus -a-um difficilis-e困难的 difficilior-ius difficillimus-a-um similis-e相似的 similior-ius simillimus-a-um dissimilis不相似的 dissimilior-ius dissimillimus -a -um gracilis瘦的，修长的 gracilior-ius gracillimus-a-um humilis低贱的，卑微的 humilior-ius humillimus -a-um
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI Cum ad illum locum vēnerant, tum amīcōs contulerant. When they had come to that place, they had brought their friends. OR: Not only had they come to that place, but they had also brought their friends. 更常见的是 cum 从句的虚拟语气，尤其当它描述主句动作行为发生的大致环境 （而非确切时间）（被称为“cum circumstantial clause”），或解释主句动作行为 的原因（被称为“cum causal”），或者描述可能会阻碍主句动作行为的事件（“cum adversative”）： cum hoc fēcisset, ad tē fūgit. (circumstantial) cum hoc scīret, potuit eōs iuvāre. (causal) cum hoc scīret, tamen mīlitēs mīsit. (adversative) cum Gāium dīligerēmus, nōn poterāmus eum iuvāre. (adversative) 注意：当 cum 后紧跟着一个名词或代词的夺格（abl）时，cum 应翻译为 with。 本课中的例子 Hodie cum ad oppidum ambularet Ille autem cum Danis erat. Danis abl. cum with ut vis Interea Paulus, cum Stephanus ut abbatem quaereret scholam reliquisset, ipse abiit ut Luciam inveniret Paulus Augustinum et ceteros subvenire volentes ut manerent in schola monuit, ne a Ricardo aut consociis viderentur 虚拟式未完成时被动态 cum per monasterium solus ambularet cum ipse adesse in ecclesia deberet Ut in schola remansisses 虚拟式过去完成时 三 形容词(5): 特殊形式最高级的形容词和不规则形容词 1 两组具有特殊形式形容词的最高级 ( 1) 六个以-lis 结尾的形容词通过给词根加上-limus, -lima, -limum 构成最高级 （仅限于以下六个，其余以-lis 结尾的形容词为规则变化，如 fidēlissimus, ūtilissimus 等。） 原级 比较级 最高级 facilis -e 简单的 facilior -ius facillimus -a -um difficilis -e 困难的 difficilior -ius difficillimus -a -um similis -e 相似的 similior -ius simillimus -a -um dissimilis 不相似的 dissimilior -ius dissimillimus -a -um gracilis 瘦的，修长的 gracilior -ius gracillimus -a -um humilis 低贱的，卑微的 humilior -ius humillimus -a -um
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI (2)任何以-er结尾的阳性形容词，无论属于哪种变格，均在-er后加-rimus(注 意！非在词干后加)构成最高级：而其比较级则为规则形式，加-ior-ius(某些 词的比较级会保留-e,有些则不保留)。 原级 比较级 最高级 liber-bera-berum自由的 liberior-ius liberrimus -a -um pulcher-chra-chrum漂亮的 pulchrior-ius pulcherrimus -a-um acer acris acre急切的 acrior acrius acerrimus -a-um 2不规则形容词的比较级 有些常用的形容词，其比较等级不规则，无规律可循，只能靠记忆。所幸英语词 汇对此有所继承，可相互参照，方便记忆。 原级 比较级 最高级 bonus-a-um好的 melior-ius optimus -a -um magnus-a-um大的 maior -ius maximus -a-um malus-a-um坏的 peior-ius pessimus -a -um multus-a-um多的 -,plus plurimus-a -um parvus-a-um小的 minor minus minimus-a-um (prae,pro副词在.前面，之 prior-ius更靠前的， primus-a-um第一个的，首位的 前（该形容词无原级，这两个副 之前的 词与比较级和最高级有关)) superus-a-um在上面的 superior-ius summus-a-um最高的，最远的 furthest supremus-a-um最高的，最后的 last exterus-a-um异域的，陌生的 exterior-ius外部的， extremus-a-um最外部的 外面的，远离中心的 Inferus-a-um在下面的 inferior-ius infimus-a-um (Prope副词靠近) propior-ius更近的 proximus-a-um最接近的 3plūs的变格 除pls之外，其它形容词变格都很规则.在复数时，pls作形容词(plares amicT), 但变格混合了i-词根和辅音词根变格的规则（复数属格为-ium:但中性主格和宾 格为-a而非-a)；在单数时它不作形容词，而作为一个中性名词，伴随着表全 体的属格用法（例如：plus pecuniae,字面意思为more of money)。 阳性/阴性 中性 单数 无 plus pluris plus plure 复数 plures plura plurium plurium
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI ( 2 ) 任何以-er 结尾的阳性形容词，无论属于哪种变格，均在-er 后加-rimus（注 意！非在词干后加）构成最高级；而其比较级则为规则形式，加-ior -ius（某些 词的比较级会保留-e-，有些则不保留）。 原级 比较级 最高级 līber -bera -berum 自由的 līberior -ius līberrimus -a -um pulcher -chra -chrum 漂亮的 pulchrior -ius pulcherrimus -a -um ācer ācris ācre 急切的 ācrior ācrius ācerrimus -a -um 2 不规则形容词的比较级 有些常用的形容词，其比较等级不规则，无规律可循，只能靠记忆。所幸英语词 汇对此有所继承，可相互参照，方便记忆。 原级 比较级 最高级 bonus -a -um 好的 melior -ius optimus -a -um magnus -a -um 大的 maior -ius maximus -a -um malus -a -um 坏的 peior -ius pessimus -a -um multus -a -um 多的 --, plūs plūrimus -a -um parvus -a -um 小的 minor minus minimus -a -um (prae, prō 副词 在……前面，之 前（该形容词无原级，这两个副 词与比较级和最高级有关）) prior -ius 更靠前的， 之前的 prīmus -a -um 第一个的，首位的 superus -a -um 在上面的 superior -ius summus -a -um 最高的，最远的 furthest supremus -a -um 最高的，最后的 last exterus -a -um 异域的，陌生的 exterior -ius 外部的, 外面的, 远离中心的 extrēmus -a -um 最外部的 īnferus -a -um 在下面的 īnferior -ius infimus -a -um (Prope 副词 靠近) propior -ius 更近的 proximus -a -um 最接近的 3 plūs 的变格 除 plūs 之外，其它形容词变格都很规则。在复数时，plūs 作形容词（plūrēs amīcī）， 但变格混合了 i-词根和辅音词根变格的规则（复数属格为-ium；但中性主格和宾 格为-a 而非-ia）；在单数时它不作形容词，而作为一个中性名词，伴随着表全 体的属格用法（例如：plūs pecūniae，字面意思为 more of money）。 阳性/阴性 中性 单数 无 plūs plūris -- plūs plūre 复数 plūrēs plūrium plūra plūrium
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI pluribus pluribus plures plura pluribus pluribus Part 2 Paulus and Lucia(XVI) Lucia in trabibus celata Interea Lucia,Ricardum in monasterium euntem observans,in claustri tectum ascenderat ubi in pueritia saepe se celabat;Comes Karolus enim eam matremque ad monasterium adducere solebat.Despiciens igitur Lucia de trabibus Ricardum solum sedentem videre poterat.Tandem aliquis ad Ricardum adiit. 'Ubi sunt nostri hospites?'inquit advena.'Salvi-ne?' 'Salvi sunt,'respondit alter. 'Omnia-ne parata sunt? 'Ita vero,Domine Abba.' Lucia est obstupefacta.Abbas!Omnia verba eorum audire non poterat quod duo monachi susurrabant."Tace!'dicebat abbas.'Advenit aliquis,ergo in ecclesiam abi...'et Ricardus abiit.'Ah Pater Stephane,salve.' "Te saluto,Domine Abba,'respondit Stephanus,'Ignoscas mi,sed tibi nuntios graves refero,mirabiles quidem,sed veros.' 'Quos nuntios dicis?Dic mihi,Stephane.' 'Unus ex discipulis meis,puer sapiens,honestus,fidelis....' 'Quis ex tuis discipulis?' 'Paulus.Hodie cum ad oppidum ambularet,conspirantes in silva Danos conspexit ex quibus unum agnovit.Pater Ricardus in silva cum Danis ! 'Pater Ricardus in silva?Hodie?Sed Ricardus non est Danus.Ille puer elephantum ex musca facit.' 'Ille autem cum Danis erat.' 'Discipulo erranti credis,Pater?'inquit abbas.'Nonne autem Paulus erat ille discipulus qui frustra filiam Comitis Karoli amabat?Ignoscas mihi sed puer fervidus amore est,'risit abbas.'Ille Veneris discipulus non Christi esse videtur -eho Magister? Nos ne fabulas eius audiamus,sed tu eum saepius verberes.Percute puerum tuum virga, ut dixit sanctus Benedictus,et liberabis animam eius a morte.Regula XXVIII.' 'Ut vis,Domine,ut vis.Rumorem tamen ad te referendum esse putavi.' 'Sane,Pater.Ecce,nunc Ricardus adit:eum ipsum interrogemus...Pater Ricarde, adsis.' 'Semper tibi pareo libens,o Domine....' Lucia adhuc in trabibus immota omnia,quae homines infra dicebant,audire non poterat. Mox dicere desierunt et Stephanus Ricardusque abierunt. Commentaria 1 Interea Lucia,Ricardum in monasterium euntem observans,in claustri tectum ascenderat ubi in pueritia saepe se
CAPITVLVM SEXTVM DECIMVM CAP.XVI plūribus plūrēs plūribus plūribus plūra plūribus Part 2 Paulus and Lucia (XVI) Lucia in trabibus celata Interea Lucia, Ricardum in monasterium euntem observans, in claustri tectum ascenderat ubi in pueritia saepe se celabat; Comes Karolus enim eam matremque ad monasterium adducere solebat. Despiciens igitur Lucia de trabibus Ricardum solum sedentem videre poterat. Tandem aliquis ad Ricardum adiit. 'Ubi sunt nostri hospites?' inquit advena. 'Salvi-ne?' 'Salvi sunt,' respondit alter. 'Omnia-ne parata sunt?' 'Ita vero, Domine Abba.' Lucia est obstupefacta. Abbas! Omnia verba eorum audire non poterat quod duo monachi susurrabant. 'Tace!' dicebat abbas. 'Advenit aliquis, ergo in ecclesiam abi...' et Ricardus abiit. 'Ah Pater Stephane, salve.' 'Te saluto, Domine Abba,' respondit Stephanus, 'Ignoscas mi, sed tibi nuntios graves refero, mirabiles quidem, sed veros.' 'Quos nuntios dicis? Dic mihi, Stephane.' 'Unus ex discipulis meis, puer sapiens, honestus, fidelis ....' 'Quis ex tuis discipulis?' 'Paulus. Hodie cum ad oppidum ambularet, conspirantes in silva Danos conspexit ex quibus unum agnovit. Pater Ricardus in silva cum Danis ! ' 'Pater Ricardus in silva? Hodie? Sed Ricardus non est Danus. Ille puer elephantum ex musca facit.' 'Ille autem cum Danis erat.' 'Discipulo erranti credis, Pater?' inquit abbas. 'Nonne autem Paulus erat ille discipulus qui frustra filiam Comitis Karoli amabat? Ignoscas mihi sed puer fervidus amore est,' risit abbas. 'Ille Veneris discipulus non Christi esse videtur -eho Magister? Nos ne fabulas eius audiamus, sed tu eum saepius verberes. Percute puerum tuum virga, ut dixit sanctus Benedictus, et liberabis animam eius a morte. Regula XXVIII.' 'Ut vis, Domine, ut vis. Rumorem tamen ad te referendum esse putavi.' 'Sane, Pater. Ecce, nunc Ricardus adit: eum ipsum interrogemus ... Pater Ricarde, adsis.' 'Semper tibi pareo libens, o Domine....' Lucia adhuc in trabibus immota omnia, quae homines infra dicebant, audire non poterat. Mox dicere desierunt et Stephanus Ricardusque abierunt. Commentaria 1 Interea Lucia, Ricardum in monasterium euntem observans, in claustri tectum ascenderat ubi in pueritia saepe se